A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research
A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research
A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research
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Plantations 160<br />
‘Predictive Test <strong>for</strong> Apical Dominance’. The test has not<br />
yet been established <strong>for</strong> <strong>dipterocarps</strong>.<br />
Some research has been carried out on tissue culture<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>dipterocarps</strong>. Linington (1991) grew seedlings in vitro<br />
from embryos <strong>of</strong> Dipterocarpus alatus and D.<br />
intricatus. Other in vitro experiments were carried out<br />
by Smits and Struycken (1983) on leaf fragments <strong>of</strong><br />
Shorea curtisii, which <strong>for</strong>med callus and roots but no<br />
shoots, and on nodal explants <strong>of</strong> Shorea obtusa with<br />
axillary buds, which <strong>for</strong>med lateral shoots but no roots.<br />
Suspension cultures <strong>of</strong> embryonic axes <strong>of</strong> Shorea<br />
roxburghii, which eventually <strong>for</strong>med whole plantlets,<br />
were carried out (Scott et al. 1988). Umboh et al. (1988)<br />
described the rejuvenation <strong>of</strong> adult trees and a three step<br />
bud culture <strong>for</strong> Shorea pinanga. Moura-Costa (1993)<br />
describes trials in tissue culture techniques <strong>for</strong> in vitro<br />
propagation <strong>of</strong> Dipterocarpus intricatus which were<br />
successful. No commercially feasible procedure has<br />
been developed and tissue culture cannot be introduced<br />
on an operational scale at this stage.<br />
Darus and Rasip (1990) carried out both intra and<br />
inter-species splice grafting <strong>of</strong> Dipterocarpus baudii,<br />
Shorea parvifolia, S. leprosula and S. roxburghii. It was<br />
successful and grafts grew faster than single-rooted<br />
seedlings. Chaudhari (1963) tested air-layering in<br />
Shorea robusta and found that it is more successful if<br />
carried out in the months <strong>of</strong> July and August (midmonsoon)<br />
when there is a full flush <strong>of</strong> green, healthy<br />
leaves. Zabala (1986) successfully carried out airlayering<br />
<strong>of</strong> Anisoptera thurifera and Shorea contorta<br />
but was unsuccessful with Hopea foxworthyi, H. plagata<br />
and Dipterocarpus grandiflorus. Air layering was<br />
successful in Shorea palembanica and Vatica pauciflora<br />
(Hallé and Kamil 1981) and in Shorea selanica (Harahap<br />
1972). Rashid and Serjuddoula (1986) rooted branches<br />
from 5 to 10-year old saplings and 50 to 80-year old<br />
trees <strong>of</strong> Dipterocarpus turbinatus using air-layering.<br />
Rooting was better on branches from old trees.<br />
Planting stock production <strong>of</strong> the commercially most<br />
important dipterocarp species, whether from seeds or<br />
from cuttings, has largely been solved.<br />
Stump plants<br />
Stumping is used to rejuvenate over-aged planting stock<br />
and in some cases, <strong>for</strong> example, Tectona grandis, it is<br />
applied as a method <strong>of</strong> multiplication <strong>of</strong> the planting<br />
stock. The use <strong>of</strong> stumped plants started early. Watson<br />
(1931/1932d) found that Dipterocarpus spp. can be<br />
successfully stumped. Hodgson (1937a) showed that<br />
Dipterocarpus baudii, Shorea curtisii and S.<br />
macroptera can be stumped, but it was unsuccessful with<br />
Dryobalanops aromatica, S. leprosula and S.<br />
pauciflora. Barnard (1956) tested stumping <strong>of</strong><br />
Dipterocarpus baudii, Dryobalanops aromatica,<br />
Hopea helferi, Neobalanocarpus heimii, Shorea<br />
assamica, S. foxworthyi, S. pauciflora and S. sumatrana.<br />
The stumping was carried out by pruning all side roots<br />
close to the tap root, which itself was cut to 23 cm from<br />
the collar. The shoot was cut to 14 cm from the collar.<br />
Stumping <strong>of</strong> most species was promising but<br />
Dryobalanops aromatica failed and the success <strong>of</strong><br />
Dipterocarpus baudii was uncertain. Sasaki (1980a)<br />
found that bare-root stock <strong>of</strong> Shorea talura successfully<br />
transplanted after stripping <strong>of</strong>f all the leaves and cutting<br />
back the leader and the tap root. In 1985, a stumping trial<br />
was carried out with Dryobalanops lanceolata in East<br />
Kalimantan, Indonesia, which was highly successful<br />
(Diana 1987). A trial with 2 year old bare-rooted stump<br />
plants <strong>of</strong> Shorea robusta carried out in West Bengal was<br />
also successful (Anon. 1959). Pande (1960) found<br />
Shorea spp. can be stumped and he carried out some<br />
experiments comparing stumped plants with ball<br />
transplants and basket plants. Basket plants did best.<br />
Landon (1948b) compared stumped plants <strong>of</strong><br />
Dryobalanops aromatica with potted seedlings and the<br />
per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>of</strong> potted seedlings was superior. Pande<br />
(1960) obtained a similar result <strong>for</strong> Shorea robusta<br />
when survival and growth per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>of</strong> bare-rooted<br />
stump plants were inferior to ball-rooted transplants and<br />
container plants.<br />
Hormone treatment <strong>for</strong> growth stimulation <strong>of</strong> stump<br />
plants was investigated by Masano and Omon (1985),<br />
Omon and Masano (1986), Srivastava et al. (1986) and<br />
Siagian et al. (1989a) but results were inconclusive.<br />
Mori (1981) investigated the effect <strong>of</strong> starch reserves<br />
in the stem on survival and growth <strong>of</strong> stumped bare-root<br />
transplants <strong>of</strong> 16 dipterocarp species. Some species<br />
showed high mortality after stump planting, e.g., Shorea<br />
curtisii, S. ovalis, Hopea nervosa, H. beccariana.<br />
Stimulation <strong>of</strong> root and shoot growth by growth<br />
regulators or fertilisers was unsuccessful in various<br />
species and some species survival and initial growth were<br />
directly related to starch reserves be<strong>for</strong>e planting.<br />
Planting site<br />
The positive role <strong>of</strong> an initial shelter <strong>for</strong> the newly planted<br />
dipterocarp trees is beyond doubt (e.g., Wyatt-Smith<br />
1947, Chakravarti 1948, Landon 1948b, Ardikoesoema