A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research
A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research
A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research
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Plantations 159<br />
parvifolia and S. platyclados is promising. Fox (1971/<br />
72) investigated the per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>of</strong> wilding stock <strong>of</strong><br />
Dipterocarpus caudiferus, Dryobalanops lanceolata<br />
and Parashorea tomentella, <strong>of</strong> which D. lanceolata<br />
per<strong>for</strong>med best. This was confirmed in a trial by Chai<br />
(1975). Jafarsidik and Sutomo (1988) developed a field<br />
guide <strong>for</strong> the identification <strong>of</strong> dipterocarp wildings <strong>for</strong><br />
a production <strong>for</strong>est in West Sumatra including wildings<br />
<strong>of</strong> the genera Anisoptera, Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Parashorea<br />
and Shorea. Wardani and Jafarsidik (1988) put together<br />
a field guide <strong>for</strong> the identification <strong>of</strong> dipterocarp wildings<br />
<strong>of</strong> the genera Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Hopea<br />
and Shorea <strong>for</strong> a <strong>for</strong>est area in West Kalimantan. Mauricio<br />
(1957) investigated factors which influence the per<strong>for</strong>mance<br />
<strong>of</strong> wildings <strong>of</strong> Parashorea plicata and Shorea contorta<br />
to determine: (i) the effect <strong>of</strong> the wilding size on survival,<br />
(ii) the time the wildings require to adapt to the planting<br />
site, and (iii) the most suitable size. In this experiment<br />
P. plicata had a higher survival, specially at heights <strong>of</strong><br />
20 cm and less. Lantion (1938) tested the per<strong>for</strong>mance<br />
and the behaviour <strong>of</strong> wildings <strong>of</strong> Dipterocarpus grandiflorus<br />
and Shorea teysmanniana and smaller plants had higher<br />
survival. The Forest Department in Malaya had a trial<br />
<strong>of</strong> Dryobalanops oblongifolia and D. aromatica in the<br />
nursery where six month-old wildings were transplanted<br />
into small claypots. D. oblongifolia wildings had 76%<br />
survival in the nursery and about 90% survival in the<br />
field after six months whereas D. aromatica wildings<br />
had a survival <strong>of</strong> 100% in the field (Anon. 1951).<br />
Rayos (1940) tested the effect <strong>of</strong> storage time <strong>of</strong><br />
wildings <strong>of</strong> Hopea pierrei on survival by covering their<br />
roots with moist sawdust. Survival was higher the shorter<br />
the storage time and it was greater <strong>for</strong> seedlings 10-20<br />
cm high than <strong>for</strong> those in other height classes. No effect<br />
<strong>of</strong> storage time on survival rate was found by Siagian et<br />
al. (1989b). Moura-Costa (1993) obtained high survival<br />
rates with wildings from Parashorea malaanonan,<br />
Shorea parvifolia and Dryobalanops lanceolata.<br />
Forest-pulled seedlings were watered and kept in plastic<br />
covered chambers with high humidity until a new root<br />
system had <strong>for</strong>med. Survival in the nursery was up to 95%<br />
in a large scale operation. Barnard and Setten (1955) used<br />
wildings in an investigation on the effect <strong>of</strong> planting patch<br />
cultivation but found no difference to planting in<br />
unprepared patches. Wardani (1989) found that shoot and<br />
root-pruning increased survival <strong>of</strong> wildings. Hormone<br />
treatment <strong>of</strong> wildings <strong>for</strong> growth stimulation has been<br />
reported <strong>for</strong> Vatica sumatrana (Masano and Omon<br />
1985), <strong>for</strong> Dipterocarpus retusus (Omon and Masano<br />
1986), <strong>for</strong> Shorea platyclados (Napitupulu and Supriana<br />
1987) and <strong>for</strong> Shorea selanica, (Siagian et al. 1989b).<br />
Increased survival rates were found <strong>for</strong> S. platyclados<br />
and V. sumatrana but not <strong>for</strong> D. retusus and S. selanica.<br />
The Forest Department Sarawak reported the<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> wilding nurseries as seedling reservoirs<br />
(Anon. 1948c). Be<strong>for</strong>e a heavy seedfall, cleanings were<br />
made beneath fruiting trees to <strong>for</strong>m natural ‘nurseries’<br />
which were used later to plant <strong>for</strong>ests with low natural<br />
regeneration or in secondary vegetation. The seedling<br />
yield was excellent.<br />
The use <strong>of</strong> wildings is not unequivocally supported.<br />
Wyatt-Smith (1963b) is critical about the use <strong>of</strong> wildings<br />
<strong>for</strong> the following reasons: (i) transplanting large <strong>for</strong>est<br />
seedlings is generally not successful, (ii) small <strong>for</strong>est<br />
seedlings suffer high mortality during the first two years,<br />
and (iii) the pool <strong>of</strong> young <strong>for</strong>est seedlings cannot serve<br />
as a continuous supply <strong>for</strong> large-scale plantations.<br />
Vegetative propagation<br />
Among the methods <strong>of</strong> vegetative propagation <strong>of</strong> grafting,<br />
air layering, tissue culture and cutting propagation, the<br />
latter is the most commonly used technique. Plant<br />
production from cuttings has been intensively<br />
investigated. Dick and Aminah (1994) have carried out a<br />
thorough <strong>review</strong> on cutting propagation <strong>of</strong> <strong>dipterocarps</strong>.<br />
<strong>Research</strong> work has been carried out on important factors<br />
influencing the rooting ability <strong>of</strong> dipterocarp cuttings,<br />
such as rooting facilities, rooting media, source <strong>of</strong><br />
cutting material, type and treatment <strong>of</strong> cutting. According<br />
to Dick and Aminah (1994) 56 dipterocarp species have<br />
been tested, among them almost all <strong>of</strong> the species<br />
suitable <strong>for</strong> plantations. Vegetative propagation <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>dipterocarps</strong> is increasingly successful and has been<br />
introduced as large-scale operations in Indonesia<br />
(Sutisna, personal communication). Moura-Costa (1995)<br />
gives a detailed description <strong>of</strong> vegetative propagation<br />
techniques <strong>for</strong> Dryobalanops lanceolata and several<br />
Shorea spp. in context <strong>of</strong> plant production <strong>for</strong> large scale<br />
enrichment plantings <strong>of</strong> <strong>dipterocarps</strong> in Sabah. However,<br />
when cutting propagation is used in plantation<br />
programmes, it is necessary to precede such large-scale<br />
application by an established procedure <strong>of</strong> selection <strong>of</strong><br />
superior stock plants. Clonal propagation <strong>of</strong> selected<br />
material from <strong>dipterocarps</strong> is in its infancy in the whole<br />
region (see e.g., Finkeldey and Havmoller 1994). Moura-<br />
Costa (1995) discusses a procedure <strong>of</strong> selecting best<br />
genotypic material at the seedling stage, the so-called