A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae
Table 1. Recent content of Dipterocarpaceae family.
Families Sub families Genera
Maguire et al. 1977, Maguire and Ashton 1980
Dipterocarpaceae Monotoideae Monotes
Marquesia
Pakaraimoideae Pakaraimaea
Dipterocarpoideae see table 2
Maury 1978, Maury-Lechon 1979a, b*
Monotaceae Monotoideae Monotes
Marquesia
Pakaraimoideae Pakaraimaea
Dipterocarpaceae see table 2 see table 2
Kostermans 1978, 1985, 1989
Monotaceae Monotes
Marquesia
Pakaraimaea
Dipterocarpaceae see table 2 see table 2
Londoño et al. 1995
Monotoideae Pseudomonotes
Monotes
Marquesia
* presented 1977, no formal status for taxonomic ranks, emphasis on
greater affinities among taxa.
the data now available, and the collaboration of still active
workers, to define a solution acceptable to all in the
laboratory, herbaria and field and the timber markets.
First, however, more collections are needed of what
appear to be key characters, in order to test their validity,
particularly among species currently difficult to assign
to supraspecific groupings.
Botany
Pakaraimaea are relatively small trees or sometimes
even shrubs with alternate leaves (Table 3), conduplicate
in aestivation, triangular stipules tomentulose outside
and glabrous within, early fugaceous, glabrescent
petioles, inflorescences axillary, racemi-paniculate,
flowers 5-merous, petals shorter than sepals, neither
connate at the base nor forming a cup and not winged at
all, all 5 sepals become ampliate and none alate, calyx
persistent, anthers deeply basi-versatile, connective
conspicuously projected as an apical appendage, pollen
grains tricolporate, exine 4-layered, ovary 5-locular
(rarely 4), each loculus 2-ovulate (rarely 4), fruit with 5
aliform short sepals, capsule at length dehiscent or
splitting along dorsal line of carpel, wood, leaves and
ovary devoid of resin or secretory canals, wood rays
dominantly biseriate. No economic use is known
(Maguire et al. 1977, Maguire and Steyermark 1981).
Monotoideae are of three genera, Monotes,
Pseudomonotes and Marquesia, and are trees or shrubs
(Table 3). They have alternate leaves presenting an extrafloral
nectary at the base of the midrib above (Verdcourt
1989), small caducous stipules papyraceous,
inflorescences in simple panicles, flowers 5-merous, 5
sepals equally accrescent, petals longer than sepals and
variously pubescent, calyx persistent, anthers basiversatile
with apical connective-appendage scarcely to
somewhat developed, pollen grains tricolporate, exine
4-layered; ovary 1 to 3 locular (rarely 2, 4 or 5) with
generally 2 ovules in each locule (rarely 4) except in
Pseudomonotes (1 only), wood, ovary and commonly
leaves without resin ducts, fruit sepals aliform and neither
connate at the base nor forming a cupule, wood rays
dominantly uniseriate.
In Marquesia, trees are tall to medium-sized and
buttressed, leaves evergreen and acuminate, nerves
prominent with tertiary venation densely reticulate,
indumentum of simple hairs and minute spherical glands
on nerves and venation; flowers are small in terminal and
axillary panicles; ovary 3-locular becoming 1-locular
above parietal placentation, 6 ovules; fruit is ovoid with
5 wings derived from the accrescent calyx, often 1seeded
and apically 2, 3 or 4-dehiscent.
Monotes are shrubs to medium-sized trees without
buttresses, with leaves mostly rounded or retuse at apex,
rarely acuminate, with more or less rounded extra-floral
nectary at the base of the midrib above and sometimes
additional ones in lower nerve-axils, with very varied
indumentum and small spherical glands sparse or dense
on both surfaces which often make the blades viscid,
flowers in axillary small or compound panicles, ovary
ovoid and hairy completely divided in 1, 2 or 3
(sometimes 4: Maury 1970b, or 5: Verdcourt 1989)
locules with 2 ovules in each locule, fruit subglobose
presenting 5 equal minutely hairy wings derived from
accrescent calyx, fruit normally 1-seeded and
indehiscent (often 2, sometimes 3 or 4, rarely 5; in Maury
1970b).
Pseudomonotes trees are 25-30 m tall with a 70-80
cm diameter, with poorly developed buttresses. This
species forms entire alternate leaves conduplicate in
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