A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpaceae 131 its relations with hosts, the anatomy of its seedling and mature haustorium. Agra University Journal of Research (Science) 3: 301-315. Singh, K.G. 1986. Fomes lividus (Kalchor) attacking wood. Malaysian Forester 47: 249-251. Singh, P. and Mishra, R.M. 1986. A threatened epidemic of sal heart-wood borer nipped in the bud. Proceedings 2nd Forestry Conference, Dehra Dun, 907-909. Singh, S., Verma V.P.S. and Suri, R.K. 1979. Protection of sal seeds in storage against moulds. Indian Forester 105: 811-815. Sinha, R.L. 1957. Mortality of sal (Shorea robusta) in Gorakhpur Forest Division, Uttar Pradesh. Indian Forester 83: 47-53. Sivanesan, A. and Holliday, P. 1972. Xylaria polymorpha. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria no. 355. 2p. Smits, W.T.M., Yasman, I., Leppe, D. and Noor, M. 1991. Some observations on diseases of Dipterocarpaceae. In: Proceedings of the 4th Round Table Conference on Dipterocarps, 147-163. BIOTROP Special Publication, no. 41. SEAMEO-BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia. Spaulding, P. 1961. Foreign diseases of forest trees of the world. Agricultural Handbook no 197. US Department of Agriculture. 361p. Stebbing, E.P. 1914. Indian forest insects of economic importance: Coleoptera. H.M.’s Secretary of State for India in Council. 648p. Supriana, N. 1976. The resistance of some Indonesian timbers to the European subterranean termite Reticulitermes lucifungus Rossi. Duta Rimba 9 (57/ 58): 31-35. Supriana, N. and Natawiria, D. 1987. Forest pests and diseases in Indonesia. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Forests Pests and Diseases in Southeast Asia, 21-41. BIOTROP Special Publication, no. 26. SEAMEO-BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia. Symington, C.F. 1943. Foresters’ manual of dipterocarps. Malayan Forest Record no. 16. 244p. Takahashi, M. and Kishima, T. 1973. Decay resistance of sixty-five south-east Asian timber specimens in accelerated laboratory tests. Tonan Ajia Kenkyu South East Asian Studies 10: 525-541. Tang, H.T and Chong, P.F. 1979. ‘Sudden’ mortality in a regenerated stand of Shorea curtisii in Senaling Inas Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan. Malaysian Forester 42: 240-254. Thapa, R.S. 1970. Borers of freshly felled timbers of Parashorea tomentella and their control. Malaysian Forester 33: 230-239. Thapa, R.S. 1971. Results of preminilary investigation on black stains in commercial trees in Dipterocarp forest of Sabah. Malaysian Forester 34: 53-58. Thirumalachar, M.J. and Chupp. 1948. Mycologia, XI, p.360. Tho, Y.P. and Norhara, H. 1983. On insects associated with kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica) and their status. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Forest Pests and Diseases in Southeast Asia, 181-192. BIOTROP Special Publication no 2. SEAMEO-BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia. Thompson, A. and Johnston, A. 1953. A host list of plant diseases in Malaya. Mycological Papers no. 52. Torquebiau, E. 1984. Man-made dipterocarp forest in Sumatra. Agroforestry Systems 2: 103-127. Toy, R.J. 1988. The pre-dispersal insect fruit-predators of Dipterocarpaceae in Malaysian rain forest. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Aberdeen. 248p. Vijayan, A.K. and Rehill, P.S. 1990. Schyzophyllum commune Fr. - first record on seeds of forest trees from India. Indian Journal of Forestry 13: 67-68. Vincent, A.J. (ed.) 1958. A symposium on brittle-heart in Malayan trees. Malayan Forester 21: 71-84. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1958. Seedling/sapling survival of Shorea leprosula, Shorea parvifolia and Koompassia malaccensis. Malayan Forester 21: 185- 193. Yadav, J.S.P. and Mathur, H.M. 1962. pH tolerance of sal (Shorea robusta) seedlings. Indian Forester 88: 694-700.
Management of Natural Forests S. Appanah The view that it is not possible to manage natural forests in the tropics for their timber has its adherents. Considering the widespread failures in many countries, such a view is conceivable. A review by International Tropical Timber Organization estimated that only an insignificant amount of the world’s tropical moist forests is sustainably managed (Poore 1989). Fortunately, numerous reports suggest otherwise for some dipterocarp forests of Asia. The state of tropical forest management worldwide is in such a quandary that any success, however meagre, requires close examination. Such a success may provide the flicker of hope that is so urgently needed in our efforts to save these tropical forests. The dipterocarp forests in the perhumid zone of Asia form the cradle for a considerable proportion of life forms found on Earth. It is arguable that the only effective way to preserve a sizable portion of this biodiversity will be through effective management, including production of timber and other valuable products. Fortunately, history is on the side of dipterocarp forests. The origins of scientific tropical forest management began in Asia, particularly in British India around the mid-19th Century. Together with teak, the dipterocarp forests were among the first tropical forests to be managed. The Indian experience formed the basis for management in the Malayan realm (Hill 1900). The conditions for management have changed considerably since then, but the experience and understanding gained form an excellent basis for developing appropriate management regimes for tropical forests. Forest Composition, Distribution and Structure Although the family Dipterocarpaceae is presently recognised pantropical, with three subfamilies Chapter 8 Monotoideae (Africa, Colombia), Pakaraimoideae (Guyana) and Dipterocarpoideae (Asia), it is the last subfamily that is of significance as a timber group (Ashton 1982). The present review will be confined to the Asian subfamily. It comprises 13 genera and some 470 species, distributed from the Seychelles in the west to Papua New Guinea to the east. In Chapter 1 more details on the taxonomy, distribution and diversity of this subfamily are given (see also Champion 1936, Symington 1943, Ashton 1980, 1988). Dipterocarps are limited to tropical climates with a mean annual rainfall exceeding 1000 mm, with only short dry spells. The Asian dipterocarp forests can be divided into two basic zones, viz. the Moist Tropical Forests and the Dry Tropical Forests (Champion and Seth, 1968, Collins et al. 1991). Within these two basic moist and dry tropical forests, four forest types can be distinguished (Table 1). Our knowledge of these forests, especially the distribution of dipterocarps within them is incomplete. This is particularly the case with forests of Indochina and southern China. Under these circumstances, and for the sake of brevity, the presentation is simplified to three groups of dipterocarp forests, viz. the Dry evergreen dipterocarp forests (Dry tropical forests), Seasonal evergreen dipterocarp forests (Tropical semi-evergreen and Tropical moist deciduous forests), and the Aseasonal evergreen dipterocarp forests (Tropical wet evergreen forests). Some information on their distribution and structure is given below. Dry Evergreen Dipterocarp Forests These forests are found in Central and East India, Burma, Thailand and Indo-China. The forests are dry, with less than 2000 mm of annual rainfall and a dry season of 3 to 5 months. The forests are medium in stature, with an even canopy and no emergents. Shorea robusta (Indian sal)
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A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
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ã 1998 by Center for International
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Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
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SPINs Species Improvement Network T
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Foreword The Center for Internation
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Introduction As a consequence, much
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Introduction each project that is m
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Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
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Conservation of Genetic Resources i
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Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
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Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
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Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
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Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
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Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
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Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
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Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
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Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
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Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
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Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
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Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
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Page 177 and 178: Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
Page 179 and 180: Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
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Page 183 and 184: Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
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Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
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Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
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Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
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Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
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Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
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Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
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Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
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General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
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General Index endangered species, i
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General Index distribution, 15 enda
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General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
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General Index seed material, cryopr
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General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
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