A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research
A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research
A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research
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Pests and Diseases <strong>of</strong> Dipterocarpaceae 119<br />
was particularly susceptible to termite attack (Alliot<br />
1947) and that <strong>of</strong> Vateria indica was preferred by<br />
Microcerotermes cameroni (Hrdy 1970). Heavy<br />
hardwoods, Neobalanocarpus heimii and Vatica sp.,<br />
were the least susceptible species to termite attack.<br />
Wood <strong>of</strong> Neobalanocarpus heimii, Shorea ovalis and<br />
Shorea spp. contain repellants against Cryptotermes<br />
cynocephalus (Said et al. 1982).<br />
Ambrosia beetles (pin-hole borers) infest logs and<br />
wood timber (Browne 1950, Bhatia 1950, Anon. 1957,<br />
Anuwongse 1972, Fougerousse 1974, Garcia 1977,<br />
Hutacharern et al. 1988). Browne reported the<br />
susceptibility <strong>of</strong> Shorea leprosula logs to attack by<br />
ambrosia beetles, more particularly Xyleborus<br />
pseudopilifer which usually attacks only <strong>dipterocarps</strong>,<br />
and X. declivigranulatus which is polyphagous. Shot and<br />
pin-hole borers attacked barked-logs <strong>of</strong> Parashorea<br />
malaanonan more severely than unbarked ones, as well<br />
as logs left in the shade (Anon. 1957).<br />
Insecticide trials against termites (Mathur et al. 1965,<br />
Said et al. 1982, Schmidt 1968) found BHC, aldrex and<br />
chlordane were effective. Preservatives, such as copperchrome-arsenic,<br />
increased wood resistance to attack <strong>of</strong><br />
Coptotermes curvignathus.<br />
Studies <strong>of</strong> treatment against insect damage on logs<br />
and wood have been mainly conducted in India.<br />
Insecticides such as BHC, fenpropathrim, fenvalerate,<br />
permethrine, telodrine, diedrex, gammexane and to a<br />
lesser extent chlordane were effective against beetles<br />
such as Lyctus brunneus (Lyctidae), Cerambycidae,<br />
Bostrichidae, Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Browne<br />
1951, Menon 1954, 1958, Francia 1958, Thapa 1970,<br />
Ito and Hirose 1980, Chatterjee and Thapa 1971,<br />
Nunomura et al. 1980, Daljeet-Singh 1983). Thapa<br />
(1970) showed that BHC <strong>of</strong>fered a satisfactory<br />
protection when sprayed on logs <strong>of</strong> Parashorea<br />
tomentella against cerambycids and more particularly<br />
Dialeges pauper and Hoplocerambyx spinicornis.<br />
A minimum <strong>of</strong> 3 months immersion <strong>of</strong> Shorea<br />
robusta poles in water gives protection against bostrichid<br />
attack, most probably due to the leaching <strong>of</strong> sugars during<br />
soaking (Anon. 1946). Fresh water and marine borers<br />
have damaged boats and poles (Shillinglaw and Moore<br />
1947, Anon. 1947, Edmonson 1949, Premrasmi and<br />
Sono 1964, Mata and Siriban 1976, Chong 1979,<br />
Santhakumaran and Alikunhi 1983, Chen 1985). Most<br />
records concern marine borers, though nymphs <strong>of</strong><br />
species <strong>of</strong> mayfly (Ephemeroptera) burrow into and<br />
damage boats and submerged wooden structures in fresh<br />
water in Thailand (Premrasmi and Sono 1964).<br />
The durability and resistance <strong>of</strong> dipterocarp timbers<br />
and poles against marine borers, mainly in the genera<br />
Martesia, Teredo, Nausitora, Dicyathifer,<br />
Bactronophorus, Baukia, Nototeredo and Limnoria,<br />
were studied by Shillinglaw and Moore (1947) and Mata<br />
and Siriban (1976). Anisoptera polyandra in New<br />
Guinea (Shillinglaw and Moore 1947),<br />
Neobalanocarpus heimii and Shorea maxwelliana<br />
(Chong 1979) had good natural resistance to shipworms<br />
and other marine borers. A. polyandra is there<strong>for</strong>e<br />
recommended <strong>for</strong> piling in new marine structures.<br />
Shorea laevifolia has been reported as being resistant<br />
to Martesia and Teredo species (Anon. 1947). In China,<br />
Chen (1985) demonstrated that the resistance to marine<br />
borers <strong>of</strong> hardwood is higher than that <strong>of</strong> s<strong>of</strong>twood, and<br />
heartwood is superior to sapwood. Edmonson (1949)<br />
reported Martesia sp. destroyed rapidly apitong<br />
(Dipterocarpus sp.) and Shorea sp. in the Philippines.<br />
According to Santhakumaran and Alikunhi (1983),<br />
Shorea robusta and Dipterocarpus indicus had a very<br />
heavy attack whereas D. macrocarpus had a medium<br />
attack and D. turbinatus and Hopea parviflora had a<br />
moderate attack in 7-8 months by Martesia and Teredo<br />
species. Some treatments with creosote proved to be<br />
effective (Chong 1979, Mata and Siriban 1976).<br />
Diseases<br />
Seeds<br />
Bacteria, viruses and especially fungi cause loss <strong>of</strong> seed<br />
viability. Infection takes place on the tree, during the<br />
flowering and/or development <strong>of</strong> the fruit, on the ground<br />
at the fruit fall, and during the period from harvesting to<br />
sowing in the nursery. During these stages, seed<br />
contamination can occur with organisms causing diseases<br />
in the nursery or serving as primary inocula <strong>for</strong> decay<br />
organisms specific to seedlings (Mohanan and Sharma<br />
1991). Seeds collected from the <strong>for</strong>est floor are more<br />
liable to be infected by decay organisms. Fungal infection<br />
also occurs during seed storage, where large quantities<br />
<strong>of</strong> seeds in containers and high moisture are propitious<br />
conditions <strong>for</strong> fungal development.<br />
Over 100 species <strong>of</strong> seed fungi have been identified<br />
in Malaysia (Hong 1976, 1981a, Lee and Manap 1983,<br />
Elouard and Philip 1994), in Thailand (Pongpanich<br />
1988), in Indonesia (Elouard 1991), and in India (Mittal