A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition concentrated on surveys and the effectiveness of ectomycorrhizas in promoting growth of seedlings under adverse conditions. Presently dipterocarp mycorrhizal research is not very active and progress has been slow due to the limited number of researchers and funds available (Sangwanit 1993). Philippines Work on dipterocarp mycorrhizas in the Philippines started about five years ago at the University of Los Baños, Laguna (de la Cruz 1993) with attempts to combine dipterocarps propagated by cuttings/tissue culture and mycorrhizal inoculation. Results will be reported in a forthcoming publication (de la Cruz in press). Considerable research has been focused on the development of mycorrhizal inoculum delivery systems, mainly for use with pines and eucalypts. Some of these systems may be effective for dipterocarps but tests need to be carried out, especially under field conditions. Recently a survey of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with pines and dipterocarps was undertaken with funding from the EEC (Zarate et al. 1993). Other Groups Some preliminary research on dipterocarp mycorrhizas has also been carried out in Sri Lanka (Abeynayake 1991). However, such work is not given much emphasis as reforestation of degraded lands with dipterocarps has not been successful and Sri Lanka is presently not using dipterocarps for reforestation on a large scale (Abeynayake 1991). In India some research was conducted on ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Shorea robusta in the early 1970s (Bakshi 1974) but since then there have been no new reports of mycorrhizal research on dipterocarps. Mycorrhiza Network Asia Mycorrhiza Network Asia was established at the Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi on 1 April 1988. This network serves as a point of reference for mycorrhizal scientists in Asia and provides various services such as literature searches, a directory of Asian mycorrhizal researchers, a germplasm bank, organisation of meetings and symposia, and the publication of a quarterly newsletter, Mycorrhiza News. Mycorrhizal researchers from the various Southeast Asian countries are members or are aware of the existence of this network 109 and meet from time to time at the Asian Conference on Mycorrhizae (ACOM); the Third ACOM was held in Indonesia in April 1994. Previous meetings were held in India (1st ACOM) and Thailand (2nd ACOM). However, rapid progress on dipterocarp mycorrhizal research in the Southeast Asian region is constrained by several factors: 1. Insufficient numbers of suitably trained and active mycorrhizal researchers in most Southeast Asian countries. For example, there are only two scientists actively working on dipterocarp mycorrhizas in Malaysia and Thailand respectively. BIOTROP has conducted several training courses on mycorrhizas for participants from the ASEAN countries but it is unfortunate that most trainees do not engage in mycorrhizal research upon returning to their own countries. A slightly different problem is encountered in the Philippines where many trained researchers leave the country for better opportunities abroad. In Indonesia an encouraging situation has recently developed where practising foresters were sent by their employers, the various concession holders, to attend a two-week local training course on mycorrhizal techniques conducted by BIOTROP. 2. Insufficient budget to undertake such research. Most local governments do not allocate sufficient funds for basic research including mycorrhizal research. De la Cruz (1993) pointed out that much of the productive mycorrhizal research came from external grants. 3. Lack of regional collaboration. Much has been spoken about the need for regional research collaboration in many fields, including mycorrhizal research, but to date no concrete proposals have materialised for regional mycorrhizal research. 4. Lack of expertise in some fields of mycorrhizal research, such as identification of ectomycorrhizal fungal associates, culture and propagation of mycorrhizal inoculum. A local or regional flora of potential ectomycorrhizal fungi is needed as baseline information for many studies. A start has been made in several Southeast Asian countries to collect and collate such information. However, most of the research is only possible because of the collaboration of foreign experts working on short-term projects.
Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 5. Limited access to regional research results. Results of many studies are reported only in local publications to which other researchers in the region have no access. Presently the most important channels of information are regional and international symposia or conferences where researchers have an opportunity to discuss their findings. Researchers should be encouraged to publish their findings in refereed journals or in publications with a wider circulation so that their results may be shared with others. Joint collaborative projects involving active dipterocarp mycorrhizal researchers, plant physiologists, and soil scientists from the various countries in the region and experienced scientists from the developed countries would be one approach to advancing research in this field. Training relevant personnel who would be likely to put their training into practice would also help overcome some of the problems encountered. It is envisaged that agencies such as the Center for International Forestry Research and the European Union can play pivotal roles in this respect. Funding Requirements Funding is required for a multi-lateral collaborative project involving scientists from related disciplines in the various Southeast Asian countries and experienced mycorrhizal researchers from the developed countries to conduct research into some, if not all, of the priority areas identified. Funding should at least be for an initial period of three years and should include components of training for local scientists and field personnel. Local scientists who will be directly involved in the research should receive relevant training in the first year of the project. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Willie Smits (The International MOF TROPENBOS – Kalimantan Project) for comments and suggestions for the improvement of this chapter. References Abuzinadah, R.A. and Read, D.J. 1989. Carbon transfer associated with assimilation of organic nitrogen sources by silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.). Trees 3: 17-23. 110 Abeynayake, K. 1991. Mycorrhizal research in Sri Lanka with particular reference to work on mycorrhizae of Dipterocarpaceae. In: Proceedings of the BIO-REFOR Pre-Workshop, 26-28 March 1991, Bogor, Indonesia, 71-74. BIO-REFOR, IUFRO/SPDC, Tsukuba, Japan. Alexander, I. 1989. Mycorrhizas in tropical forests. In: Proctor, J. (ed.) Mineral nutrients in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems, 169-188. Special Publication no. 9. British Ecological Society. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. Alexander, I. and Högberg, P. 1986. Ectomycorrhizas of tropical angiospermous trees. New Phytologist 102: 541-549. Alexander, I, Norani, A. and Lee, S.S. 1992. The role of mycorrhizas in the regeneration of some Malaysian forest trees. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Science 335: 379-388. de Alwis, D.P. and Abeynayake, K. 1980. A survey of mycorrhizae in some tropical forest trees of Sri Lanka. In: Mikola, P. (ed.) Tropical mycorrhiza research, 146- 153. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Aminah, H. and Lokmal, N. 1995. The effect of two types of fertiliser on the growth of rooted stem cuttings of Hopea odorata Roxb. Science Malaysiana 24: 97-101. Amir Husni Mohd. Shariff and Miller, H.G. 1990. Shorea leprosula as an indicator species for site fertility evaluation in dipterocarp forests of Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 3: 101- 110. Aniwat, C. 1987. Mycorrhizal survey of dry-deciduous and semi-evergreen dipterocarp forest ecosystems in Thailand. In: Kostermans, A.J.C.H. (ed.) Proceedings of the Third Round Table Conference on Dipterocarps. Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Kalimantan, Indonesia. 16-20 April 1985, 81-103. UNESCO, Indonesia Ashton, P.S. 1982. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Malesiana, Series I 9: 237-552. Baillie, I.C., Ashton, P.S., Court, M.N., Anderson, J.A.R., Fitzpatrick, E.A. and Tinsley, J. 1987. Site characteristics and the distribution of tree species in mixed dipterocarp forest on tertiary sediments in central Sarawak, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 3: 201-220. Bakshi, B.K. 1974. Mycorrhiza and its role in forestry. Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dehra Dun, India. 89p.
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A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
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ã 1998 by Center for International
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Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
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SPINs Species Improvement Network T
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Foreword The Center for Internation
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Introduction As a consequence, much
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Introduction each project that is m
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Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
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Conservation of Genetic Resources i
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Page 65 and 66: Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
Page 67 and 68: Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
Page 69 and 70: Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
Page 71 and 72: Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
Page 73 and 74: Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
Page 75 and 76: Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
Page 77 and 78: Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
Page 79 and 80: Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
Page 81 and 82: Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
Page 83 and 84: Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
Page 85 and 86: Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
Page 87 and 88: Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
Page 89 and 90: Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
Page 91 and 92: Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
Page 93 and 94: Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
Page 95 and 96: Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
Page 97 and 98: Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
Page 107 and 108: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Page 121 and 122: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Takaha
Page 123 and 124: Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
Page 139 and 140: Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
Page 141 and 142: Management of Natural Forests about
Page 143 and 144: Management of Natural Forests 4. Cl
Page 145 and 146: Management of Natural Forests were
Page 147 and 148: Management of Natural Forests incre
Page 149 and 150: Management of Natural Forests 1. He
Page 151 and 152: Management of Natural Forests which
Page 153 and 154: Management of Natural Forests Cheng
Page 155 and 156: Management of Natural Forests Uebel
Page 157 and 158: Plantations 152 macrocarpa, V. indi
Page 159 and 160: Plantations 154 are: Dipterocarpus
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Page 163 and 164: Plantations 158 able to store them
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Plantations 162 Qureshi et al. (196
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Plantations 164 Tomboc and Basada (
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Plantations 166 are removed. Anothe
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Plantations 168 intervention. Sange
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Plantations 170 mono-layered. The r
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Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
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Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
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Plantations 176 Cheah, L.C. 1971. A
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Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
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Plantations 180 Moura-Costa, P. 199
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Plantations 182 Regional Workshop o
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Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
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Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
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Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
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Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
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Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
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Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
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Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
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General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
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General Index endangered species, i
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General Index distribution, 15 enda
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General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
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General Index seed material, cryopr
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General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
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