A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Root Symbiosis and Nutrition S.S. Lee At present dipterocarps are gaining much attention, this volume being testimony to it. Since large tracts of dipterocarp forests in tropical Asia have become overlogged and/or degraded, interest in planting dipterocarps either in plantations or by underplanting in poor forests has gained momentum. With this move, research on mycorrhizas and their association with dipterocarps has gained a high profile. Mycorrhizas are the symbiotic association between specialised root-inhabiting fungi and the roots of living plants. Harley and Smith (1983) recognise seven mycorrhizal types but only two, the ectomycorrhizas and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) (now more popularly referred to as arbuscular mycorrhizas) occur in the Dipterocarpaceae. Dipterocarps are predominantly ectomycorrhizal but a few species have been reported to form both ectomycorrhizas and VAM (Table 1). Unlike some members of the Leguminosae, the dipterocarps are not symbiotic with nitrogen fixing bacteria. Typical dipterocarp ectomycorrhizas are short, pyramidal or racemously branched and variously coloured (e.g. brown, black, white, yellow). A fungal sheath (mantle) characteristic of the fungal partner surrounds the host root. Underneath this sheath lie the often radially elongated epidermal cells between which are located the hyphae of the Hartig net (Alexander and Högberg 1986, Lee 1988). The surface of the sheath may be smooth but often bears hyphae or hyphal strands which radiate out into the substrate. The role of mycorrhizas in increasing the absorptive efficiency of roots is well known. The growth of mycorrhizal hyphae into the surrounding soil effectively shortens the distance over which the slowly diffusible ions, such as phosphate, must travel before being absorbed and the association has proven particularly Chapter 6 beneficial to the host in soils of low available phosphorus concentrations. Ectomycorrhizas are also seen to play a role in minimising nutrient losses from the nutrient cycle through leaching (Read et al. 1989). The production of a potent acid carboxypeptidase by some ectomycorrhizal fungi such as Amanita and Boletus (Read 1991) indicates that these fungi have the potential to mobilise the plant growth limiting nutrient, nitrogen, from protein. This implies that such ectomycorrhizal infected trees are no longer dependent upon the activities of a separate group of decomposer fungi for the release of nitrogen in the form of the ammonium ion for plant uptake. Ectomycorrhizas are also known to be able to increase the tolerance of trees to drought, high soil temperatures, organic and inorganic soil toxins, and very low soil pH. The sheath has been shown to have important storage functions, not only for phosphorus but also for other absorbed nutrients and carbon. The sheath also protects the root from pathogens, and is thought to be able to reduce water loss and allow rapid rewetting, thus lengthening root life and thereby increasing mineral uptake and retention (Janos 1985). It has also been suggested that the key role of the mycorrhizal symbiosis under natural conditions is to enable seedling persistence rather than rapid growth (Abuzinadah and Read 1989). The presence of ectomycorrhizas in the Dipterocarpaceae has led to several hypotheses regarding the role they might play in dipterocarp biology. Ashton (1982) suggested that the clumped distribution of the dipterocarps might be reinforced by their ectomycorrhizal associations as the mycelia persist and gradually spread with the ever dispersing and coalescing clumps of the dipterocarp trees themselves. He suggested that his observation of the association of two different groups on soils of different soil phosphorus levels could
Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table 1. Dipterocarp species reported to be ectomycorrhizal based on root examination. (Only the first report for the species in each location is given). Genera Species Location Vegetation Reference/Source Anisoptera A. costata Korth. *(VAM also) Thailand Dry deciduous forest Aniwat (1987) A. laevis Ridl. Pen. Malaysia Lowland rainforest Singh (1966) A. marginata Korth. Kalimantan Lowland rainforest Smits (1987) A. oblonga Dyer Pen. Malaysia Rainforest Mohd. Noor (1981) A. scaphula (Roxb.) Pierre " " " A. thurifera (Blco) Bl. Luzon Rainforest Zarate et al. (1993) Cotylelobium C. malayanum Sloot. Pen. Malaysia Dipterocarp arboretum Hong (1979) C. scabriusculum Brandis Sri Lanka Lowland rainforest de Alwis & Abeynayake (1980) Dipterocarpus D. alatus Roxb. Thailand Semi-evergreen forest Aniwat (1987) D. baudii Korth. Pen. Malaysia Rainforest Mohd. Noor (1981) D. chartaceus Sym. Pen. Malaysia Dipterocarp arboretum Hong (1979) D. confertus Sloot. Kalimantan Lowland rainforest Smits (1992) D. cornutus Dyer " " Bimaatmadja in Hadi et al. (1991) D. costatus Gaertn. f. Thailand Semi-evergreen forest Aniwat (1987) D. costulatus Sloot. Pen. Malaysia Rainforest Mohd. Noor (1981) D. elongatus Korth. Kalimantan Lowland rainforest Smits (1992) D. gracilis Bl. " " " D. grandiflorus (Blco) Blco " " Smits (1983) D. hasseltii Bl. " " Smits (1992) D. hispidus Thw. Sri Lanka Lowland rainforest de Alwis & Abeynayake (1980) D. humeratus Sloot. Kalimantan " Smits (1992) D. indicus Bedd. India Wet evergreen forest Alexander & Hogberg (1986) D. intricatus Dyer. Thailand Dry deciduous forest Aniwat (1987) D. kunstleri King Sarawak Kerangas Alexander & Hogberg (1986) D. oblongifolius Bl. Pen. Malaysia Lowland rainforest Singh (1966) D. obtusifolius Teysm. ex Miq. Thailand Dry deciduous forest Aniwat (1987) D. sublamellatus Foxw. " " " D. tempehes Sloot. Kalimantan Lowland rainforest Smits (1992) D. tuberculatus Roxb. Thailand Dry deciduous forest Aniwat (1987) D. verrucosus Foxw. Pen. Malaysia Rainforest Mohd. Noor (1981) D. zeylanicus Thw. Sri Lanka " de Alwis & Abeynayake (1980) Dryobalanops D. aromatica Gaertn. f. Pen. Malaysia Lowland rainforest Singh (1966) " Kalimantan Lowland rainforest Smits (1992) D. keithii Sym. " " " D. lanceolata Burck Java Dipterocarp arboretum Nuhamara et al. in Hadi et al. (1991) " Sabah Lowland rainforest Unpublished data " Kalimantan Lowland rainforest Smits (1992) D. oblongifolia Dyer Pen. Malaysia Dipterocarp arboretum Hong (1979) D. oocarpa Sloot. Kalimantan Lowland rainforest Bimaatmadja in Hadi et al. (1991) 100
Page 1 and 2:
A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
Page 3 and 4:
ã 1998 by Center for International
Page 5 and 6:
Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
Page 7 and 8:
SPINs Species Improvement Network T
Page 9 and 10:
Foreword The Center for Internation
Page 11 and 12:
Introduction As a consequence, much
Page 13 and 14:
Introduction each project that is m
Page 15 and 16:
Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56: Conservation of Genetic Resources i
Page 65 and 66: Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
Page 67 and 68: Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
Page 69 and 70: Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
Page 71 and 72: Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
Page 73 and 74: Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
Page 75 and 76: Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
Page 77 and 78: Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
Page 79 and 80: Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
Page 81 and 82: Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
Page 83 and 84: Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
Page 85 and 86: Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
Page 87 and 88: Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
Page 89 and 90: Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
Page 91 and 92: Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
Page 93 and 94: Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
Page 95 and 96: Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
Page 97 and 98: Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
Page 105: Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
Page 109 and 110: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
Page 111 and 112: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition specie
Page 113 and 114: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition in Sab
Page 115 and 116: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition where
Page 117 and 118: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 5. Lim
Page 119 and 120: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Group
Page 121 and 122: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Takaha
Page 123 and 124: Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
Page 139 and 140: Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
Page 141 and 142: Management of Natural Forests about
Page 143 and 144: Management of Natural Forests 4. Cl
Page 145 and 146: Management of Natural Forests were
Page 147 and 148: Management of Natural Forests incre
Page 149 and 150: Management of Natural Forests 1. He
Page 151 and 152: Management of Natural Forests which
Page 153 and 154: Management of Natural Forests Cheng
Page 155 and 156: Management of Natural Forests Uebel
Page 157 and 158:
Plantations 152 macrocarpa, V. indi
Page 159 and 160:
Plantations 154 are: Dipterocarpus
Page 161 and 162:
Plantations 156 and no longer in ne
Page 163 and 164:
Plantations 158 able to store them
Page 165 and 166:
Plantations 160 ‘Predictive Test
Page 167 and 168:
Plantations 162 Qureshi et al. (196
Page 169 and 170:
Plantations 164 Tomboc and Basada (
Page 171 and 172:
Plantations 166 are removed. Anothe
Page 173 and 174:
Plantations 168 intervention. Sange
Page 175 and 176:
Plantations 170 mono-layered. The r
Page 177 and 178:
Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
Page 179 and 180:
Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
Page 181 and 182:
Plantations 176 Cheah, L.C. 1971. A
Page 183 and 184:
Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
Page 185 and 186:
Plantations 180 Moura-Costa, P. 199
Page 187 and 188:
Plantations 182 Regional Workshop o
Page 189 and 190:
Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
Page 191 and 192:
Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
Page 205 and 206:
Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
Page 207 and 208:
Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
Page 209 and 210:
Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
Page 211 and 212:
Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
Page 213 and 214:
General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
Page 215 and 216:
General Index endangered species, i
Page 217 and 218:
General Index distribution, 15 enda
Page 219 and 220:
General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
Page 221 and 222:
General Index seed material, cryopr
Page 223:
General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
show all

A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?