Spatial Characterization Of Two-Photon States - GAP-Optique
Spatial Characterization Of Two-Photon States - GAP-Optique Spatial Characterization Of Two-Photon States - GAP-Optique
4. OAM transfer in noncollinear configurations 100µ m 1mm pump crystal -4 4 -4 4 1 0 1 0 after 1mm -4 4 -4 4 0.1 0 1 0 output mode Figure 4.6: Due to the crystal birefringence, the oam content of a beam changes as the beam passes trough the material. The number of new oam modes introduced by the birefringence increases for more focused beams. The figure shows the mode content of a Gaussian beam after traveling 1 mm in the crystal, and at the output of the 5- mm-long crystal. to the value of the width in y, and therefore the ellipticity disappears. 4.3 Effect of the Poynting vector walk-off on the OAM transfer Up to now, this chapter only considered spdc configurations where the Poynting vector walk-off was not relevant. However, since the selective detection of one section of the cone affects the oam transfer, the distinguishability introduced by the walk-off should affect it as well. To understand the effect of the walk-off on the oam transfer, consider that the spatial shape of the pump is modified as it passes trough the crystal due to the birefringence. A Gaussian photon thus acquires more modes when traveling in a crystal. This section explains this effect using theoretical calculations and experimental results. 4.3.1 Theoretical calculations The displacement introduced by the walk-off, explained in section 1.3, changes the pump beam spatial distribution and therefore its oam content. The transverse profile of the pump, at each position z inside the nonlinear crystal, can be written as Ep (qp,z)=E0 exp −q 2 p w 2 p 4 z + i 2k0 ∞ Jn (zqp tan ρ0) exp {inθp} p n=−∞ (4.7) where Jn are Bessel functions of the first kind. Based on this expression, figure 4.6 shows the oam content of a Gaussian pump beam after traveling through a 5 mm crystal. New modes appear and become important as the pump beam gets narrower. The oam content of the pump with respect to z is different at different positions inside the crystal. Pairs of photons produced at the beginning or at the end of the crystal are effectively generated by a pump beam with different spatial properties, as figure 4.6 shows. This change in the pump beam is 44
Weight 1 0 4.3. Effect of the Poynting vector walk-off on the OAM transfer 0º 90º Azimuthal angle 360º other modes Gaussian mode 0º 90º Azimuthal angle 360º Gaussian mode other modes Figure 4.7: The probability of generating a Gaussian signal photon varies with the azimuthal angle, and has a maximum at α = 90 ◦ where the noncollinearity effect compensates the Poynting vector walk-off. At other angles, like α = 360 ◦ the probability of generating a Gaussian signal decreases and other modes become important in the distribution. Those non-Gaussian modes are more numerous for more focused beams, as seen by comparing the left part of the figure, where wp = 100 µm, to the right part, where wp = 600 µm. Signal purity 0.3 0.1 0.0 without walk-off with walk-off azimuthal 0º 90º 180º 270º 360º angle Figure 4.8: Like the signal oam content, the correlations between the photons change with the azimuthal angle. The walk-off not only introduces an azimuthal variation but increases the correlations. translated into a change in the oam content of the generated pair with respect to the z axis. Additionally, because of the walk-off the generated photons are not symmetric with respect to the displaced pump beam, and their azimuthal position α becomes relevant. Figure 4.7 shows the weight of the mode ls = 0, and the weight of all other oam modes, as a function of the angle α for two different pump beam widths. In the left part, the pump beam waist is 100 µm, while in the right part it is 600 µm. The oam correlations of the two-photon state change over the down-conversion cone due to the azimuthal symmetry break- 45
- Page 114 and 115: Abstract The matrix notation, intro
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- Page 169 and 170: Before the crystal 4.3. Effect of t
- Page 171 and 172: CHAPTER 5 Spatial correlations in R
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- Page 191 and 192: APPENDIX C Methods for OAM measurem
- Page 193 and 194: Bibliography [1] M. A. Nielsen and
- Page 195 and 196: Bibliography [27] J. P. Torres, A.
- Page 197 and 198: Bibliography [55] M. C. Booth, M. A
4. OAM transfer in noncollinear configurations<br />
100µ m<br />
1mm<br />
pump crystal<br />
-4 4<br />
-4 4<br />
1<br />
0<br />
1<br />
0<br />
after 1mm<br />
-4 4<br />
-4 4<br />
0.1<br />
0<br />
1<br />
0<br />
output mode<br />
Figure 4.6: Due to the crystal birefringence, the oam content of a beam changes as<br />
the beam passes trough the material. The number of new oam modes introduced<br />
by the birefringence increases for more focused beams. The figure shows the mode<br />
content of a Gaussian beam after traveling 1 mm in the crystal, and at the output of<br />
the 5- mm-long crystal.<br />
to the value of the width in y, and therefore the ellipticity disappears.<br />
4.3 Effect of the Poynting vector walk-off on the OAM<br />
transfer<br />
Up to now, this chapter only considered spdc configurations where the Poynting<br />
vector walk-off was not relevant. However, since the selective detection of<br />
one section of the cone affects the oam transfer, the distinguishability introduced<br />
by the walk-off should affect it as well.<br />
To understand the effect of the walk-off on the oam transfer, consider that<br />
the spatial shape of the pump is modified as it passes trough the crystal due to<br />
the birefringence. A Gaussian photon thus acquires more modes when traveling<br />
in a crystal. This section explains this effect using theoretical calculations and<br />
experimental results.<br />
4.3.1 Theoretical calculations<br />
The displacement introduced by the walk-off, explained in section 1.3, changes<br />
the pump beam spatial distribution and therefore its oam content. The transverse<br />
profile of the pump, at each position z inside the nonlinear crystal, can<br />
be written as<br />
Ep (qp,z)=E0 exp<br />
<br />
−q 2 p<br />
w 2 p<br />
4<br />
z<br />
+ i<br />
2k0 <br />
∞<br />
Jn (zqp tan ρ0) exp {inθp}<br />
p n=−∞<br />
(4.7)<br />
where Jn are Bessel functions of the first kind. Based on this expression, figure<br />
4.6 shows the oam content of a Gaussian pump beam after traveling through<br />
a 5 mm crystal. New modes appear and become important as the pump beam<br />
gets narrower.<br />
The oam content of the pump with respect to z is different at different<br />
positions inside the crystal. Pairs of photons produced at the beginning or at<br />
the end of the crystal are effectively generated by a pump beam with different<br />
spatial properties, as figure 4.6 shows. This change in the pump beam is<br />
44