Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of ...

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BIOLOGICAL METHODS • In the laboratory, evaluate the inorganic components by conducting a wet and dry p article size analysis on one or more samples and preferably on replicate samples from each sampling site with the use of standard sieves and following the modified Wentworth classification shown in Table 2. Detailed procedures for sediment analysis are found in IBP handbook No. 16.* Name Boulder Rubble Coarse gravel Medium gravel Fine gravel Coarse sand Medium sand Fine sand Very fine sand Silt Clay TABLE 2. SOIL PARTICLE SIZE CLASSIFICATION* Particle size (mm) >256 64-256 32-64 8-32 2-8 0.5-2 0.25-0.5 0.125-0.25 0.0625-0.125 0.0039.{).0625
Because of the extreme spatial and temporal fluctuations of salinity in estuaries, simple, rapid instrumental methods of measurement are more desirable than slower, more precise chemical methods (38). Wide-range, temperature-compensated conductivity salinometers are recommended for determining both horizontal and vertical salinity profiles at high-slack and low-slack tide levels in the area of estuary or reach of river being studied. 3.0 SAMPLING METHODS 3.1 QUANTITATIVE 3.1.1 Definitions and purpose Although the data may be evaluated in various ways, a quantitative method essentially involves an estimation of the numbers or biomass (standing crop) of the various components of the macroinvertebrate community per unit area in all or a portion of the available habitats (including artificially introduced habitats) in the ecosystem being studied, and provides information on the species composition, richness of species and distribution of individuals among the species. 3.1.2 Requirements Obtain quantitative estimates by using devices that sample a unit area or volume of habitat, such as a Surber square-foot sampler, which in use presumably collects all organisms enclosed within the frame of the sampler, or an artificial substrate sampler having a fixed volume or exposing a fixed amount of surface. In the study of macroinvertebrate populations, the sampling precision is affected by a number of factors, including: size, weight, and construction of the sampling device, the type of substrate, and the distribution of organisms in and on the substrate. For example, it is expected that the estimates of standing crop drawn from a series of samples will be more precise (have a lower coefficient of variation) when the community consists of a few species represented 5 MACROINVERIEBRAIE SAMPLING by a large number of individuals, evenly distributed in the substrate. Conversely, a large coefficient of variation would be expected if the fauna consists of a large nUlubcr cf species with a patchy distribution of individuals. To obtain the same level of precision at a given level of probability, a larger number of replicates would be required in the latter case than in the former. In general, the smaller the surface area encompassed by a sampling device, the larger the number of samples required to obtain a desired level of precision. Thus, precision can be increased by collecting larger samples, or by increasing the numbers of samples collected. An objective, quantitative approach necessitates that a measure of the precision of the estimates be obtained - thus, replicate sampling in each habitat or stratum selected for study is an absolute requirement. For measurement of precision, three replicates are an absolute minimum. (A series of single samples taken at discrete points along a transect do not represent replicate samples of benthic organisms unless it can be demonstrated that the physical characteristics of the habitat do not change along the transect.) It is preferable, if data are available (or can be obtained by reconniassance or exploratory studies), to determine the number of replicates on the basis of the desired level of precision as discussed in the Biometrics Section. 3.1.3 Advantages In addition to providing the same data obtained from a qualitative study, the standing crop data generated by a quantitative study provide a means of comparing the productivity of different environments; and if a measure of turnover is available, the actual production can be computed. The use of quantitative sampling devices in carefully chosen habitats is recommended because they reduce sampling bias resulting from differences in expertise of the sample collector. The data from properly designed quantitative studies are amenable to the use of simple but
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... EPA-610/4-13 -001 July 1973 BIO
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• FOREWORD Man and his environmen
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Name Anderson, Max Arthur, John W.
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The role of aquatic biology in the
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FOREWORD 1 PREFACE CONTENTS BIOLOGI
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BIOMETRICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Ter
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS sample or a plan
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TABLE 1. RAW DATA ON PLANKTON COUNT
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Page 43 and 44: sampling is usually sufficient. In
Page 45 and 46: Several sampling methods can be use
Page 47 and 48: 100X. When combined with the ocular
Page 49 and 50: float, examine the underside of the
Page 51 and 52: of counts to numbers per ml is quit
Page 53 and 54: pipet with distilled water into a c
Page 56: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Calculate the ch
Page 59 and 60: PLANKTON REFERENCES Holmes, R. W. 1
Page 61 and 62: PERIPHYIOI
Page 66 and 67: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Diatom Species P
Page 68 and 69: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Patrick, R. 1957
Page 70: MACROPHYTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0
Page 73 and 74: 3.0 REFERENCES MACROPHYTON Blackbur
Page 75 and 76: I '" MACROINVERTEBRATES 1.0 INTRODU
Page 77 and 78: 1.0 INTRODUCTION The aquatic macroi
Page 79: the limitations of available sampli
Page 83: predetermined depth. Grabs with spr
Page 86 and 87: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Because of the s
Page 88 and 89: BIOLOGICAL METHODS fauna and hydrol
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Page 94: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Equitability "e,
Page 102 and 103: BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. CLASSIF
Page 104 and 105: BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. (Contin
Page 107 and 108: TABLE 7. (Continued) MACROINVERTEBR
Page 109 and 110: MACROlNVERTEBRATE REFERENCES 33. Ll
Page 111 and 112: MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Hauber
Page 113 and 114: MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Robert
Page 115 and 116: FISH
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Page 122 and 123: BIOLOGICAL METHODS (Lonchocarpus ni
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Freshwater: Northeast FISH REFERENC
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FISH REFERENCES U.S. Department of
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BIOASSAY 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS When making wast
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 1. STOCK C
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS the concentratio
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Dimick, R. E., a
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Laboratory in Newtown, Ohio. Groups
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taining some yellow pigment, coarse
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Appendix A Test (Evansville, Indian
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2.3 Food Use a good frozen trout fo
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS 3.5 Methods When
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APPENDIX
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Item Source Cat. No. Unit Approx. C
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2.3 Fish Sources of information on
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Definitions In its original concept
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To Minims _ Liquid Ounces _ Gills _
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