Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of ...

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Page 7.2 Crustacea 34 7.3 Diptera 34 7.4 Ephemeroptera 35 7.5 Hemiptera 36 7.6 Hirudinea 36 7.7 Hydracarina 36 7.8 Lepidoptera 36 7.9 Megaloptera 36 7.10 Mollusca 36 7.11 Odonata 37 7.12 Oligochaeta 37 7.13 Plecoptera 37 7.14 Trichoptera 37 7.15 Marine 38 I "
1.0 INTRODUCTION The aquatic macroinvertebrates, as discussed in this section, are animals that are large enough to be seen by the unaided eye and can be retained by a U. S. Standard No. 30 sieve (28 meshes per inch, 0.595 mm openings) and live at least part of their life cycles within or upon available substrates in a body of water or water transport system. Any available substrate may provide suitable habitat including bottom sediments, submerged logs, debris, pilings, pipes, conduits, vascular aquatic plants, filamentous algae, etc. The major taxonomic groups included in fresh water are the insects, annelids, molluscs, flatworms, roundworms, and crustaceans. The major groups in salt water are the molluscs, annelids, crustaceans, coelenterates, porifera, and bryozoans. Benthic macroinvertebrates can be defined by location and size but not by position in the trophic structure since they occupy virtually all levels. They may be omnivores, carnivores, or herbivores; and in a well-balanced system, all three types will likely be present. They include deposit and detritus feeders, parasites, scavengers, grazers, and predators. Species present, distribution, and abundance of aquatic macroinvertebrates may be subject to wide seasonal variations. Thus, when conducting comparative studies, the investigator must be quite careful to avoid the confounding effects of these seasonal changes. Seasonal variations are particularly important in fresh-water habitats dominated by aquatic insects having several life stages, not all of which are aquatic. The macroinvertebrates are important members of the food web, and their well-being is reflected in the well-being of the higher forms such as fish. Many invertebrates, such as the marine and fresh-water shellfish, are important commercial and recreational species. Some, such as mosquitos, black flies, biting midges, and Asiatic clams, are of considerable public health significance or are simple pests; and many forms are important for digesting organic material and recycling nutrients. MACROINVERTEBRATES A community of macroinvertebrates in an aquatic ecosystem is very sensitive to stress, and thus its characteristics serve as a useful tool for detecting environmental perturbations resulting from introduced contaminants. Because of the limited mobility of benthic organisms and their relatively long life span, their characteristics are a function of conditions during the recent past, including reactions to infrequently discharged wastes that would be difficult to detect by periodic chemical sampling. Also, because of the phenomenon of "biological magnification" and relatively longterm retention of contaminants by benthic organisms, contaminants such as pesticides, radioactive materials, and metals, which are only periodically discharged or which are present at un detectable levels in the water, may be detected by chemical analyses of selected components of the macroinvertebrate fauna. In pollution-oriented studies of macroinvertebrate communities, there are basically two a pproaches-quantitative and qualitative-that may be utilized singly or in combination. Because of the basic nature of this decision, the section of this manual relating to sampling methods and data evaluation of macroinvertebrates is arranged on the basis of whether a quantitative or qualitative approach is used. Ideally, the design of macroinvertebrate studies should be based upon study goals or objectives; however, the ideal must frequently be tempered by the realities of available resources, time limitations imposed on the study, and the characteristics of the habitat to be studied. To aid in selecting the most advantageous sampling method, sample sites, and data evaluation, the reader of this section should be familiar with the material in the "Introduction" of this manual, particularly those portions outlining and discussing requirements of the various types of field studies in which an investigator may become involved. To supplement the material contained in this manual, a number of basic references should be available to investigators of the benthic community, particularly to those engaged in water
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... EPA-610/4-13 -001 July 1973 BIO
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• FOREWORD Man and his environmen
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Name Anderson, Max Arthur, John W.
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The role of aquatic biology in the
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FOREWORD 1 PREFACE CONTENTS BIOLOGI
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BIOMETRICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Ter
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS sample or a plan
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TABLE 1. RAW DATA ON PLANKTON COUNT
Page 33: BIOLOGICAL METHODS y POSITIVE INTER
Page 40: PLANKTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0 SAM
Page 43 and 44: sampling is usually sufficient. In
Page 45 and 46: Several sampling methods can be use
Page 47 and 48: 100X. When combined with the ocular
Page 49 and 50: float, examine the underside of the
Page 51 and 52: of counts to numbers per ml is quit
Page 53 and 54: pipet with distilled water into a c
Page 56: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Calculate the ch
Page 59 and 60: PLANKTON REFERENCES Holmes, R. W. 1
Page 61 and 62: PERIPHYIOI
Page 66 and 67: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Diatom Species P
Page 68 and 69: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Patrick, R. 1957
Page 70: MACROPHYTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0
Page 73 and 74: 3.0 REFERENCES MACROPHYTON Blackbur
Page 75: I '" MACROINVERTEBRATES 1.0 INTRODU
Page 79 and 80: the limitations of available sampli
Page 81 and 82: Because of the extreme spatial and
Page 83: predetermined depth. Grabs with spr
Page 86 and 87: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Because of the s
Page 88 and 89: BIOLOGICAL METHODS fauna and hydrol
Page 90: BIOLOGICAL METHODS technique, or co
Page 94: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Equitability "e,
Page 102 and 103: BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. CLASSIF
Page 104 and 105: BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. (Contin
Page 107 and 108: TABLE 7. (Continued) MACROINVERTEBR
Page 109 and 110: MACROlNVERTEBRATE REFERENCES 33. Ll
Page 111 and 112: MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Hauber
Page 113 and 114: MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Robert
Page 115 and 116: FISH
Page 119: Deepwater seInIng usually requires
Page 122 and 123: BIOLOGICAL METHODS (Lonchocarpus ni
Page 124: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Figure 4. Gill n
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS the major univer
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Freshwater: Northeast FISH REFERENC
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FISH REFERENCES U.S. Department of
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BIOASSAY 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS When making wast
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 1. STOCK C
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS the concentratio
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Dimick, R. E., a
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Laboratory in Newtown, Ohio. Groups
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taining some yellow pigment, coarse
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Appendix A Test (Evansville, Indian
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2.3 Food Use a good frozen trout fo
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS 3.5 Methods When
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APPENDIX
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Item Source Cat. No. Unit Approx. C
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2.3 Fish Sources of information on
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Definitions In its original concept
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To Minims _ Liquid Ounces _ Gills _
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