Page 7.2 Crustacea 34 7.3 Diptera 34 7.4 Ephemeroptera 35 7.5 Hemiptera 36 7.6 Hirudinea 36 7.7 Hydracarina 36 7.8 Lepidoptera 36 7.9 Megaloptera 36 7.10 Mollusca 36 7.11 Odonata 37 7.12 Oligochaeta 37 7.13 Plecoptera 37 7.14 Trichoptera 37 7.15 Marine 38 I "
1.0 INTRODUCTION The aquatic macroinvertebrates, as discussed in this section, are animals that are large enough to be seen by <strong>the</strong> unaided eye <strong>and</strong> can be retained by a U. S. St<strong>and</strong>ard No. 30 sieve (28 meshes per inch, 0.595 mm openings) <strong>and</strong> live at least part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir life cycles within or upon available substrates in a body <strong>of</strong> water or water transport system. Any available substrate may provide suitable habitat including bottom sediments, submerged logs, debris, pilings, pipes, conduits, vascular aquatic plants, filamentous algae, etc. The major taxonomic groups included in fresh water are <strong>the</strong> insects, annelids, molluscs, flatworms, roundworms, <strong>and</strong> crustaceans. The major groups in salt water are <strong>the</strong> molluscs, annelids, crustaceans, coelenterates, porifera, <strong>and</strong> bryozoans. Benthic macroinvertebrates can be defined by location <strong>and</strong> size but not by position in <strong>the</strong> trophic structure since <strong>the</strong>y occupy virtually all levels. They may be omnivores, carnivores, or herbivores; <strong>and</strong> in a well-balanced system, all three types will likely be present. They include deposit <strong>and</strong> detritus feeders, parasites, scavengers, grazers, <strong>and</strong> predators. Species present, distribution, <strong>and</strong> abundance <strong>of</strong> aquatic macroinvertebrates may be subject to wide seasonal variations. Thus, when conducting comparative studies, <strong>the</strong> investigator must be quite careful to avoid <strong>the</strong> confounding effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se seasonal changes. Seasonal variations are particularly important in fresh-water habitats dominated by aquatic insects having several life stages, not all <strong>of</strong> which are aquatic. The macroinvertebrates are important members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> food web, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir well-being is reflected in <strong>the</strong> well-being <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> higher <strong>for</strong>ms such as fish. Many invertebrates, such as <strong>the</strong> marine <strong>and</strong> fresh-water shellfish, are important commercial <strong>and</strong> recreational species. Some, such as mosquitos, black flies, biting midges, <strong>and</strong> Asiatic clams, are <strong>of</strong> considerable public health significance or are simple pests; <strong>and</strong> many <strong>for</strong>ms are important <strong>for</strong> digesting organic material <strong>and</strong> recycling nutrients. MACROINVERTEBRATES A community <strong>of</strong> macroinvertebrates in an aquatic ecosystem is very sensitive to stress, <strong>and</strong> thus its characteristics serve as a useful tool <strong>for</strong> detecting environmental perturbations resulting from introduced contaminants. Because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> limited mobility <strong>of</strong> benthic organisms <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir relatively long life span, <strong>the</strong>ir characteristics are a function <strong>of</strong> conditions during <strong>the</strong> recent past, including reactions to infrequently discharged wastes that would be difficult to detect by periodic chemical sampling. Also, because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> phenomenon <strong>of</strong> "biological magnification" <strong>and</strong> relatively longterm retention <strong>of</strong> contaminants by benthic organisms, contaminants such as pesticides, radioactive materials, <strong>and</strong> metals, which are only periodically discharged or which are present at un detectable levels in <strong>the</strong> water, may be detected by chemical analyses <strong>of</strong> selected components <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> macroinvertebrate fauna. In pollution-oriented studies <strong>of</strong> macroinvertebrate communities, <strong>the</strong>re are basically two a pproaches-quantitative <strong>and</strong> qualitative-that may be utilized singly or in combination. Because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> basic nature <strong>of</strong> this decision, <strong>the</strong> section <strong>of</strong> this manual relating to sampling <strong>methods</strong> <strong>and</strong> data evaluation <strong>of</strong> macroinvertebrates is arranged on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> whe<strong>the</strong>r a quantitative or qualitative approach is used. Ideally, <strong>the</strong> design <strong>of</strong> macroinvertebrate studies should be based upon study goals or objectives; however, <strong>the</strong> ideal must frequently be tempered by <strong>the</strong> realities <strong>of</strong> available resources, time limitations imposed on <strong>the</strong> study, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> habitat to be studied. To aid in selecting <strong>the</strong> most advantageous sampling method, sample sites, <strong>and</strong> data evaluation, <strong>the</strong> reader <strong>of</strong> this section should be familiar with <strong>the</strong> material in <strong>the</strong> "Introduction" <strong>of</strong> this manual, particularly those portions outlining <strong>and</strong> discussing requirements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> various types <strong>of</strong> <strong>field</strong> studies in which an investigator may become involved. To supplement <strong>the</strong> material contained in this manual, a number <strong>of</strong> basic references should be available to investigators <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> benthic community, particularly to those engaged in water
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... EPA-610/4-13 -001 July 1973 BIO
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• FOREWORD Man and his environmen
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Name Anderson, Max Arthur, John W.
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The role of aquatic biology in the
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FOREWORD 1 PREFACE CONTENTS BIOLOGI
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BIOMETRICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Ter
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS sample or a plan
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TABLE 1. RAW DATA ON PLANKTON COUNT
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS the major univer
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Freshwater: Northeast FISH REFERENC
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FISH REFERENCES U.S. Department of
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BIOASSAY 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS When making wast
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 1. STOCK C
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS the concentratio
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Dimick, R. E., a
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Laboratory in Newtown, Ohio. Groups
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taining some yellow pigment, coarse
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Appendix A Test (Evansville, Indian
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2.3 Food Use a good frozen trout fo
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS 3.5 Methods When
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APPENDIX
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Item Source Cat. No. Unit Approx. C
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2.3 Fish Sources of information on
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Definitions In its original concept
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To Minims _ Liquid Ounces _ Gills _