Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of ...

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BIOLOGICAL METHODS further identification. Small, delicate species may be preserved in buffered 4 percent formalin solution. Some of the more useful taxonomic works for identification are Muenscher (1944), Eyles and Robertson (1944), Fassett (1960) and Winterringer and Lopinot (1966). 2.1 Qualitative Sampling Qualitative sampling includes visual observation and collection of representative types from the study area. Report the extent of growth as dense when coverage is continuous, moderate when growths are common, and sparse when the growth is rarely encountered. The crop of plants may be comprised ofjust one genus or may be a mixture; if a mixture, estimate the percentage of individual types. Sampling gear is varied and the choice of tools usually depends on water depth. In shallow water, a garden rake or similar device is very effective for collecting macrophytes. In deeper water, employ grabs, such as the Ekman, to collect submersed types. In recent years, scuba diving has gained popularity with many investigators in extensive plant surveys. Phillips (1959) provides detailed information on qualitative sampling. 2.2 Quantitative Sampling Quantitative sampling for macrophytes is usually to determine the extent or rate of growth or weight of growth per unit of area. The study objectives determine whether measurements will involve a single species or several. Before beginning a quantitative investigation, develop a statistical design to assist in determining the best sampling procedure, sampling area size, and number of samples. Often proce- 2 .dures adapted from terrestrial plant surveys are applicable in the aquatic environment. The following references will be helpful in adopting a suitable technique: Penfound, 1956; Westlake, 1966; Boyd, 1969; Forsberg, 1959, 1960; Edwards and Owens, 1960; Jervis, 1969; Blackburn, et aI., 1968. Standing crop. Sampling should be limited to small, defined subareas (quadrates) with conspicuous borders. Use a square framework with the poles anchored on the bottom and floating line for the sides. Collect the plants from within the frame by hand or by using a long-handled garden rake. Forsberg (1959) has described other methods such as laying out long, narrow transects. Obtain the wet weight of material after the plants have drained for a standard period of time, determined by the investigator. Dry the samples (or subsamples for large species) for 24 hours at 105°C and reweigh. Calculate the dry weight of vegetation per unit area. Planimeter accurate maps to determine the total area of investigation. If additional boat or air reconnaissance (using photographs) is done to determine type and extent of coverage, data collected from the subareas can then be expanded for the total study area. Boyd (1969) describes a technique for obtaining surface coverage by macrophytes in a small body of water. Productivity. Estimate standing crops at predetermined intervals to relate growth rates to pollution, such as nutrient stimulation, retardation, or toxicity from heavy metals and thermal effects. Wetzel (1964) and Davies (1970) describe a more accurate method with the use of a carbon-14 procedure to estimate daily productivity rates of macrophytes.
3.0 REFERENCES MACROPHYTON Blackburn, R. D., P. F. White, and 1. W. Weldon. 1968. Ecology of submersed aquatic weeds in south Florida canals. Weed Sci. 16:261-266. Boyd, C. E. 1969. Production, mineral nutrient absorption, and biochemical assimilation by Justicia americana and Alternanthera philoxeroides. Archiv. Hydrobiol. 66: 139-160. Boyd, C. E.1970. Vascular aquatic plants for mineral nutrient removal from polluted waters. Econ. Bot. 24:95-103. Boyd, C. E. 1971. The limnological role of aquatic macrophytes and their relationship to reservoir management. In: Reservoir Fisheries and Limnology, G. E. Hall (ed.), Spec. Publ. No.8. Amer. Fish. Soc., Washington, D.C. pp. 153-166. Davies, G. S. 1970. Productivity of macrophytes in Marion Lake, British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 27: 71-81. Edwards, R. W., and M. Owens. 1960. The effects of plants on river conditions. 1. Summer crops and estimates of net productivity of macrophytes in a chalk stream. 1. Ecol. 48: 151-160. Eyles, D. E., and J. 1. Robertson, Jr. 1944. A guide and key to the aquatic plants of the southeastern United States. Public Health Bull. No. 286. U. S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 151 pp. Fassett, N. C. 1960. A manual of aquatic plants. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison. 405 pp. Forsberg, C. 1959. Quantitative sampling of subaquatic vegetation. Oikos, 10:233-240. Forsberg, C. 1960. Subaquatic macrovegetation in Osbysjon, Djurholm. Oikos, 11: 183-199. Holm, 1. G., 1. W. Weldon, and R. D. Blackburn. 1969. Aquatic weeds. Science, 166:699-709. Hotchkiss, N. 1941. The limnological role of the higher plants. In: A symposium of hydrobiology, Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison. pp. 152-162. Jervis, R. A. 1969. Primary production in the freshwater marsh ecosystems of Troy Meadows, New Jersey. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 96 :209-231. Kolkwitz, R., and M. Marsson. 1908. Oekologie der pflanzlichen Saprobien. Berichte deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft, 26a:505-519. Mackenthun, K. M. 1969. The practice of water pollution biology. U. S. FWPCA, Cincinnati. 281 pp. Mackenthun, K. M., and W. M. Ingram. 1967. Biological associated problems in freshwater environments. U. S. FWPCA, Cincmnati. 287 pp. Muenscher, W. C. 1944. Aquatic plants of the United States. Comstock Pub. Co., Ithaca. 374 pp. Penfound, W. T. 1956. An outline for ecological life histories of herbaceous V'dscular hydrophytes. Ecology, 33: 123-128. Phillips, E. A. 1959. Methods of vegetation study. Henry Holt & Co., New York, 107 pp. Westlake, D. £'.1966. The biomass and productivity of Gylceria maxima. I. Seasonal changes in biomass. J. Ecol. 54:745-753. Wetzel, R. G. 1964. A comparative study of the primary productivity of higher aquatic plants, periphyton, and phytoplankton in a large shallow lake. Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 49'1-61. Wilson, L. R. 1939. Rooted aquatic plants and their relation to the limnology of fresh-water lakes. In: Problems of Lake Biology. Publ. No. 10, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. pp. 107-122. Winterringer, G. S., and A. C. Lopinot. 1966. Aquatic plants of lllinois. HI. State Museum Popular SeI. Vol. VI, 111. State Museum Division. 142 pp. Yount, J. L., and R. A. Crossman, Jr. 1970. Eutrophication control by plant harvesting. JWPCF, 42: 173-183. 3
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... EPA-610/4-13 -001 July 1973 BIO
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• FOREWORD Man and his environmen
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Name Anderson, Max Arthur, John W.
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The role of aquatic biology in the
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FOREWORD 1 PREFACE CONTENTS BIOLOGI
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BIOMETRICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Ter
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS sample or a plan
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TABLE 1. RAW DATA ON PLANKTON COUNT
Page 33: BIOLOGICAL METHODS y POSITIVE INTER
Page 40: PLANKTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0 SAM
Page 43 and 44: sampling is usually sufficient. In
Page 45 and 46: Several sampling methods can be use
Page 47 and 48: 100X. When combined with the ocular
Page 49 and 50: float, examine the underside of the
Page 51 and 52: of counts to numbers per ml is quit
Page 53 and 54: pipet with distilled water into a c
Page 56: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Calculate the ch
Page 59 and 60: PLANKTON REFERENCES Holmes, R. W. 1
Page 61 and 62: PERIPHYIOI
Page 66 and 67: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Diatom Species P
Page 68 and 69: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Patrick, R. 1957
Page 70: MACROPHYTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0
Page 75 and 76: I '" MACROINVERTEBRATES 1.0 INTRODU
Page 77 and 78: 1.0 INTRODUCTION The aquatic macroi
Page 79 and 80: the limitations of available sampli
Page 81 and 82: Because of the extreme spatial and
Page 83: predetermined depth. Grabs with spr
Page 86 and 87: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Because of the s
Page 88 and 89: BIOLOGICAL METHODS fauna and hydrol
Page 90: BIOLOGICAL METHODS technique, or co
Page 94: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Equitability "e,
Page 102 and 103: BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. CLASSIF
Page 104 and 105: BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. (Contin
Page 107 and 108: TABLE 7. (Continued) MACROINVERTEBR
Page 109 and 110: MACROlNVERTEBRATE REFERENCES 33. Ll
Page 111 and 112: MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Hauber
Page 113 and 114: MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Robert
Page 115 and 116: FISH
Page 119: Deepwater seInIng usually requires
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS (Lonchocarpus ni
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Figure 4. Gill n
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS the major univer
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Freshwater: Northeast FISH REFERENC
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FISH REFERENCES U.S. Department of
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BIOASSAY 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS When making wast
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 1. STOCK C
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS the concentratio
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Dimick, R. E., a
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Laboratory in Newtown, Ohio. Groups
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taining some yellow pigment, coarse
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Appendix A Test (Evansville, Indian
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2.3 Food Use a good frozen trout fo
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS 3.5 Methods When
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APPENDIX
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Item Source Cat. No. Unit Approx. C
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2.3 Fish Sources of information on
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Definitions In its original concept
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To Minims _ Liquid Ounces _ Gills _
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