PERSONNEL CONTRIBUTING TO THE BIOLOGICAL METHODS MANUAL Biometrics Lassiter, Dr. Ray - Chairman Harkins, Dr. Ralph Tebo, Lee Plankton Maloney, Thomas - Chairman Collins, Dr. Gary DeBen, Wally Duffer, Dr. William Katko, Albert Kerr, Pat McFarl<strong>and</strong>, Ben Prager, Dr. Jan Seeley, Charles Warner, Richard Periphyton-Macrophyton Anderson, Max - Chairman Boyd, Dr. Claude E. Bugbee, Stephen L. Keup, Lowell Kleveno, Conrad SUBCOMMITTEES: vii Macroinvertebrates Tebo, Lee - Chairman Garton, Dr. Ronald Lewis, Philip A. Mackenthun, Kenneth Mason, William T., Jr. Nadeau, Dr. Royal Phelphs, Dr. Donald Schneider, Robert Sinclair, Ralph Fish LaBuy, James - Chairman Karvelis, Ernest Preston, Ronald Wagner, Richard Bioassay Arthur, John - Chairman Hegre, Dr. Stanley Ischinger, Lee Jackson, Dr. Herbert Maloney, Thomas McKim, Dr. James Nebeker, Dr. Allan Stephan, Charles Thomas, Nelson
The role <strong>of</strong> aquatic biology in <strong>the</strong> water pollution control program <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U. S. Environmental Protection Agency includes <strong>field</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>laboratory</strong> studies carried out to establish water <strong>quality</strong> criteria <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> recognized beneficial uses <strong>of</strong> water resources <strong>and</strong> to monitor water <strong>quality</strong>. Field studies are employed to: measure <strong>the</strong> toxicity <strong>of</strong> specific pollutants or effluents to individual specitf.> or communities <strong>of</strong> aquatic organisms under natural conditions; detect violations <strong>of</strong> water <strong>quality</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ards; evaluate <strong>the</strong> trophic status <strong>of</strong> waters; <strong>and</strong> determine long-term trends in water <strong>quality</strong>. Laboratory studies are employed to: measure <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> known or potentially deleterious substances on aquatic organisms to estimate "safe" concentrations; <strong>and</strong> determine environmental requirements (such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, etc.) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> more important <strong>and</strong> sensitive species <strong>of</strong> aquatic organisms. Field surveys <strong>and</strong> water <strong>quality</strong> monitoring are conducted principally by <strong>the</strong> regional surveillance <strong>and</strong> analysis <strong>and</strong> national en<strong>for</strong>cement programs. Laboratory studies <strong>of</strong> water <strong>quality</strong> requirements, toxicity testing, <strong>and</strong> <strong>methods</strong> development are conducted principally by <strong>the</strong> national research programs. The effects <strong>of</strong> pollutants are reflected in <strong>the</strong> population density, species composition <strong>and</strong> diversity, physiological condition <strong>and</strong> metabolic rates <strong>of</strong> natural aquatic communities. Methods <strong>for</strong> <strong>field</strong> surveys <strong>and</strong> long-term water <strong>quality</strong> monitoring d"'· sribed in this manual, <strong>the</strong>re<strong>for</strong>e, are directed iTIa:ily toward sample collection <strong>and</strong> processing, organism identification, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> measurement ef biomass <strong>and</strong> metabolic rates. Guidelines are also provided <strong>for</strong> data evaluation <strong>and</strong> interpretation. There are three basic types <strong>of</strong> biological <strong>field</strong> studies; reconnaissance surveys, synoptic surveys, <strong>and</strong> comparative evaluations. Although <strong>the</strong>re is a considerable amount <strong>of</strong> overlap, each <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> above types has specific requirements in terms <strong>of</strong> study design. Reconnaissance SUI veys may range from a brief perusal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stW.i)' area by boat, plane, or INTRODUCTION ix car, to an actual <strong>field</strong> study in which samples are collected <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> characterizing <strong>the</strong> physical boundaries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> various habitat types (substrate, current, depth, etc.) <strong>and</strong> obtaining cursory in<strong>for</strong>mation on <strong>the</strong> flora <strong>and</strong> fauna. Although <strong>the</strong>y may be an end in <strong>the</strong>mselves, reconnaissance surveys are generally conducted with a view to obtaining in<strong>for</strong>mation adequate to design more comprehensive studies. They may be quantitative or qualitative in approach. As discussed in <strong>the</strong> biometrics section, quantitative reconnaissance samples are very useful <strong>for</strong> evaluating <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong> sampling ef<strong>for</strong>t required to obtain <strong>the</strong> desired level <strong>of</strong> precision in more detailed studies. Synoptic surveys generally involve an attempt to determine <strong>the</strong> kinds <strong>and</strong> relative abundance <strong>of</strong> organisms present in <strong>the</strong> environment being studied. This type <strong>of</strong> study may be exp<strong>and</strong>ed to include quantitative estimates <strong>of</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ing crop or production <strong>of</strong> biomass, but is generally more qualitative in approach. Systematic sampling, in which a deliberate attempt is made to collect specimens from all recognizable habitats, is generally utilized in synoptic surveys. Synoptic surveys provide useful background data, are valuable <strong>for</strong> evaluating seasonal changes in species present, <strong>and</strong> provide useful in<strong>for</strong>mation <strong>for</strong> long-term surveillance programs. The more usual type <strong>of</strong> <strong>field</strong> studies involve comparative evaluations, which may take various <strong>for</strong>ms including: comparisons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flora <strong>and</strong> fauna in different areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same body <strong>of</strong> water, such as conventional "upstreamdownstream" studies; comparisons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flora <strong>and</strong> fauna at a given location in a body <strong>of</strong> water over time, such as is <strong>the</strong> case in trend monitoring; <strong>and</strong> comparisons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flora <strong>and</strong> fauna in different bodies <strong>of</strong> water. Comparative studies frequently involve both quantitative <strong>and</strong> qualitative approaches. However, as previously pointed out, <strong>the</strong> choice is <strong>of</strong>ten dependent upon such factors as available resources, time limitations, <strong>and</strong> characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> habitat to be studied. The latter factor may be quite important because <strong>the</strong> habitat to be studied may not be amenable to <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> quan-
- Page 1 and 2: ... EPA-610/4-13 -001 July 1973 BIO
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Calculate the ch
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PLANKTON REFERENCES Holmes, R. W. 1
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PERIPHYIOI
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Diatom Species P
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Patrick, R. 1957
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MACROPHYTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0
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3.0 REFERENCES MACROPHYTON Blackbur
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I '" MACROINVERTEBRATES 1.0 INTRODU
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1.0 INTRODUCTION The aquatic macroi
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the limitations of available sampli
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Because of the extreme spatial and
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predetermined depth. Grabs with spr
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Because of the s
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS fauna and hydrol
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS technique, or co
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Equitability "e,
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. CLASSIF
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. (Contin
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TABLE 7. (Continued) MACROINVERTEBR
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MACROlNVERTEBRATE REFERENCES 33. Ll
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MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Hauber
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MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Robert
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FISH
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Deepwater seInIng usually requires
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS (Lonchocarpus ni
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Figure 4. Gill n
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS the major univer
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Freshwater: Northeast FISH REFERENC
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FISH REFERENCES U.S. Department of
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BIOASSAY 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS When making wast
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 1. STOCK C
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Dimick, R. E., a
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Laboratory in Newtown, Ohio. Groups
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taining some yellow pigment, coarse
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Appendix A Test (Evansville, Indian
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2.3 Food Use a good frozen trout fo
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS 3.5 Methods When
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APPENDIX
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Item Source Cat. No. Unit Approx. C
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2.3 Fish Sources of information on
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Definitions In its original concept
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To Minims _ Liquid Ounces _ Gills _