PREFACE This manual was published under Research Objective Achievement Plan 1BA027-05AEF, "Methods <strong>for</strong> Determining <strong>Biological</strong> Parameters <strong>of</strong> all Waters," as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National Analytical Methods Development Research Program. The manual was prepared largely by a st<strong>and</strong>ing committee <strong>of</strong> senior Agency biologists organized in 1970 to assist <strong>the</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> Methods Branch in <strong>the</strong> selection <strong>of</strong> <strong>methods</strong> <strong>for</strong> use in routine <strong>field</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>laboratory</strong> work in fresh <strong>and</strong> marine waters arising during short-term en<strong>for</strong>cement studies, water <strong>quality</strong> trend monitoring, effluent testing <strong>and</strong> research projects. The <strong>methods</strong> contained in this manual are considered by <strong>the</strong> Committee to be <strong>the</strong> best available at this time. The manual will be revised <strong>and</strong> new <strong>methods</strong> will be recommended as <strong>the</strong> need arises. The Committee attempted to avoid duplicating <strong>field</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>laboratory</strong> <strong>methods</strong> already adequately described <strong>for</strong> Agency use in St<strong>and</strong>ard Methods <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Examination <strong>of</strong> Water <strong>and</strong> Wastewater, 13th edition, <strong>and</strong> frequent reference is made to this source throughout <strong>the</strong> manual. Questions <strong>and</strong> comments regarding <strong>the</strong> contents <strong>of</strong> this manual should be directed to: Cornelius I. Weber, Ph.D. Chief, <strong>Biological</strong> Methods Branch Analytical Quality Control Laboratory National Environmental Research Center U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 v
Name Anderson, Max Arthur, John W. Bugbee, Stephen L. DeB en, Wally Duffer, Dr. William R. Gakstatter, Dr. Jack H. Harkins, Dr. Ralph Horning, William Ischinger, Lee Jackson, Dr. Herbert W. Karvelis, Ernest Kerr, Pat Keup, Lowell E. Kleveno, Comad LaBuy,James Lassiter, Dr. Ray BIOLOGICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE January 1, 1973 CHAIRMAN: Cornelius I. Weber, Ph. D. Program Indiana Office, Region V, Evansville, IN Nat!. Water Quality Lab, Duluth, MN Region VII, Kansas City, MO Natl. Coastal Pollution Research Program, Corvallis, OR Nat!. Water Quality Control Research Program, Ada, OK Natl. Eutrophication Survey Program, Corvallis, OR Region VI, Ada, OK Newtown Fish Toxicology Lab, Newtown,OH Natl. Field Investigations Center, Cincinnati, OH Nat!. Training Center, Cincinnati, OH Natl. Field Investigations Center, Cincinnati,OH Nat!. Fate <strong>of</strong> Pollutants Research Program, A<strong>the</strong>ns, GA Office <strong>of</strong> Air & Water Programs, Washington, DC Region V, Chicago, IL Region III, Charlottesville, VA Region IV, Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Water Lab, A<strong>the</strong>ns, GA Name Maloney, Thomas Ma<strong>the</strong>ws, John Murray, Thomas Nadeau, Dr. Royal Nebeker, Dr. Alan V. Oldaker, Warren Parrish, Lays Phelps, Dr. Donald K. Prager, Dr. Jan C. Preston, Ronald Sainsbury, John Tebo, Lee Thomas, Nelson A. Tunzi, Dr. Milton Wagner, Richard A. Warner, Richard W. Program Nat!. Eutrophication Research Program, Corvallis, OR Region VI, Dallas, TX Office <strong>of</strong> Air & Water Programs, Washington, DC Oil Spill Research Program, Edison, NJ Western Fish Toxicology Lab, Corvallis, OR Region I, Needham Heights, MA Region VIII, Denver, CO Nat!. Marine Water Quality Laboratory, Narragansett, RI Nat!. Marine Water Quality Laboratory, Narragansett, RI Wheeling Office, Region III, Wheeling, WV Region X, Seattle, WA Region IV, A<strong>the</strong>ns, GA Large Lakes Research Program, Grosse Ile, MI Region IX, Alameda, CA Region X, Seattle, WA Nat!. Field Investigations Center, Denver, CO O<strong>the</strong>r personnel who were <strong>for</strong>mer members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Advisory Committee or assisted in <strong>the</strong> preparation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> manual: Austin, R. Ted Boyd, Claude E. Collins, Dr. Gary Garton, Dr. Ronald Hegre, Dr. Stanley Katko, Albert McFarl<strong>and</strong>, Ben Natl.Eutrophication Survey, Corvallis, OR Savannah River Ecology Lab, Aiken, SC Analytical Quality Control Lab, Cincinnati, OH Western Fish Toxicology Lab, Corvallis, OR Nat!. Marine Water Quality Lab, Narragansett, RI Natl. Eutrophication Survey, Corvallis, OR Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH vi McKim, Dr. James Mackenthun, Kenneth Mason, William T. Jr. Lewis, Philip Schneider, Robert Seeley, Charles Sinclair, Ralph Stephan, Charles Nat!. Water Quality Lab, Duluth, MN Office <strong>of</strong> Air <strong>and</strong> Water Programs, EPA, Washington, DC Analytical Quality Cincinnati, OH Control Lab, Analytical Quality Control Lab, Cincinnati,OH Nat!. Field Investigations Center, Denver,CO Region IX, San Francisco, CA Nat!. Training Center, OH Cincinnati, Newtown Fish Toxicology Lab, Newtown,OH
- Page 1 and 2: ... EPA-610/4-13 -001 July 1973 BIO
- Page 3: • FOREWORD Man and his environmen
- Page 7 and 8: The role of aquatic biology in the
- Page 9 and 10: FOREWORD 1 PREFACE CONTENTS BIOLOGI
- Page 11 and 12: BIOMETRICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Ter
- Page 13 and 14: BIOLOGICAL METHODS sample or a plan
- Page 18: TABLE 1. RAW DATA ON PLANKTON COUNT
- Page 33: BIOLOGICAL METHODS y POSITIVE INTER
- Page 40: PLANKTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0 SAM
- Page 43 and 44: sampling is usually sufficient. In
- Page 45 and 46: Several sampling methods can be use
- Page 47 and 48: 100X. When combined with the ocular
- Page 49 and 50: float, examine the underside of the
- Page 51 and 52: of counts to numbers per ml is quit
- Page 53 and 54: pipet with distilled water into a c
- Page 56:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS Calculate the ch
- Page 59 and 60:
PLANKTON REFERENCES Holmes, R. W. 1
- Page 61 and 62:
PERIPHYIOI
- Page 66 and 67:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS Diatom Species P
- Page 68 and 69:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS Patrick, R. 1957
- Page 70:
MACROPHYTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0
- Page 73 and 74:
3.0 REFERENCES MACROPHYTON Blackbur
- Page 75 and 76:
I '" MACROINVERTEBRATES 1.0 INTRODU
- Page 77 and 78:
1.0 INTRODUCTION The aquatic macroi
- Page 79 and 80:
the limitations of available sampli
- Page 81 and 82:
Because of the extreme spatial and
- Page 83:
predetermined depth. Grabs with spr
- Page 86 and 87:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS Because of the s
- Page 88 and 89:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS fauna and hydrol
- Page 90:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS technique, or co
- Page 94:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS Equitability "e,
- Page 102 and 103:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. CLASSIF
- Page 104 and 105:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. (Contin
- Page 107 and 108:
TABLE 7. (Continued) MACROINVERTEBR
- Page 109 and 110:
MACROlNVERTEBRATE REFERENCES 33. Ll
- Page 111 and 112:
MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Hauber
- Page 113 and 114:
MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Robert
- Page 115 and 116:
FISH
- Page 119:
Deepwater seInIng usually requires
- Page 122 and 123:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS (Lonchocarpus ni
- Page 124:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS Figure 4. Gill n
- Page 128 and 129:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS the major univer
- Page 130:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Page 133 and 134:
Freshwater: Northeast FISH REFERENC
- Page 135 and 136:
FISH REFERENCES U.S. Department of
- Page 137 and 138:
BIOASSAY 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Page 139 and 140:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS When making wast
- Page 141 and 142:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 1. STOCK C
- Page 145 and 146:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS the concentratio
- Page 148:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS Dimick, R. E., a
- Page 152 and 153:
Laboratory in Newtown, Ohio. Groups
- Page 154 and 155:
taining some yellow pigment, coarse
- Page 157:
Appendix A Test (Evansville, Indian
- Page 160:
2.3 Food Use a good frozen trout fo
- Page 163:
BIOLOGICAL METHODS 3.5 Methods When
- Page 167 and 168:
APPENDIX
- Page 177 and 178:
Item Source Cat. No. Unit Approx. C
- Page 179:
2.3 Fish Sources of information on
- Page 184:
Definitions In its original concept
- Page 190:
To Minims _ Liquid Ounces _ Gills _