Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of ...

BIOLOGICAL METHODS
the concentration of toxicant resulting in a
50% reduction in the biomass or cell count.
Community diversity is not affected in the
same manner as biomass and cell counts,
and would yield a much different value.
4.0 MACROINVERTEBRATES
In general, most of the considerations covered
by Standard Methods (APHA, 1971) apply
equaliy well to macroinvertebrate tests in fresh
and marine waters. Recent refinements in acute
and chronic methodology for aquatic insects,
amphipods, mussels, and Daphnia have been
described by Gaufin (1971), Bell and Nebeker
(1969), Arthur and Leonard (1970), Dimick and
Breese (1965), Woelke (1967), and Biesinger and
Christensen (1971), respectively.
5.0 FISH
The general principles and methods for acute
and chronic laboratory fish toxicity tests are
presented in Standard Methods (APHA, 1971)
6.0 REFERENCES
6.1 General
and in the report of the National Technical
Advisory Committee (1968). Sprague (1969,
1970) has recently reviewed many of the problems
and the terminology associated with fish
toxicity tests.
Chronic tests are becoming increasingly
important as sublethal adverse effects of more
and more toxic agents are found to be significant.
At present, a chronic fish bioassay test is a
relatively sophisticated research procedure and
entails large allocations of manpower, time, and
expense. Important contributions in this area
include those by Mount and Stephan (1969),
Brungs (1969), Eaton (1970), and McKim et al.
(1971).
Two procedures for chronic toxicity tests
using the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas
Rafinesque, and the brook trout, Salvelinus
fon tinales (Mitchell), developed by the staff of
the National Water Quality Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth,
Minn., are presented following the references in
this section.
Amencan Public Health Association. 1971. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 13th ed. Amer. Public
Health Assoc., New York. 874 pp.
Basch, R. 1971. Chlorinated municipal waste toxicities of rainbow trout and fathead minnows. Mich. Bur. Water Mgmt., Dept. Nat.
Res., Lansing, Mich. Final Report of Grant Number 18050 GZZ for the U.S. EnvlIonmental ProtectlOn Agency.
Davey, E. W., J. H. Gentile, S. J. Erickson, and P. Betzer. 1970. Removal of trace metals from marine culture media. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 15 :486-488.
Jackson, H. W., and W. A. Brungs. 1966. Biomonitoring of industrial effluents. Proc. 21st Ind. Waste ConL, Purdue Univ., Eng. Ext.
Bull. No. 121. pp. 117.
Kester, D. R., 1. W. Duedall, D. N. Connors, and R. M. Pytkowicz. 1967. Preparation of artificial seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr.
12(1): 176-179.
LaRoche, G., R. Eisler, and C. M. Tarzwell. 1970. Bioassay procedures for 011 and oil dispersant toxicity evaluation. JWPCF,
42:1982-1989.
i\1ount, D. I., and R. E. Warner. 1965. A serial-diluter apparatus for continuous delivery of various concentrations in water. PHS Publ.
No. 99-WP-23. 16 pp.
Mount, D. 1., and W. A. Brungs. 1967. A simplified dosing apparatus for fish toxicology studies. Water Res. 1:21-29.
National Technical Advisory Committee. 1968. Water quality criteria. Report of the National Techmcal Advisory Committee on Water
Quality Criteria to the Secretary of the Intenor. USDI, FWPCA, Washington, D. C. 234 pp.
Symons, J. M. 1963. Simple continuous flow, low and vanable rate pump. JWPCF, 35: 1480-1485.
Zaroogian, G. E., G. Pesch, and G. Mornson. 1969. FormUlation of an artifIcial medium suitable for oyster larvae development. Amer.
Zool. 9: 1144.
Zillich, J. 1969. The simultaneous use of continuous flow bioassays and automatic water quality monitonng equipment to evaluate the
toxicity of waste water discharges. Presented at: 44th Annual ConL of Mich. Water Poll. Cont. Assoc., Boyne Falls, MIch., June 16,
1969.3 pp.
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