Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of ...

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BIOLOGICAL METHODS the major universities, and treated as follows: (a) The fish are washed, wrapped in aluminum foil, placed on slotted, broiler-type pans, and cooked in a gas oven at 400 0 p for 23 to 45 minutes depending on the size of the fish. (b) Each sample is boned and the flesh is flaked and mixed to ensure a uniform sample. (c) The samples are served in coded cups to judges. Known and coded references or control samples are included in each test. The judges score the flavor and desirability of each sample on a point scale. The tasting agency will establish a point on the scale designated as the acceptable and desirable level. 5.2 Fish Kill Investigations Fish mortalities result from a variety of causes, some natural and some man-induced. Natural fish kills are caused by phenomena such as acute temperature change, storms, ice and snow cover, decomposition of natural organic materials, salinity changes, spawning mortalities, and bacterial, parasitic, and viral epidemics. Man-induced fish kills may be attributed to municipal or industrial wastes, agricultural activities, and water manipulations. Winter kills occur in northern areas where ice on shallow lakes and ponds becomes covered with snow, and the resulting opaqueness stops photosynthesis. The algae and vascular plants die because of insufficient light, and their decomposition results in oxygen depletion. Oxygen depletion and extreme pH variation can be caused also by the respiration or decay of algae and higher plants during summer months in very warm weather. Kills resulting from such causes are often associated with a series of cloudy days that follow a period of hot, dry, sunny days. Occasionally fish may be killed by toxins released from certain species of living or decaying algae that reached high population densities because of the increased fertility resulting from organic pollution. Temperature changes, either natural or the 12 result of a heated water discharge, will often result in fish kills. Long periods of very warm, dry weather may raise water temperatures above lethal levels for particular species. A windinduced seiche may be hazardous to certain temperature-sensitive, deep-lake, cold-water fish, or fish of shallow coastal waters. Disease, a dense infestation of parasites, or natural death of weakened fish at spawning time must always be suspected as contributory factors in fish mortalities. Explosions, abrupt water level fluctuations, hurricanes, extreme turbidity or siltation, discharges of toxic chemicals, certain insecticides, algicides, and herbicides may each cause fish kills. Recent investigations in Tennessee have shown that the leaking of small amounts of very toxic chemicals from spent pesticide-containing barrels used as floats for piers and diving rafts in lakes and reservoirs can produce extensive fish kills. Fish die of old age, but the number so afflicted at anyone time is usually small. All possible speed must be exercised in conducting the initial phases of any fish kill investigation because fish disintegrate rapidly in hot weather and the cause of death may disappear or become unidentifiable within minutes. Success in solving a fish kill problem is usually related to the speed with which investigators can arrive at the scene after a fish kill begins. The speed of response in the initial investigation is enhanced through the training of qualified personnel who will report immediately the location of observed kills, the time that the kill was first observed, the general kinds of organisms affected, an estimate of the number of dead fish involved, and any unusual phenomena associated with the kill. Because there is always the possibility of legal liability associated with a fish kill, lawyers, judges, and juries may scrutinize the investigation report. The investigation, therefore, must be made with great care.
6.0 REFERENCES FISH KILLS Blair, A. A. 1958. Back-pack shocker. Canad. Fish Cult. No. 23, pp. 33-37. Bowers, C. C. 1955. Selective poisoning of gizzard shad with rotenone. Prog. Fish-Cult. 17(3):134-135. Cohen, J. M., Q. H. Pickering, R. 1. Woodward, and W. Van Heruvelen. 1960. The effect of fish poisons on water supplies. JAWWA, 52(12): 1551-1566. Cohen, J. M., Q. H. Pickering, R. 1. Woodward, and W. Van Heruvelen. 1961. The effect of fish poisons on water supplies. JAWWA, 53(12)Pt. 2:49-62. • Dumont, W. H., and G. T. Sundstrom. 1961. Commercial fishing gear of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Cll"cular No. 109. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 61 pp. Fisher, K. C. 1950. Physiological considerations involved in electrical methods of fishing. Canad. Fish Cult. No.9, pp. 26-34. Frankenberger, 1. 1960. Applications of a boat-rigged direct-current shocker on lakes and streams in west-central Wisconsin. Prog. Fish-Cult. 22(3): 124-128. Funk, J. 1. 1947. Wider application of electrical fishing method of collecting fish. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 77 :49-64. Haskell, D. C., and W. F. Adelman, Jr. 1955. Effects of rapid direct current pulsations on fish. New York Fish Game 1. 2(1):95-105. Haskell, D. C., D. Geduldiz, and E. Snolk.1955. An electric trawl. New York Fish Game J. 2(1):120-125. Holton, G. D. 1954. West Virginia's electrical fish collecting methods. Prog. Fish-Cult. 16(1):10-18. Hooper, F. 1960. Pollution control by chemicals and some resulting problems. Trans. Second Seminar on BioI. Problems in Water Pollution, April 20-24, USPHS, Robert A. Taft San. Engr. Ctr., Cincinnati, p241-246. Krumholz, 1. A. 1948. The Use of Rotenone in FIsheries Research J. Wildl. Mgmt. 12(3): 305-317. Larimore, R. W. 1961. Fish population and electrofishing success in a warm water stream. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 25(1):1-12. Larimore, R. W., 1. Durham, and G. W. Bennett. 1950. A modification of the electric fish shocke: for Lake Work. 1. Wildl. Mgmt. 14(3):320-323. Latta, W. C., and G. F. Meyers. 1961. Night use of aD C electric shocker to collect trout in lakes. Trans. Amer. Fish.Soc. 90(1):81-83. Lennon, R. E. 1959. The electrical resistivity in fishing investigations. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rept. Fish. No. 287, pp. 1-13. Lennon, R. E. 1961. A fly-rod electrode system for electrofishing. Prog. Fish-Cult. 23(2):92-93. Loeb, H. A. 1955. An electrical surface device for crop control and fish collection in lakes. New York Fish Game J. 2(2):220-221. McCrimmon, H. R., and A. H. Berst. 1963. A portable A C - D C backpack fish s1-ocker designed for operatIon in Ontario streams. Prog. Fish-Cult. 25(3): 159-162. Mackenthun, K. M. 1969. The practice of water pollution biology. USDI, FWPCA, 281 pp. Mackenthun, K. M., and W. M. Ingram. 1967. Biological associated problems in freshwater environments, their identification, investigation and control. USDI, FWPCA, 287 pp. Massman, W. H., E. C. Ladd, and H. N. McCutcheon. 1952. A surface trawl for sampling young fishes in tidal rivers. Trans. North Amer. Wildl. Conf. 17: 386-392. Pratt, V. S. 1951. A measure of the efficiency of alternating and direct current fish shockers. Trans. Amer. Fish.Soc. 81(1):63-68. Rollefson, M. D. 1958. The development and evaluation of interrupted direct current electrofishing equipment. Wyo. Game Fish Dept. Coop. Proj. No.1. pp. 1-123. Rollefson, M. D. 1961. The development of improved electrofishing equipment. In: Proc. Forty-first Ann. Coru. West.Assoc. St. Game and Fish Camm. pp.218-228. Rounsefell, G. A., W. H. Everhart. 1953. Fishery science: Its methods and applications. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Seehorn, M. E. 1968. An inexpensIve backpack shocker for one man use. In: Proc. 21st. Ann. Coru. Southeastern Assoc. Game and Fish Comm. pp. 516-524. Stubbs, J. M. 1966. Electrofishing, using a boat as the negative. In: Proc. 19th Ann. Conf. Southeastern Assoc. Game and Fish Comm. pp.236-245. Tebo, Jr., 1. B. 1965. Fish population sampling studies at water pollution surveillance system stations on the OhIO, Tennessee, Clinch and Cumberland Rivers. Applications and development Report No. 15, Div. Water Supply and Pollution Control, USPHS. Cincinnati. 79 pp. Thomas, N. 1969. Flavor of Ohio River channel catfish (Ictalarus punctatus Raf.), USEPA. Cincinnati. 19 pp. Trent, W. 1. 1967. Attachment of hydrofoils to otter boards for taking surface samples of juvenile fish and shrimp. Ches. Sci. 8(2): 130-133. 13
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... EPA-610/4-13 -001 July 1973 BIO
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• FOREWORD Man and his environmen
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Name Anderson, Max Arthur, John W.
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The role of aquatic biology in the
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FOREWORD 1 PREFACE CONTENTS BIOLOGI
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BIOMETRICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Ter
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS sample or a plan
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TABLE 1. RAW DATA ON PLANKTON COUNT
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS y POSITIVE INTER
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PLANKTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0 SAM
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sampling is usually sufficient. In
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Several sampling methods can be use
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100X. When combined with the ocular
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float, examine the underside of the
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of counts to numbers per ml is quit
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pipet with distilled water into a c
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Calculate the ch
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PLANKTON REFERENCES Holmes, R. W. 1
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PERIPHYIOI
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Diatom Species P
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Patrick, R. 1957
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MACROPHYTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0
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3.0 REFERENCES MACROPHYTON Blackbur
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I '" MACROINVERTEBRATES 1.0 INTRODU
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2.3 Fish Sources of information on
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Definitions In its original concept
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To Minims _ Liquid Ounces _ Gills _
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