Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of ...

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BIOLOGICAL METHODS (Lonchocarpus nicour, South America), has been used extensively in fisheries work throughout the United States and Canada since 1934 (Krumholz, 1948). Although toxic to man and warm-blooded animals (132 mg1kg), rotenone has not been considered hazardous in the concentrations used for fish eradication (0.025 to 0.050 ppm active ingredient) (Hooper, 1960), and has been employed in waters used for bathing and in some instances in drinking water supplies (Cohen et aI., 1960, 1961). Adding activated carbon not only effectively removes rotenone, but it also removes the solvents, odors, and emulsifiers present in all commercial rotenone formulations. Rotenone obtained as an emulsion containing approximately 5 percent active ingredient, is recommended because of the ease of handling. It is a relatively fast-acting toxicant. In most cases, the fish will die within 1 to 2 hours after exposure. Rotenone decomposes rapidly in most lakes and ponds and is quickly dispersed in streams. At summer water temperatures, toxicity lasts 24 hours or less. Detoxification is brought about by five principal factors: dissolved oxygen, light, alkalinity, heat, and turbidity. Of these, light and oxygen are the most important factors. Although the toxicity threshold for rotenone differs slighly among fish species, it has not been widely used as a selective toxicant. It has, however, been used at a concentration of 0.1 ppm of the 5 percent emulsion to control the gizzard shad (Bowers, 1955). Chemical sampling is usually employed on a spot basis, e.g. a short reach of river or an embayment of a lake. A concentration of 0.5 ppm active ingredient will provide good recovery of most species of fish in acidic or slightly alkaline waters. If bullheads and carp are suspected of being present, however, a concentration of 0.7 ppm active ingredient is recommended. If the water is turbid and strongly alkaline, and resistant species (i.e., carp and bullheads) are present, use 1-2 ppm. To obtain a rapid kill, local concentrations of 2 ppm can be used; however, caution is advised because rotenone dispersed into peripheral water areas may kill fish as long as the concentration is above 0.1 ppm. 6 A very efficient method of applying emulsion products is to pump the emulsion from a drum mounted in the bottom of a boat. The emulsion is suctioned by a venturi pump (Amundson boat bailer) clamped on the outboard motor. The flow can be metered by a valve at the drum hose connection. This method gives good dispersion of the chemical and greater boat handling safety, since the heavy drum can be mounted in the bottom of a boat rather than above the gunwales, as required for gravity flow. Spraying equipment needed to apply a rotenone emulsion efficiently varies according to the size of the job. For small areas of not more than a few acres, a portable hand pump ordinarily used for garden spraying or fire fighting is sufficient. The same size pump is also ideal for sampling the population of a small area. A power-driven pump is recommended for a large-scale or long-term sampling program. A detailed description of spraying equipment can be found in Mackenthun and Ingram (1967). The capacity of the pump need not be greater than 200 liters per minute. Generally speaking, a 1-1/2 H.P. engine is adequate. The power application of rotenone emulsives requires a pressure nozzle, or a spray boom, or both, and sufficient plumbing and hose to connect with the pump. The suction line of the pump should be split by a "Y" to attach two intake lines. One line is used to supply the toxicant from the drum, and the other line, to supply water from the lake or embayment. The valves are adjusted so the water and toxicant are drawn into the pumping system in the desired proportion and mixed. In sampling a stream, select a 30- to 100meter reach depending on the depth and width of the stream; measure the depth of the section selected, calculate the area, and determine the amount of chemical required. Block off the area upstream and downstream with seines. To detoxify the area downstream from the rotenone, use potassium permanganate. Care must be exercised, however, because potassium permanganate is toxic to fish at about 3 ppm. 2.2.5 Hook and line Fish collection by hook and line can be as simple as using a hand-held rod or trolling baited
hooks or other lures, or it may take the form of long trot lines or set lines with many baited hooks. Generally speaking, the hook and line method is not acceptable for conducting a fishery survey, because it is too highly selective in the size and species captured and the catch per unit of effort is too low. Although it can only be used as a supporting technique, it may be the best method to obtain a few adult specimens for heavy metal analysis, etc., where sampling with other gear is impossible. 2.3 Passive Sampling Techniques 2.3.1 Entanglement nets Gill and trammel nets are used extensively to sample fish populations in estuaries, lakes, reservoirs, and larger rivers. A gill net is usually set as an upright fence of netting and has a uniform mesh size. Fish attempt to swim through the net and are caught in the mesh (Figure 4). Because the size of the mesh determines the species and size of the fish to be caught, gill nets are considered selective. The most versatile type is an experimental gill net consisting of five different mesh size sections. Gill nets can be set at the surface, in midwater, or at the bottom, and they can be operated as stationary or movable gear. Gill nets made of multifilament or monofilament nylon are recommended. Multifilament nets cost less and are easier to use, but monofilament nets generally capture more fish. The floats and leads usually supplied with the nets can cause net entanglement. To reduce this problem, replace the individual floats with a float line made with a core of expanded foam and use a lead-core leadline instead of individual lead weights. The trammel net (Figure 5) has a layer of large mesh netting on each side of loosely-hung, smaller gill netting. Small fish are captured in the gill netting and large fish are captured in a "bag" of the gill netting that is formed as the smaller-mesh gill netting is pushed through an opening in the larger-mesh netting. Trammel nets are not used as extensively as are gill nets in sampling fish. Results for both nets are expressed as the number or weight of fish taken per length of net per day. 7 FISH SAMPLING Stationary gill and trammel nets are fished at right angles to suspected fish movements and at any depth from the surface to the bottom. They may be held in place by poles or anchors. The anchoring method must hold the net in position against any unexpected water movements such as, runoff, tides, or seiches. Drifting gill or trammel nets are also set and fished the same as stationary gear, except that they are not held in place but are allowed to drift with the currents. This method requires constant surveillance when fishing. They are generally set for a short period of time, and if currents are too great, stationary gear is used. The use of gill nets in the estuaries may present special problems, and consideration should be given to tidal currents, pred,ation, and optimum fishing time, and to anchors, floats, and line. The gunnels of any boat used in a net fishing operation should be free of rivets, cleats, etc., on which the net can catch. 2.3.2 Entrapment devices With entrapment devices, the fish enter an enclosed area (which may be baited) through a series of one or more funnels and cannot escape. The hoop net and trap net are the most common types of entrapment devices used in fishery surveys. These traps are small enough to be deployed from a small open boat and are relatively simple to set. They are held in place with anchors or poles and are used in water deep enough to cover the nets, or to a depth up to 4 meters. The hoop net (Figure 6) is constructed by covering hoops or frames with netting. It has one or more internal funnels and does not have wings or a lead. The first two sections can be made square to prevent the net from rolling in the currents. The fyke net (Figure 7) is a hoop net with wings, or a lead, or both attached to the first frame. The second and third frames can each hold funnel throats, which prevent fish from escaping as they enter each section. The opposite (closed) end of the net may be tied with a slip cord to facilitate fish removal.
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... EPA-610/4-13 -001 July 1973 BIO
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• FOREWORD Man and his environmen
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Name Anderson, Max Arthur, John W.
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The role of aquatic biology in the
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FOREWORD 1 PREFACE CONTENTS BIOLOGI
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BIOMETRICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Ter
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS sample or a plan
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TABLE 1. RAW DATA ON PLANKTON COUNT
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS y POSITIVE INTER
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PLANKTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0 SAM
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sampling is usually sufficient. In
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Several sampling methods can be use
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100X. When combined with the ocular
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float, examine the underside of the
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of counts to numbers per ml is quit
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pipet with distilled water into a c
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Calculate the ch
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PLANKTON REFERENCES Holmes, R. W. 1
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PERIPHYIOI
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Diatom Species P
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS Patrick, R. 1957
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MACROPHYTON 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 2.0
Page 73 and 74: 3.0 REFERENCES MACROPHYTON Blackbur
Page 75 and 76: I '" MACROINVERTEBRATES 1.0 INTRODU
Page 77 and 78: 1.0 INTRODUCTION The aquatic macroi
Page 79 and 80: the limitations of available sampli
Page 81 and 82: Because of the extreme spatial and
Page 83: predetermined depth. Grabs with spr
Page 86 and 87: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Because of the s
Page 88 and 89: BIOLOGICAL METHODS fauna and hydrol
Page 90: BIOLOGICAL METHODS technique, or co
Page 94: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Equitability "e,
Page 102 and 103: BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. CLASSIF
Page 104 and 105: BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 7. (Contin
Page 107 and 108: TABLE 7. (Continued) MACROINVERTEBR
Page 109 and 110: MACROlNVERTEBRATE REFERENCES 33. Ll
Page 111 and 112: MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Hauber
Page 113 and 114: MACROINVERTEBRATE REFERENCES Robert
Page 115 and 116: FISH
Page 119: Deepwater seInIng usually requires
Page 124: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Figure 4. Gill n
Page 128 and 129: BIOLOGICAL METHODS the major univer
Page 130: BIOLOGICAL METHODS 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 133 and 134: Freshwater: Northeast FISH REFERENC
Page 135 and 136: FISH REFERENCES U.S. Department of
Page 137 and 138: BIOASSAY 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Page 139 and 140: BIOLOGICAL METHODS When making wast
Page 141 and 142: BIOLOGICAL METHODS TABLE 1. STOCK C
Page 145 and 146: BIOLOGICAL METHODS the concentratio
Page 148: BIOLOGICAL METHODS Dimick, R. E., a
Page 152 and 153: Laboratory in Newtown, Ohio. Groups
Page 154 and 155: taining some yellow pigment, coarse
Page 157: Appendix A Test (Evansville, Indian
Page 160: 2.3 Food Use a good frozen trout fo
Page 163: BIOLOGICAL METHODS 3.5 Methods When
Page 167 and 168: APPENDIX
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Item Source Cat. No. Unit Approx. C
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2.3 Fish Sources of information on
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Definitions In its original concept
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To Minims _ Liquid Ounces _ Gills _
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