Flight Instructors Training Procedures _revised AIC_x

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FLIGHT EXERCISE BRIEFING EXERCISE 5 TAXYING DEFINITION: Taxying is the process whereby the aircraft is controlled on the ground under its own power by the independent of combined use of rudder pedals, brakes, flying controls and engine thrust. AIM: To teach the student the applicable procedures and checklists; aircraft handling techniques; considerations of airmanship, marshalling signals, right of way rules and engine handling. STARTING MANOEUVERING STOPPING/PARKING • WALKING TO THE AIRCRAFT Check parking position. Check obstruction I.R.O. of taxying to runway in use. Plan most viable route. • PRE-FLIGHT CHECKS AND ENGINE START AS PER POH & MOP • OBTAIN TAXI INSTRUCTIONS • LEAVING THE APRON AREA Careful lookout all around for pedestrians, vehicles, fences, walls, poles, signboards, other taxying and stationary aircraft. Apply sufficient power to move away from your parking place then reduce power, apply toe brakes sufficient to check brake pressure and effectiveness. Maintain elevator and ailerons neutral (or as required for prevailing wind conditions and surface conditions.) APPLY SUFFICIENT POWER TO MAINTAIN A FAST WALKING PACE – anticipate power reduction / increase ahead of downhill / uphill topography or stopping. Maintain direction using toe / foot movements on rudder pedals. • LOOKOUT AND AIRMANSHIP Maintain a vigilant lookout at all times and a “Listening watch” on the radio. RIGHT OF WAY RULES • Always pass oncoming traffic on the right (you sit in the L/H seat and have a clear view of your wingtip and separation from the oncoming traffic wingtip. • Give way to larger aircraft. • Stop if you are unsure and ask ATC for further guidance or instructions. • Do not cross a solid yellow line without stopping and looking. • Do not cross a holding point line without stopping and looking out. • Maintain taxiway centreline whenever possible. • Obey ATC instructions. • Listen out and fully read back. USE OF CONTROLS • POWER: Moving from grass to a hard surface, reduce power. Moving from a hard surface to a grass, increase power. Anticipate increasing power when moving uphill. Anticipate reducing power when moving downhill. When turning in a confined space do not use excessive power against brakes. Minimise high power settings when moving away from buildings – rather manhandle the aircraft to a point where propeller blast will not affect persons or aircraft behind – Don’t ‘jockey’ the throttle, try to maintain smooth inputs. • ELEVATOR: Hold control column fully back to protect the nosewheel OLEO, steering mechanism and propeller when taxying on rough ground. • AILERON: Study POH for aileron position in strong wind. Turn away from wind from behind, turn into wind from the front. • RUDDER: Only apply full rudder deflection when absolutely necessary as this can stress the nose wheel OLEO and steering mechanism. In extreme cases shut down and use a tow bar if practical. • BRAKES: Always centralise rudder pedals and apply brakes evenly with light pressure and progressively increase the pressure as the aircraft slows. *) VACATING THE RUNWAY • Expedite vacating the runway onto the designated taxiway and continue forward on the taxiway until you are 100’ from the runway centreline. Turn 45° into wind centralise the rudder pedals and stop. Apply handbrake. • CARRY OUT AFTER LANDING CHECKS AS PER POH AND MOP. • CONTINUE TAXI TO PARKING AREA OR AS DIRECTED. • Maintain a vigilant lookout for other A/C vehicles, obstacles etc. • Maintain a listening watch on the radio in case of any command to stop or change direction. • Be particularly vigilant when crossing a runway or taxiway. Stop and Lookout. • When the parking area is visible plan your route to be able to park your aircraft with minimum power / control inputs. • Be very aware of pedestrians, children, other starting or taxying traffic, workmen and obstruction. • Shutdown as per POH & MOP. Secure the aircraft (refuel as required). • Complete flight documents. !"#$ %# &"" '$ #
AIR EXERCISE BRIEFING EX 6: STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT DEFINITION: Straight and level flight is that condition of flight whereby the aircraft is flown in balance at a constant altitude and direction at varying speeds, power settings and configurations with reference to both visual and instrument attitude indications. HOW IT APPLIES TO FLYING 1) Navigation 2) Circuit Work 3) Forms the basis for attitude flying 4) Instrument Flying 5) Flying for range and endurance STEP ONE STEP TWO STEP THREE STEP FOUR STRAIGHT & LEVEL ATTAINING & MAINTAINING AIRMANSHIP • Lookout Other Aircraft Orientation in GFA Trimmed “HANDS OFF” • Smooth control inputs • FREDAS checks Briefly Discuss: 1. Equilibrium • Thrust • Drag • Lift • Weight 2. Correlation of: PWR + ATT = PERFORMANCE POWER CHANGE ATTITUDE CHECK SPEED HOLD TRIM ADJUST TRIM 3. Lift Formula Correlation of: • AoA vs Airspeed. • Changes in nose attitude. • Use of Trim. 4. Horizon as Primary attitude reference • Use of distinct focus point ahead of A/C to maintain direction. • Use of “Four Finger” attitude to maintain altitude. • Use of trim Elevator Rudder STRAIGHT & LEVEL REGAINING AFTER DISTURBANCE WIND DRIFT • Identifying drift direction using horizon reference point as indicator. • Application of co-ordinated aileron + rudder to turn into wind. • Stabilising A/C in new attitude. • Re-assessing drift correction. • Adjustments as required. Turbulence • Lateral and vertical disturbance. • Use of horizon reference to restore A/C to original position. • Use of elevator, aileron & rudder to achieve correction. • Retrim if required. ACHIEVING S&L AFTER CLIMB Attitude, Speed, Power, Trim ACHIEVING S&L AFTER DESCENT Power, Attitude, Speed, Trim *)* STRAIGHT & LEVEL CONFIGURATION CHANGES POWER CHANGES • Effect of slipstream & Torque. • Effect of speed changes. • Effect of CL changes. • Use of Trim. Configuration Changes • Effect of flap Attitude Change CL change Speed Change (NB. Use constant power setting) • Effect of flap & Power Effect of Altitude & Density Altitude • Less power available. • Terminal velocity change. • Less lift. • Higher nose attitude. • More lift induces drag. • Longer T’off distance required. • Longer landing distance required. • Flying for endurance • Flying for Range STRAIGHT & LEVEL INSTRUMENT INDICATIONS ATTITUDE INSTRUMENTS • Artificial horizon Indicates Pitch and Roll (bank) Indicates specific bank angle. • Turn co-ordinator Indicates balance. Indicates rate of change of direction. • Altimeter Indicates Altitude in 1000’ & 100’ • VSI – Vertical speed indicator Indicates ROC Indicates ROD • Airspeed Indicator Indicates speed of A/C through the air. Can be adjusted for Density altitude to indicate true airspeed. • Tachometer (Revolutions per minute) Indicates speed of rotation of crankshaft. Indicates max RPM limit. May indicate RPM caution range. !"#$ # &"" '$ #
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Revised by Wouter Gous, Bob Ewing a
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EXERCISE 19: Instrument Flying.....
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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL OF TRA
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EXERCISE 1E EMERGENCY DRILLS When t
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ii. Propeller which cannot feather
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1. AIM EXERCISE 2 PREPARATION FOR F
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1. AIM EXERCISE 3 AIR EXPERIENCE To
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1. AIM DEFINITION EXERCISE 4 EFFECT
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1. EFFECT OF FLYNG CONTROLS i Demon
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4. EFFECT OF TRIM i. The student ma
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v. Use power setting that will not
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1. AIM DEFINITION EXERCISE 5 TAXYIN
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2. CONTROL OF DIRECTION AND TURNING
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3. Discuss the student’s actual f
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1. AIM DEFINITION EXERCISE 6 STRAIG
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i. Weathercocking stability - verti
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4. Demonstrate of the possibility o
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iii. Do not allow the student to us
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1. AIM DEFINITION EXERCISE 7 CLIMBI
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5. AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND BALANCE i. D
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2. DEMONSTRATE THE EFFECT OF POWER
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4. BEST ANGLE OF CLIMB Demonstrate
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. For aircraft without a rudder tri
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1. AIM DEFINITION EXERCISE 8 DESCEN
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FORMULA: Rule of thumb - 75% of air
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iv. Levelling off from the glide at
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ii. From optimum/intermediate flap,
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d. SIMILARITY TO PREVIOUS EXERCISES
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1. AIM DEFINITION SIDE SLIPPING An
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2. SIDE SLIP WHILE TURNING - SLIPPI
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2. Discuss the common faults studen
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1. AIM DEFINITION EXERCISE 9 TURNIN
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) horizon and/or instruments indica
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1. AIM DEFINITION DESCENDING AND CL
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2. i. CLIMBING TURN From a straight
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d. SIMILARITY TO PREVIOUS EXERCISES
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slower airspeeds. Do not raise the
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ii. Climbing flight. iii. Turning f
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3. Discuss the student’s actual f
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4. DISCUSS: i. Symptoms of the appr
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4. ii. Demonstrate a stall from str
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7. 8. 9. 10. i. i. i. i. RECOVERY F
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v. Use of cowl flaps. vi Fuel manag
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4. THE AIRCRAFT AS A GYROSCOPE i. T
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iii. Rolling moments. 12. ENTRY The
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3. 4. i. i. ii. SPIN FROM A LEVEL T
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ENGINE CONSIDERATIONS i. As per air
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vii. Wind: a. Headwind. b. Crosswin
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2. 3. v. i. i. Crosswind leg. (Alte
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iii. Crosswind leg. iv. Engine fail
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iii. Fly the approach and execute t
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c. The steady wind correction shoul
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3. 4. iii. iv. Flare. Hold-off or f
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8. 9. i. ii. WHEEL LANDING - APPLIC
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Most problems in the circuit can be
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Advise ATC. Request assistance if r
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2. AERODYNAMIC AND MECHANICAL CONSI
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xi. The go-around procedure. 2. Dis
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3. DESCRIPTION OF AIR EXERCISE a. A
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5. EFFECT OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND BA
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c. CONSIDERATIONS OF AIRMANSHIP AND
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4. DISCUSS: i. Turn rate. ii. Turn
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e. DE-BRIEFING AFTER FLIGHT 1. Brie
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iii. Propeller pitch. iv. Speed. v.
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5. 6. 7. 8. FAULT ANALYSIS While po
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xiii. Passenger briefing and forced
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1. AIM DEFINITION EXERCISE 17A LOW
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4. ii. i. During a turn. THE EFFECT
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c. CONSIDERATIONS OF AIRMANSHIP AND
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1. AIM DEFINITION EXERCISE 17B PREC
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3. d. Suitable open terrain. e. Sig
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iii. Height of possible cloud base
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1. AIM DEFINITION EXERCISE 18A PILO
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3. DEDUCED RECKONING NAVIGATION TEC
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3. 4. i. ii. IN TRANSIT TRACK ERROR
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9. 10. ii. 10% of flying time since
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e. DE-BRIEFING AFTER FLIGHT 1. Brie
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1. AIM DEFINITION EXERCISE 18B NAVI
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3. DESCRIPTION OF AIR EXERCISE a. A
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6. 7. iii. i. ) ) Note: Do not atte
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i. Poor height control. ii. Poor an
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LONG BRIEFING Objectives: a. Use of
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1. AIM EXERCISE 19 INSTRUMENT FLYIN
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c. Aircraft weight. 3.2 Climbs and
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13.3 Instrument failure. 13.4 Elect
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1. AIM LESSON 1 FULL PANEL MANOEUVR
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Turn co-ordinator. Altimeter and AS
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6. SIMILARITY TO PREVIOUS EXERCISES
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1. AIM LESSON 2 FULL PANEL MANOEUVR
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ix. CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNS )
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v. STALLS - CLEAN ),* increasing th
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9. BRIEFLY DISCUSS THE REQUIREMENTS
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), student to recover. ii. Have the
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vi. TIME TURNS i. required. Have st
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i. Correct scan. ii. The use of the
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vii. AWKWARD ATTITUDES ) the need t
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These exercises are absolutely vita
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ix. x. xi. xii. UNUSUAL ATTITUDES T
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1. AIM LESSON 9 INSTRUMENT TEST FOR
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1. AIM LESSON 10 USING THE ADF FOR
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1. AIM LESSON 11 USING THE ADF FOR
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1. AIM LESSON 12 INTERCEPTING AND M
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1. AIM LESSON 13 VOR AND ADF CONSOL
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1. AIM LESSON 14 NDB HOLDING PATTER
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9. BRIEFLY DISCUSS THE REQUIREMENTS
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ii. iii. iv. THE APPROACH THE MISSE
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The demonstration of the importance
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iv. Timing and turning in the corre
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iv. Cockpit organization is vital.
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iii. THE VOR/NDB APPROACH 5. CONSID
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The importance of a call like this
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iii. THE NDB APPROACH * i. Ensure t
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5. CONSIDERATIONS OF AIRMANSHIP AND
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vi Failure to identify the navigati
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iii. WIND CORRECTION + ending in 2
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5. CONSIDERATIONS OF AIRMANSHIP AND
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. Aircraft electrical system failur
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Page 275 and 276: iii. Drag. iv. Power. 3. DESCRIPTIO
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Page 279 and 280: i. Manoeuvre executed to opposite s
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Page 287 and 288: . Mass. c. Drag. d. Power. 3. DESCR
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Page 291 and 292: c. CONSIDERATIONS OF AIRMANSHIP AND
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Page 301 and 302: DESIG- NATION Vs0 Vs1 Vmc Vmca Vmcg
Page 303 and 304: iii. Engine failure procedure: FLY
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Page 315 and 316: PART 2 AIR EXERCISE BRIEFINGS * !"#
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Page 319: AIR EXERCISE BRIEFING EX 4: EFFECTS
Page 323 and 324: FLIGHT EXERCISE BRIEFING EXERCISE 9
Page 325 and 326: EFFECT OF CONTROLS: SLOW FLIGHT •
Page 327 and 328: IMPORTANT: ENTRY CHARACTERISTICS RE
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Page 331 and 332: FLIGHT EXERCISE BRIEFING EXERCISE 1
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Flight Instructors Training Procedures _revised AIC_x

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