Flight Instructors Training Procedures _revised AIC_x

2. PRINCIPLES INVOLVED
All the principles applicable to previous exercises, with the emphasis on:
1. LOW LEVEL NAVIGATION
i. At low level the vertical height and shape of a ground feature is of more importance
than its appearance in plan view.
ii. Small, but unique features are often of greater use than large, more common ones.
iii. Features are more easily missed while at low level, because they are in view for only
a short time, especially those near the track.
iv. The appearance of a check feature must, therefore, be anticipated and, to this end, a
careful pre-flight study of the map is most important.
v. Should a pinpoint be missed, a search should not be made for it but the flight
continued and the next pinpoint anticipated. However, if a series of pinpoints are
missed, altitude will have to be gained in order to ascertain position.
2. NEWTON’S LAWS
3. EFFECT OF WIND
i. Headwind.
ii. Tailwind.
iii. Crosswind.
iv. Wind shear.
v. Turbulence.
vi. Mountain waves.
vii. Downdrafts in the vicinity of thunderstorms/microbursts.
4. SLOW SAFE CRUISING CONFIGURATION
i. Airframe and engine limitations.
ii. Optimum speeds.
5. WEATHER CONSIDERATIONS
i. Precipitation.
ii. Icing.
iii. Visibility (into/out of sun, smog, rain, dust, twilight, etc.).
6. LOW FLYING MAP READING TECHNIQUE
i. Proper map preparation with essential navigation information written next to tracks e.g.
heading, minimum fuel, etc. (navigation logs cannot be used as with high level
navigation).
ii. Proper marking of tracks with timing marks rather than distance marks.
iii. Changed aspect and relative importance or terrain features, as well as apparent speed
in relation to the ground.
iv. Limited field of vision.
v. Terrain features only visible for a relatively limited time so therefore;
a. Anticipation – effect of inertia and wind.
b. Quick recognition of features.
c. Careful pre-flight map study.
d. Over-riding importance of look out and horizon scan.
e. Discuss use of positively identifiable line features to reach destination.
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