GROUND WATER IN NORTH-CENTRAL TENNESSEE

IV CONTENTS
Stratigraphy Continued. Page
Carboniferous or Devonian system ____________________________ 39
Chattanooga shale_____ ______________________________ 39
Devonian system___________________________________________ 41
Middle Devonian series___________________________________ 41
Pegram limestone _____________________________________ 41
Camden chert._______________________________________ 43
Lower Devonian series_____________________________________ 44
Harriman (?) chert____________________________________ 44
Birdsong limestone__-____-_-_-_____-_-___-___-________ 44
Silurian system______________________________-________________ 44
Ordovician system___________-._____-_-___-_-_-._________-_-____ 45
General features_____-_---___-___-_______-______--_______-. 45
Upper Ordovician series ________________________________ 46
Fernvale formation___________________________________ 46
Arnheim limestone-__________________.._______-___-__..-. 46
Leipers limestone__-_-_-___-________--._______-_-____-- 46
Middle Ordovician series ________________________________ 48
Catheys limestone__-________________________________ 48
Cannon limestone-----___-_-________--_-_____-_______- 49
Bigby limestone______________________________________ 50
Hermitage formation__________________________________ 51
Lowville limestone____________________________________ 52
Lower Ordovician series___________________-_______-_____-__ 54
Lebanon limestone___-___-_________-_.________________ 54
Ridley limestone-----__---_-_--__-__--_--__-________ 54
Pierce limestone___________________-___-_________-_-_- 55
Murfreesboro limestone____________________________ 56
Pre-Lowville rocks of the Wells Creek Basin____________ 57
Rocks not exposed at the surface___________«________________ 58
General features_-__---________________--_-_--_--___------ 58
St. Peter (?) sandstone____________________________________- 61
Geologic structure__________________-_-_______--__-_-_-_-_-_-_-__ 62
Nashville dome_______________________________________________ 62
Secondary folds-______________________________________________ 63
Wells Creek uplift_______ ____ _________________ 65
Faults and joints____________________________________________ 67
Ground water-_______________ _________________________________ 69
Occurrence of ground water in limestone__________-_-_-____--____ 69
Types and origin of water-bearing openings________________ 69
Sources and circulation of ground water____________________ 74
Cycles in the formation of underground-drainage systems ______ 78
Relations of water-bearing openings to geologic and physio­
graphic history-______________________________________ 82
Relation to utilization of ground water_____________________ 86
Springs _______________________________ _ _____________________ 89
Gravity springs-__________________________________________ 89
General features________________________________.______ 89
Seepage springs_______________________________________ 90
Fracture springs________________________________ 92
Tubular springs_____________________________________ 92
Artesian springs________________________________________ 96
Artesian conditions______________________________ 96