History of corn milling .. - Centrostudirpinia.it

History of corn milling .. - Centrostudirpinia.it History of corn milling .. - Centrostudirpinia.it

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viii PREFACE mainly on the lines then adopted, though, as a result of many researches undertaken later, its scope has been considerably extended ; and the historical sketches now presented are believed to be as authoritative and complete as the records will allow. Unhappily, however, this has only been accomplished since, on the eve of the publication of Volume III., the work was suddenly deprived of its patron and director : Mr. Bennett having died, almost without warning, in the prime of life, and, apparently, perfect health, from an abscess on the brain, on May 8, 1900. In now issuing the volume under circumstances rendering his participation in the work but a memory, one cannot but endeavour to it preface with some account of the earnest exertions he so long and so pleasantly put forth on its behalf; and recall a few of those events in an arduous career which, towards its untimely close, seem to have appropriately converged in the study of the present congenial theme. It is a remarkable fact that, not to an archaeologist or miller, not to a gentleman of leisured ease or great wealth, but purely to a commercial man, daily engrossed in mercantile affairs, the inception and publication of this History are due. It was Mr. Bennett, solely a man of business, who, conceiving the project, dreamed of making amends for two centuries' literary neglect of mills and milling ; and who gave unstintingly labour, time, and money to the achievement of that end. To those who knew him this singular fact was no paradox. He had retained a long association with the corn trade of the port of Liverpool, and enjoyed intimate relations with its foremost millers ; he possessed an inherent literary and antiquarian taste, and took unceasing interest in the fast-disappearing old mills of his native city ; while over all he was animated by a strong originality of character and an indomitable spirit of enterprise. These were the factors that brought about his embarking on an archaeological enterprise of this character. He had for some years desired to collect what little gleanings of histories, reminiscences, or traditions might remain regarding the antique windmills that in his youth had abounded in Liverpool, and in the early part of 1894

PREFACE ix he commissioned the present writer to compile a record of the kind. From so small and local a starting-point eventually originated, under his enterprising auspices, this entire History. In the earliest investigations undertaken with respect to Liverpool, the mystery surrounding soke soon fascinated his practical mind ; and the lack of any work relating to the existence and incidence of so curious a monopoly struck him as an absolute hiatus in the practical knowledge of the day. Similarly, the use of early handstones and the origin and development of power mills absorbed his interest ; and here again a vast dearth of information was only too evident. On all these topics, in fact, the only authorities of moment were writers whose Latin treatises, crude and imperfect, were long since obsolete.* proceeded, It was thus only step by step, as investigation that the project of this History was decided upon. The necessary researches and literary compilation of the work being entrusted to the writer, Mr. Bennett, in the hearty, thoroughgoing manner that characterised all his doings, concerned himself with the practical side of the undertaking. No trouble, no limit of time, no expense deterred him from the task, or ever prevented him adopting any suggestion tending to extend enquiry or facilitate full study of the subject. While investigations were in progress it became clear that, as regarded early extinct handstones, a perfect know- ledge of their nature and method of working could only be secured by the actual handling and working of the stones themselves. Mr. Bennett therefore resolved to collect specimens ; and possible sources whence they might be acquired being gradually ascertained, he systematically and, almost as though the affair were a matter of momentous business, followed with the utmost assiduity every clue to the desired relics. His persistent efforts in this direction were in time rewarded by the possession of a collection that in extent, variety, and representative character was, and, so far as can be traced, still is, unrivalled. About a hundred * De Molindis,]. Heringius, Lyons, 1663. De MoUs Manualibus Vetertim^ G. G. Hoheisel, Dantzic, 1728. De Pistrinis Veterum, F. Goetzius, Venice, 1730. De Molarum Initiis : De Molarnm Progressibus, G. H. Ayrer, Gottingen, 1772.

viii<br />

PREFACE<br />

mainly on the lines then adopted, though,<br />

as a result<br />

<strong>of</strong> many researches undertaken later, <strong>it</strong>s scope has been<br />

considerably extended ; and the historical sketches now<br />

presented are believed to be as author<strong>it</strong>ative and complete<br />

as the records will allow.<br />

Unhappily, however, this has only been accomplished<br />

since, on the eve <strong>of</strong> the publication <strong>of</strong> Volume III., the<br />

work was suddenly deprived <strong>of</strong> <strong>it</strong>s patron and director :<br />

Mr. Bennett having died, almost w<strong>it</strong>hout warning, in the<br />

prime <strong>of</strong> life, and, apparently, perfect health, from an<br />

abscess on the brain, on May 8, 1900. In now issuing the<br />

volume under circumstances rendering his participation in<br />

the work but a memory, one cannot but endeavour to<br />

<strong>it</strong> preface w<strong>it</strong>h some account <strong>of</strong> the earnest exertions he so<br />

long and so pleasantly put forth on <strong>it</strong>s behalf; and recall a<br />

few <strong>of</strong> those events in an arduous career which, towards <strong>it</strong>s<br />

untimely close, seem to have appropriately converged in<br />

the study <strong>of</strong> the present congenial theme.<br />

It is a remarkable fact that, not to an archaeologist or<br />

miller, not to a gentleman <strong>of</strong> leisured ease or great wealth,<br />

but purely to a commercial man, daily engrossed in<br />

mercantile affairs, the inception and publication <strong>of</strong> this<br />

<strong>History</strong> are due. It was Mr. Bennett, solely a man <strong>of</strong><br />

business, who, conceiving the project, dreamed <strong>of</strong> making<br />

amends for two centuries' l<strong>it</strong>erary neglect <strong>of</strong> mills and<br />

<strong>milling</strong> ; and who gave unstintingly labour, time, and money<br />

to the achievement <strong>of</strong> that end. To those who knew him<br />

this singular fact was no paradox. He had retained a long<br />

association w<strong>it</strong>h the <strong>corn</strong> trade <strong>of</strong> the port <strong>of</strong> Liverpool,<br />

and enjoyed intimate relations w<strong>it</strong>h <strong>it</strong>s foremost millers ;<br />

he possessed an inherent l<strong>it</strong>erary and antiquarian taste, and<br />

took unceasing interest in the fast-disappearing old mills <strong>of</strong><br />

his native c<strong>it</strong>y ; while over all he was animated by a strong<br />

original<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> character and an indom<strong>it</strong>able spir<strong>it</strong> <strong>of</strong> enterprise.<br />

These were the factors that brought about his<br />

embarking on an archaeological enterprise <strong>of</strong> this character.<br />

He had for some years desired to collect what l<strong>it</strong>tle<br />

gleanings <strong>of</strong> histories, reminiscences, or trad<strong>it</strong>ions might<br />

remain regarding the antique windmills that in his youth<br />

had abounded in Liverpool, and in the early part <strong>of</strong> 1894

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