Spanish Linguistics: The past 100 Years: Retrospective and ...

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254 HISPANIA 81 MAY 1998 focus of many articles, a representative se- group, although Varela (1992) goes a long lection of which was anthologized by Hernandez-Chavez et al. (1975). The arway towards rectifying this bibliographical scarcity. The numerous Dominican, Colomticles tended to focus on non-standard, ar- bian, and CentralAmerican (Penialosa 1984) chaic, or slang elements of Southwestern populations in the United States have yet to Spanish, rather than treating this speech receive monographic studies on language community in neutral terms. Dictionaries usage, although a few articles have and glossaries of "Chicano" Spanish emerged. Finally, small isolated dialects uncritically combine uniquely regional have been studied intensely; the Isleno diawords with colloquial forms found through- lect of Louisiana, descended from Canary out the Spanish-speaking world (Galvan and Island settlers, is the subject of monographs Teschner 1975; Cobos 1983; Coltharp by MacCurdy (1950), Lipski (1990a), and 1965). Important collections of articles on Armistead (1992), while the even more ves- Southwest Spanish include Bowen and Ornstein (1976), Green and Ornsteintigial Brule dialect of Louisiana has recently been described in detail by Holloway Galicia (1986), and Bixler-Marquez et al. (1989). (1997). The linguistic aspects of Sephardic Spanish in the United States have been ex- Chicano Spanish as a legitimate domain of sociolinguistic inquiry came of age with amined by Armistead et al. (1981) and Harris (1994), among others. Collections of arthe publication of Penalosa (1980) and ticles examining diverse varieties of United Sanchez (1983), as well as many theses and States Spanish include Amastae and Eliasdissertations. Lipski (1985a) studied the lin- Olivares (1982), Bergen (1990), Eliasguistics of code-switching in this variety of Olivares (1983), Elias-Olivares et al. (1985), Spanish. Although sectors of the general Fishman and Keller (1982), Roca and Lipski public continue to view Southwestern Spanish and other varieties of Mexican-Ameri- (1993), and Valdes et al. (1981) can Spanish throughout the United States Spanish Applied Linguistics as undesirable hybrids, linguists have maintained high standards of objective scholar- Early work in what was considered Spanship. ish applied linguistics took place within the Puerto Rican Spanish in the United contrastive analysis framework and focused States was first seriously approached by a on practical language pedagogy, producing team of fieldworkers in Jersey City classic works such as Bull (1965), Politzer (Fishman et al. 1971). Poplack (1979) pro- (1961), and Stockwell, Bowen, and Martin vided a variational analysis of the Puerto (1965). Contemporary trends in linguistic Rican community in Philadelphia while thought conceive of applied linguistics as Casiano Montanez (1975) described the the rigorous study of first and second lanpronunciation and Gutierrez Gonzalez guage acquisition. Contrastive analysis has (1993) the vocabulary of Puerto Rican Span- taken a back seat to the examination of cogish in New York City. Numerous articles nitive strategies and the interaction of unihave described the sociolinguistics of versal grammar with language-specific Puerto Rican bilingualism, including code- structural patterns. Within this framework, switching and the possible interaction with Liceras (1993) and Perez-Leroux and Glass English. Zentella (1997) describes the lin- (1997) bring together studies of second-languistic behavior of bilingual Puerto Rican guage acquisition of Spanish, while children in New York City, while Torres Hernandez Pina (1984) and Lopez Ornat et (1997) profiles the sociolinguistic structure al. (1994) study Spanish child language, of a New York Puerto Rican neighborhood. updating the early work of Gili Gaya (1960). Cuban Spanish in the United States has Scores of articles and dissertations docunot received scholarly attention in propor- ment first- and second-language acquisition tion to the demographic importance of this of Spanish from a variety of theoretical per-
SPANISH LINGUISTICS: THE LAST 100 YEARS RETROSPECTIVE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 255 spectives, with the majority of the work concentrating on morphology and syntax. Acquisition of vocabulary has remained relatively unexplored, while second-language acquisition of Spanish phonology has retained its contrastive analysis flavor. Studies of Spanish child language phonology Spanish Linguistics in the Next Cen- tury Several research paradigms within Spanish linguistics are sufficiently well-focused as to point to future developments, as well as fertile areas for exploration. First- and have dealt primarily with the order of acqui- second-language acquisition of Spanish will sition of segments and oppositions, and with the development of accentual systems. be further integrated into the evolving theory of universal grammar. Spanish will continue to be a major focus of research Linguistic Approaches to Spanish- within syntactic and phonological investiga- Language Pedagogy tions. Within Latin America, major dialect atlas projects are well underway in a num- During the course of the twentieth cen- ber of nations which lack such comprehentury, Spanish has evolved from an elitist university subject centered around literary sive surveys. Finally, advances in theoretical linguistics will continue to be informed classics to the most commonly taught lan- by data from Spanish syntax and phonolguage other than English in the United ogy, thus guaranteeing for Spanish a front- States, at all levels of education. As the em- row seat in the linguistic arena of the next phasis on acquiring usable competence in Spanish gradually replaced the exclusive century. focus on literary appreciation of bygone * WORKS CITED epochs, the contributions by linguists to Spanish-language pedagogical materials Alarcos Llorach, Emilio. 1950. Fonologia espanola. Madrid: Gredos. have become crucial. Some textbooks in- Alonso, Amado. 1955. De la pronunciacion medieval corporated vaguely articulated approaches, a la moderna en espanol. Madrid: Gredos. Alonso, Martin. 1962. Evolucion sintdctica del espanol. such as the Audio-Lingual Method (e. g. Madrid: Aguilar. Modern Language Association 1960), while Alvar, Manuel. 1975a. Teoria linguistica de las regioothers include detailed analyses and view- nes. Barcelona: Planeta. points derived from specific linguistic theo- -. 1975b. Atlas linguistico y etnogrdfico de las Islas ries. Bull, Lamadrid, and Briscoe (1978) Canarias. Las Palmas: Exemo. Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria. placed the theories of Bull (1965) in a class- -. 1991. El espanol de las dos orillas. Madrid: Colecroom setting; Politzer and Urrutibeheity cion MAPFRE. (1972) contained lessons based on structur- Alvar, Manuel, ed. 1961. Atlas linguistico y etnogrdfico alist analyses of Spanish (Politzer 1961), deAndalucia. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Inveswhile Terrell (1986) exemplifies the Natural Approach (Krashen and Terrell 1983), and VanPatten and Lee (1996) treat modern communicative approaches to language tigaciones Cientificas. -. 1996a. Manual de dialectologia hispdnica: el espanol de America. Barcelona: Ariel. -. 1996b. Manual de dialectologia hispdnica: el espanol de Espana. Barcelona: Ariel. teaching. Colombi and Alarcon (1997) Alvar, Manuel, Antonio Llorente, Tomas Buesa, Elebrings together linguistic approaches to teaching Spanish to native speakers. There are also several introductions to linguistics which focus on the Spanish lanna Alvar. 1979-1983. Atlas linguistico y etnogrdfico deAragon, Navarra y Rioja. Zaragoza: Diputacion Provincial de Zaragoza. Alvarez, Alexandra. 1987. Malabi maticulambi, estudios afrocaribenos. Montevideo: Monte Sexto. guage; these include Azevedo (1992), Klein Alvarez Nazario, Manuel. 1961. El elemento afronegroi- (1992), and D'Introno and Zamora (1988). de en el espanol de Puerto Rico. San Juan: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriquena. -. 1972. La herencia linguistica de Canarias en Puerto Rico. San Juan: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriquena. -. 1977. El influjo indigena en el espanol de Puerto
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