Spanish Linguistics: The past 100 Years: Retrospective and ...

SPANISH LINGUISTICS: THE LAST 100 YEARS RETROSPECTIVE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 253
stereotype known as cocoliche-is the sub- (Quilis 1992), there have been a few deject
of monographs by Meo Zilio (1989),
Lavandera (1984), Resell (1970), and
Donghi de Halperin (1925). The African
scriptions of the non-creole Spanish dialect
of the Philippines (Lipski 1987a, 1987b,
1987c).
contribution to Latin American Spanish is
the subject of numerous articles, and of
books by Alvarez Nazario (1961),
Megenney (1990), Granda (1977, 1978,
Sociolinguistics of Spanish-speaking
Societies
1985, 1988b, 1991, 1994), Del Castillo The development of sociolinguistics as
Mathieu (1982), Lipski (1990b), Ortiz an identifiable discipline has occured only
(1924), Ortiz Lopez (1998), Alvarez (1987), within the past three decades, and not sur-
Romero (1987,1988),Valdes Bernal (1987) prisingly, relatively little modern research
and the articles in Perl and Schwegler on Spanish-language sociolinguistics is
(1997). Canary Islanders' linguistic contri- available. Silva-Corvalan (1989) provided
butions to Puerto Rican Spanish are the the first Spanish-language overview of
subject of work by Alvarez Nazario (1972). sociolinguistics, including data from Span-
Studies of Latin American lexical varia- ish-speaking communities. Lastra de
tion are many, but the masterful works of Suarez (1992) and Lavandera (1984) have
Kany (1945,1960a, 1960b) stand out in their
completeness, albeit based entirely on literary
sources. Sala (1982) has initiated a comoffered
excellent analyses of Latin American
sociolinguistics, while an ever-increasing
number of theses and monographs deprehensive
lexical survey of Latin American tail the specifics of dialects in Spain and
Spanish.
Latin America, beginning with the pioneering
work of Cedergren (1973). The major-
Spanish in Africa and Asia
ity of studies have focused on phonetic
variation, using contemporary quantitative
Spain once possessed colonies in north- models; grammatical variation is less often
ern and sub-Saharan Africa, and the Span- the subject of research. The sociology of
ish language has become implanted in sev- Spanish-speaking communities, particularly
eral parts of Africa. The most stable variety in bilingual areas (Catalunya, Valencia, the
is spoken in Equatorial Guinea, formerly Basque Country, the United States, the
Spanish Guinea. Spanish is known and used Andean zone) has been a constant topic of
by most of the population, although African scholarly inquiry. Important anthologies
languages predominate in daily usage. Fol- dealing with sociolinguistics and language
lowing the early remarks of Gonzalez contact include Bergen and Bills (1983),
Echegaray (1959), the Spanish of Equato- Klee and Ramos-Garcia (1991), Roca and
rial Guinea has been the subject of monographs
by Lipski (1985b) and Quilis and
Jensen (1996), and Silva-Corvalan (1995).
Casado-Fresnillo (1995), as well as numer- Spanish in the United States
ous articles by Granda (1985, 1988b, 1991,
1994). Tarkki (1995) has described the The study of the Spanish language in the
Spanish as used by residents of the former United States warrants a special section,
Spanish Sahara (now a highly disputed ter- since the peculiarities of bilingualism, attiritory
of Morocco), most of whom have fled tudes, and sociocultural milieu are inextrito
refugee camps in Algeria.
cably connected. The earliest studies of tra-
Spanish still survives as a vestigial lan- ditional Spanish varieties in the United
guage in the Philippines, together with sev- States (Espinosa 1909/1930, 1946 for New
eral varietes of a Spanish-based creole, Mexico) were cast within the framework of
known collectively as Chabacano. Although traditional dialectology, and considered inmost
studies of "Philippine Spanish" con- cursions of English only tangentially. By the
centrate principally on the creole varieties 1940s, Mexican-American Spanish was the