Spanish Linguistics: The past 100 Years: Retrospective and ...

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252 HISPANIA 81 MAY 1998 and explain the enormous dialectal diversity and variants of voseo, and Resnick (1975), of Latin American Spanish. Cuervo (1901, 1935) and Armas y Cespedes (1882), both who employs a complex matrix of binary phonetic features. Zamora and Guitart strongly adhering to prescriptive usage, (1982) also offer a classification scheme as were among the first to address the com- well as global analyses of Latin American plex topics. Henriquez Urenia (1921, 1932) Spanish. Panoramic treatments of Latin gave an early theoretical basis for dialect American Spanish are found in Cotton and classification, based largely on supposed substratum influence. He also entered into a polemic with the German scholar Max Sharp (1988), Fontanella de Weinberg (1976, 1992), Malmberg (1971), Lipski (1994), Montes Giraldo (1982), Kubarth Wagner (1927, 1949) as to the Andalusian (1987), and Rosenblat (1970, 1977). Alvar contribution to Latin American Spanish (cf. (1996a) has provided an anthology of usealso Guitarte 1958). Boyd-Bowman (1964, ful articles covering specific Latin American 1968) extended this discussion by provid- dialects, following up on the early articles ing demographic data on tens of thousands in the Presenteyfuturo de la lengua espaniola of Spanish settlers in Latin America during volumes (OFINES 1964). Hernandez the first century of colonization, establish- Alonso (1992) contains an important collecing the predominance of southwestern tion of articles tracing the historical devel- Spain beyond any doubt. opment of Latin American Spanish, as well Linguistic geography is represented by as descriptions of contemporary dialects. the linguistic atlases of Colombia (Instituto Language contact and ethnolinguistically Caro y Cuervo 1981) and Mexico (Lope based interlanguages form the basis for Blanch 1990), together with a number of much dialect diversification in Latin smaller regional projects, most of which America. The indigenous contribution is have yet to reach completion. There are few the most frequently studied although not monographic works describing national necessarily the best-understood facet of lanvariants of Spanish (Oroz 1966 and Lenz guage contact. Rivarola (1990) brings to- 1940 for Chile, Vidal de Battini 1964 for Ar- gether important studies of the Spanishgentina, Navarro Tomas 1948 for Puerto Quechua interface, while Spanish-Guarani Rico, Henriquez Urena 1940 and Jimenez contacts in Paraguay have been studied by Sabater 1975 for the Dominican Republic Granda (1988a), Krivoshein de Canese and are noteworthy exceptions); found instead Corvalan (1987), and Usher de Herreros are monographs describing regional variet- (1976). The fronterizo dialect formed by ies, or those confined to a particular dimen- Spanish-Portuguese contacts in northern sion, usually the lexicon or aspects of pro- Uruguay has been analyzed by Elizaincin nunciation. Historical accounts of the devel- (1973, 1979, 1987), Hensey (1972), and opment of specific dialects are scarcer still: Rona (1969). The full impact of Nahuatl and Alvarez Nazario (1991) for Puerto Rico and Mesoamerican languages on regional vari- Fontanella de Weinberg (1987) for Buenos eties of Spanish has yet to receive mono- Aires are superb treatises which stand vir- graphic treatment, although a number of tually alone in historical dialectology. articles treat this topic. In the Caribbean, Overviews of Latin American Spanish Alvarez Nazario (1977) has studied the inpronunciation appear in the seminal works digenous contribution to Puerto Rican Spanof Canfield (1962, 1981); the former book ish. also contains the author's views on the re- Non Spanish-speaking immigrants to lationship between chronology of settle- Latin America, both voluntary and enslaved, ment and the retention of certain phonetic also brought their languages into contact features in American Spanish dialects. with Spanish. Varela (1980) has studied the Classification schemes of Latin American impact of the Chinese population on Cuban Spanish form the basis for Rona (1964), who Spanish. The Italian contribution to the Rio uses a combination of phonetic variables de la Plata dialects-including the literary
SPANISH LINGUISTICS: THE LAST 100 YEARS RETROSPECTIVE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 253 stereotype known as cocoliche-is the sub- (Quilis 1992), there have been a few deject of monographs by Meo Zilio (1989), Lavandera (1984), Resell (1970), and Donghi de Halperin (1925). The African scriptions of the non-creole Spanish dialect of the Philippines (Lipski 1987a, 1987b, 1987c). contribution to Latin American Spanish is the subject of numerous articles, and of books by Alvarez Nazario (1961), Megenney (1990), Granda (1977, 1978, Sociolinguistics of Spanish-speaking Societies 1985, 1988b, 1991, 1994), Del Castillo The development of sociolinguistics as Mathieu (1982), Lipski (1990b), Ortiz an identifiable discipline has occured only (1924), Ortiz Lopez (1998), Alvarez (1987), within the past three decades, and not sur- Romero (1987,1988),Valdes Bernal (1987) prisingly, relatively little modern research and the articles in Perl and Schwegler on Spanish-language sociolinguistics is (1997). Canary Islanders' linguistic contri- available. Silva-Corvalan (1989) provided butions to Puerto Rican Spanish are the the first Spanish-language overview of subject of work by Alvarez Nazario (1972). sociolinguistics, including data from Span- Studies of Latin American lexical varia- ish-speaking communities. Lastra de tion are many, but the masterful works of Suarez (1992) and Lavandera (1984) have Kany (1945,1960a, 1960b) stand out in their completeness, albeit based entirely on literary sources. Sala (1982) has initiated a comoffered excellent analyses of Latin American sociolinguistics, while an ever-increasing number of theses and monographs deprehensive lexical survey of Latin American tail the specifics of dialects in Spain and Spanish. Latin America, beginning with the pioneering work of Cedergren (1973). The major- Spanish in Africa and Asia ity of studies have focused on phonetic variation, using contemporary quantitative Spain once possessed colonies in north- models; grammatical variation is less often ern and sub-Saharan Africa, and the Span- the subject of research. The sociology of ish language has become implanted in sev- Spanish-speaking communities, particularly eral parts of Africa. The most stable variety in bilingual areas (Catalunya, Valencia, the is spoken in Equatorial Guinea, formerly Basque Country, the United States, the Spanish Guinea. Spanish is known and used Andean zone) has been a constant topic of by most of the population, although African scholarly inquiry. Important anthologies languages predominate in daily usage. Fol- dealing with sociolinguistics and language lowing the early remarks of Gonzalez contact include Bergen and Bills (1983), Echegaray (1959), the Spanish of Equato- Klee and Ramos-Garcia (1991), Roca and rial Guinea has been the subject of monographs by Lipski (1985b) and Quilis and Jensen (1996), and Silva-Corvalan (1995). Casado-Fresnillo (1995), as well as numer- Spanish in the United States ous articles by Granda (1985, 1988b, 1991, 1994). Tarkki (1995) has described the The study of the Spanish language in the Spanish as used by residents of the former United States warrants a special section, Spanish Sahara (now a highly disputed ter- since the peculiarities of bilingualism, attiritory of Morocco), most of whom have fled tudes, and sociocultural milieu are inextrito refugee camps in Algeria. cably connected. The earliest studies of tra- Spanish still survives as a vestigial lan- ditional Spanish varieties in the United guage in the Philippines, together with sev- States (Espinosa 1909/1930, 1946 for New eral varietes of a Spanish-based creole, Mexico) were cast within the framework of known collectively as Chabacano. Although traditional dialectology, and considered inmost studies of "Philippine Spanish" con- cursions of English only tangentially. By the centrate principally on the creole varieties 1940s, Mexican-American Spanish was the
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