Spanish Linguistics: The past 100 Years: Retrospective and ...

Spanish Linguistics: The past 100 Years: Retrospective and Bibliography 

Author(s): John M. Lipski 

Source: Hispania, Vol. 81, No. 2 (May, 1998), pp. 248-260 

Published by: American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese 

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/345013 

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248 HISPANIA 81 MAY 1998 

Spanish Linguistics: the Past 100 Years: 

Retrospective and Bibliography 

John M. Lipski 

University of New Mexico 

Abstract: The entire field of general and Spanish linguistics is circumscribed by the last 100 years of scholarship. 

Fields as diverse as historical linguistics, phonetics, phonology, syntactic analysis, first- and second-language 

acquisition studies, morphology, sociolinguistics, and dialectology are products of twentieth-century 

linguistic thought. From the outset, Spanish has enjoyed a prominent place in the evolution of contemporary 

linguistics. A survey of the major accomplishments of twentieth-century Spanish linguistics sets the stage for 

linguistic research in the next century. 

Key Words: linguistics (Spanish), syntax, phonology, phonetics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, dialectology 

O ne hundred years ago, linguistics linguistics into a number of universally recas 

currently practiced had not yet ognized subdisciplines, and to indicate in 

emerged as a field of study. Philol- chronological order milestone achieveogy 

and historical grammar-based exclu- ments-primarily books or anthologies-in 

sively on written texts-were the immedi- each category. All mention is of first ediate 

precursors, while the newly emerging tions; many of the books are better known 

discipline of anthropology concentrated its through subsequent revisions. The excepattention 

on peoples without a written tra- tions are works originally unpublished or 

dition. Thus to trace the path of Spanish lin- written in German which became known to 

guistics over the past century is to circum- Hispanists only through translation into 

scribe the development of all of modern lin- Spanish. 

guistics, a task which far outstrips the limits 

of a single article. Limiting the domain Historical Grammar 

of inquiry to Spanish hardly improves matters, 

since Spanish has been at the forefront The first works in Spanish linguistics 

of linguistics since its inception. The inter- were historical grammars; by the end of the 

ested reader can consult one of the many nineteenth century, work in comparative 

histories of linguistic thought, leaving to the Romance philology included descriptions of 

present article the role of chronicle, a reg- Spanish. Diez (1882) was among the first, 

ister of the major achievements in Hispanic followed by Meyer-Luibke (1890-1902), and 

linguistics. The paths to such an end are much later Lausberg (1963) and Bourciez 

many, and any summary will of necessity be (1967). It was, however, with the works of 

overly reductionist and exclusionary of ex- Menendez-Pidal (1904, 1926) that the hiscellent 

scholarship. With some trepidation, tory of the Spanish language achieved the 

fully aware of the pitfalls of the present en- status of a separate discipline, endowed 

terprise and acknowledging from the outset with penetrating scholarship that has withthe 

necessary incompleteness of the scope stood the test of time. Menendez-Pidal's 

and therefore the sometimes arbitrary (but disciple Lapesa (1942) published a comprehopefully 

never capricious) choice of hensive history of the Spanish language, 

works, I have opted to subdivide Spanish which combined external events with inter-

SPANISH LINGUISTICS: THE LAST 100 YEARS RETROSPECTIVE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 249 

nal changes, laid out by chronological pe- Arabic coexisted for several centuries, 

riod and correlated with major literary currents. 

Lapesa has continued to revise his 

while Wright (1994) offers sociohistorical 

reconstructions of the interaction between 

historical grammar, which is the benchmark 

standard for courses in Spanish hisearly 

Ibero-Romance languages and Latin. 

torical linguistics. 

Descriptive Phonetics 

Lapesa's work was complemented by 

Spaulding (1943), who made historical lin- The first major description of Spanish 

guistics accessible to non-specialists, and by phonetics was Navarro Tomias (1918), 

Entwistle (1936), who included Portuguese, which still ranks as the most complete trea- 

Catalan, and Basque. Williams (1938) wrote 

a definitive treatise on the history of the 

Portuguese language. Martin Alonso (1962) 

tise of its kind. Focusing on normative 

Castilian pronunciation, Navarro Tomas 

included articulatory diagrams and 

traced the syntactic development of Span- palatograms, in addition to detailed phoish 

based on literary works, while Keniston netic transcriptions and allophonic distribu- 

(1937) gave an in-depth snapshot of Span- tions. More recently, Quilis (1981) has ofish 

grammar as of the sixteenth century. fered a complete treatise on Spanish acous- 

Matters remained relatively static until tic phonetics, complementing Navarro 

the 1980s, when several books appeared: Tomas's strictly articulatory approach. 

Resnick (1981), which provides exercises Stockwell and Bowen (1965) was a product 

and a textbook-oriented approach; Lathrop of the contrastive linguistics school and pre- 

(1980), which gives considerable back- sented a systematic if rudimentary compariground 

on Vulgar Latin, and Penny (1991), son of common denominators in Spanish 

which combines information on the histori- and (American) English phonetics. Hadlich 

cal development of Late Latin with theories et al. (1968) and Dalbor (1969) became clasof 

language change. Lloyd (1987) emerged sic textbooks of Spanish pronunciation for 

as the most comprehensive treatise, while English-speaking students, while Quilis and 

Pensado Ruiz (1984) gives a thorough treat- Fernandez (1964), published in Spain, ofment 

of Spanish historical grammar with a fered a Spanish-language alternative. 

chronological orientation. Maia (1986) of- Dalbor's book included brief comments on 

fers the most comprehensive historical regional usage, and supplementary materigrammar 

of Portuguese, including consid- als marketed directly by the author exerable 

information on morphosyntactic de- tended the range of examples. Macpherson 

velopments. 

(1975) is unique in combining descriptive 

The history of Peninsular Spanish pro- Spanish phonetics with a brief treatise on 

nunciation was masterfully examined by historical phonetics. Barrutia and Terrell 

Amado Alonso (1955), while Baldinger (1982) added descriptions of syllable struc- 

(1963) proposed a model for the ture, while the completely revised Barrutia 

diversification of the Ibero-Romance dia- and Schwegler (1994) gives a more detailed 

lects, stressing sociohistorical factors over treatment of semivowels, accentuation, and 

the substratum approach supported by intonation, as well as more details on Pen- 

Jungemann (1956), among others. insular and Latin American Spanish re- 

The above-mentioned works have con- gional variation. Teschner (1996) combines 

centrated on philological facts and incorpo- regional variation with exercises in pronunrate 

little in the way of theoretical orienta- ciation. Phonological theory plays no role in 

tion, although descriptive theories of these books, except for rudimentary despecific 

changes abound. Studies of scriptions of phonemes and allophones. 

Mozarabic language, for example Galmes 

de Fuentes (1987) and Penarroja Torrejon Spanish Phonology 

(1990), have attempted to reconstruct the 

sociolinguistic milieu in which Spanish and While descriptions of Spanish phonetics


have always played a central role in His- Martin (1965) proposed an explicit hierarpanic 

linguistics, theoretical phonological chy of difficulty in the acquisition of Spanaccounts 

have been few and far between. ish structures by English-speaking stu- 

Although structuralist accounts of Spanish dents, and suggested error types. Terrell 

phonology appeared in articles, the first and Salgues (1979) gave brief comparative 

monograph focusing exclusively on Span- accounts of Spanish and English phonetic 

ish phonology was Alarcos Llorach (1950), and syntactic patterns. Whitley (1986) covbased 

on the Prague school of structural- ers many of the same structures in greater 

ism. In the United States, Harris (1968) pro- depth. Bull (1965) studied both phonologivided 

the first monograph on Spanish pho- cal and grammatical constrasts, in the latnology 

based on the early generative pho- ter dimension offering theoretical proposnology 

paradigm. Foley (1965), an earlier als which continue to attract followers. 

account within a similar theoretical frame- Bull's ideas on the nuances of the distincwork, 

remained unpublished, although tions between preterite-imperfect, indica- 

Foley (1977) included many of the author's tive-subjunctive, and ser-estar gave rise to 

innovative ideas. Cressey (1978), also presented 

within the early generative model, 

lively debates, many of which were conducted 

in the pages of Hispania, while the 

was directed at an advanced student audi- accompanying posters which graphically 

ence (the earlier books were doctoral dis- illustrate exemplary contrasts have become 

sertations), while Hooper (1976) reacted underground classics, continuing to resuragainst 

the overly abstract derivations of face in Spanish classes throughout the 

classical generative phonology by propos- country. In recent years, the contrastive 

ing a surface-structure based Natural Gen- analysis approach has fallen into disfavor, 

erative Phonology, most of whose examples particularly in the area of grammar, since 

were drawn from Spanish. Harris (1983) second language acquisition research has 

represented the next major milestone, rein- revealed few demonstrable first-language 

troducing the syllable into phonological transfers, but rather error patterns based on 

theory and presenting the first fully elabo- learning strategies and cognitive universals. 

rated metrical phonology of Spanish. As a consequence, the once popular "com- 

The studies edited by Bjarkman and parative structures" courses have largely 

Hammond (1989) run the gamut from early disappeared from Spanish curricula, algenerative 

phonology to non-linear models though methods courses for Spanish teachand 

include versions of Natural Phonology ers often implicitly include a contrastive 

and Natural Generative Phonology; this 

book provides a useful survey of phonologiapproach. 

cal analyses of Spanish through the end of Descriptive Grammar 

the 1980s. D'Introno et al. (1995) is a more 

advanced treatise which provides a compre- Spanish descriptive grammar has been 

hensive treatment of autosegmental, metri- the beneficiary of many excellent treatises, 

cal, and lexical phonological analysis as beginning with the monumental work of 

applied to Spanish. Martinez-Gil and Mo- Ramsey (1894), later revised by Robert 

rales-Front (1997) brings together the lat- Spaulding, and still the most complete deest 

phonological analyses of the 1990s. scription of the intricacies of Spanish usage. 

Gili Gaya (1943) brought to the study of 

Contrastive Structures 

Spanish grammar a profound respect for 

observed usage and offered well-crafted 

The contrastive analysis movement of explanations of verb tense and mood selecthe 

1960s and early 1970s produced com- tion, grammatical concordance, and other 

parative studies of Spanish and English sticking points where prescriptive gramgrammar, 

which often included phonetic mars do not fully coincide with prevailing 

comparisons as well. Stockwell, Bowen, and use. Sole and Sole (1977) present a modern-


ized treatment of Spanish grammar written Peninsular Spanish Dialectology 

in English, which implicitly compares English 

and Spanish structures. More re- The second half of the twentieth century 

cently, Butt and Benjamin (1988) put forth has seen numerous monographic descripa 

comprehensive grammar of Spanish de- tions of Peninsular Spanish dialects, many 

signed primarily for English speakers. King published by the Consejo Superior de 

(1992) offers theoretical accounts of several Investigaciones Cientificas. Among the 

syntactic and semantic structures, includ- studies which transcend the boundaries of 

ing verb tense and mood selection. a single community are Mondejar's study 

(1970) of the Andalusian verb, and the 

Spanish Syntax 

Sociolingiistica andaluza series, beginning 

with Carbonero (1982). Garcia de Diego 

Treatises on Spanish syntax before the (1946) offered a book on Spanish dialectoladvent 

of generative grammar were in real- ogy, covering several Ibero-Romance lanity 

atheoretical descriptive grammars, in guages in addition to Spanish. Zamora 

which "logic" and prescriptive norms pre- Vicente (1960), revised several times, convailed 

over a comprehensive model of lan- centrates on dialects of Spain, including 

guage structure. Structuralist approaches to marginal or defunct regional languages, 

syntax had few repercussions for the study while also giving some attention to Latin 

of Spanish, and it was not until the early American dialects. Among the many contrigenerative 

grammar of Hadlich (1971) that butions of Manuel Alvar to Peninsular dia- 

Spanish syntax received a theoretically- lectology, Alvar (1975a, 1991) offers a 

grounded treatment. Generative grammar sociohistorical approach to the diversificaadvanced 

rapidly in the following decades, tion of Spanish dialects. Alvar (1996b) 

to the Government and Binding/Principles brings together panoramic articles surveyand 

Parameters model, the Barriers model, ing contemporary Spanish dialectology. 

and the Minimalist paradigm. D'Jntrono The twentieth century also saw the pub- 

(1979,1985) kept pace with the evolution of lication of monumental dialect atlases in 

Spanish syntax during the 1970s and early Spain, beginning with the Atlas linguistico 

1980s. Demonte (1991) gives a more mod- de la Peninsula Iberica orALPI (Consejo Suernized 

government and binding approach; perior de Investigaciones Cientificas 1962), 

a number of important articles appear in which contains numerous maps tracing 

Campos and Martinez-Gil (1991). phonetic and lexical variants across a wide 

Details from Spanish were also instru- range of largely rural communities. Other 

mental in shaping the course of syntactic important dialect atlases include the Atlas 

theory in the 1970s and 1980s. Constraints linguisticoy etnogrdfico deAndalucia (Alvar 

on the order of object clitics motivated 1961), and the Atlas linguisticoy etnogrdfico 

Perlmutter's (1971) theory of surface struc- de Aragon, Navarra y Rioja (Alvar et al. 

ture constraints, while the combination of 1979-83), all following the same methodolnull 

subjects, subject-verb inversion, and ogy of transcription of individually promore 

subtle extraction and movement phe- nounced words elicited by a team of 

nomena in Spanish were adduced as evi- fieldworkers. Alvar (1975b) published a lindence 

of a "null subject parameter," given guistic atlas of the Canary Islands using a 

the widest diffusion in Chomsky's seminal 

Government and Binding lectures (1981). 

similar approach. 

Chomsky's "Managua lectures" (1988), 

aimed at a non-specialist audience, con- 

Latin American Spanish Dialectology 

tained key examples from Spanish which "El espanol de America" has fascinated 

illustrate the evolving syntactic theory. observers on both sides of the Atlantic, and 

from the beginning of Spanish linguistics, 

numerous scholars have sought to describe


and explain the enormous dialectal diversity and variants of voseo, and Resnick (1975), 

of Latin American Spanish. Cuervo (1901, 

1935) and Armas y Cespedes (1882), both 

who employs a complex matrix of binary 

phonetic features. Zamora and Guitart 

strongly adhering to prescriptive usage, (1982) also offer a classification scheme as 

were among the first to address the com- well as global analyses of Latin American 

plex topics. Henriquez Urenia (1921, 1932) Spanish. Panoramic treatments of Latin 

gave an early theoretical basis for dialect American Spanish are found in Cotton and 

classification, based largely on supposed 

substratum influence. He also entered into 

a polemic with the German scholar Max 

Sharp (1988), Fontanella de Weinberg 

(1976, 1992), Malmberg (1971), Lipski 

(1994), Montes Giraldo (1982), Kubarth 

Wagner (1927, 1949) as to the Andalusian (1987), and Rosenblat (1970, 1977). Alvar 

contribution to Latin American Spanish (cf. (1996a) has provided an anthology of usealso 

Guitarte 1958). Boyd-Bowman (1964, ful articles covering specific Latin American 

1968) extended this discussion by provid- dialects, following up on the early articles 

ing demographic data on tens of thousands in the Presenteyfuturo de la lengua espaniola 

of Spanish settlers in Latin America during volumes (OFINES 1964). Hernandez 

the first century of colonization, establish- Alonso (1992) contains an important collecing 

the predominance of southwestern tion of articles tracing the historical devel- 

Spain beyond any doubt. 

opment of Latin American Spanish, as well 

Linguistic geography is represented by as descriptions of contemporary dialects. 

the linguistic atlases of Colombia (Instituto Language contact and ethnolinguistically 

Caro y Cuervo 1981) and Mexico (Lope based interlanguages form the basis for 

Blanch 1990), together with a number of much dialect diversification in Latin 

smaller regional projects, most of which America. The indigenous contribution is 

have yet to reach completion. There are few the most frequently studied although not 

monographic works describing national necessarily the best-understood facet of lanvariants 

of Spanish (Oroz 1966 and Lenz guage contact. Rivarola (1990) brings to- 

1940 for Chile, Vidal de Battini 1964 for Ar- gether important studies of the Spanishgentina, 

Navarro Tomas 1948 for Puerto Quechua interface, while Spanish-Guarani 

Rico, Henriquez Urena 1940 and Jimenez contacts in Paraguay have been studied by 

Sabater 1975 for the Dominican Republic Granda (1988a), Krivoshein de Canese and 

are noteworthy exceptions); found instead Corvalan (1987), and Usher de Herreros 

are monographs describing regional variet- (1976). The fronterizo dialect formed by 

ies, or those confined to a particular dimen- Spanish-Portuguese contacts in northern 

sion, usually the lexicon or aspects of pro- Uruguay has been analyzed by Elizaincin 

nunciation. Historical accounts of the devel- (1973, 1979, 1987), Hensey (1972), and 

opment of specific dialects are scarcer still: Rona (1969). The full impact of Nahuatl and 

Alvarez Nazario (1991) for Puerto Rico and Mesoamerican languages on regional vari- 

Fontanella de Weinberg (1987) for Buenos eties of Spanish has yet to receive mono- 

Aires are superb treatises which stand vir- graphic treatment, although a number of 

tually alone in historical dialectology. articles treat this topic. In the Caribbean, 

Overviews of Latin American Spanish Alvarez Nazario (1977) has studied the inpronunciation 

appear in the seminal works digenous contribution to Puerto Rican Spanof 

Canfield (1962, 1981); the former book ish. 

also contains the author's views on the re- Non Spanish-speaking immigrants to 

lationship between chronology of settle- Latin America, both voluntary and enslaved, 

ment and the retention of certain phonetic also brought their languages into contact 

features in American Spanish dialects. with Spanish. Varela (1980) has studied the 

Classification schemes of Latin American impact of the Chinese population on Cuban 

Spanish form the basis for Rona (1964), who Spanish. The Italian contribution to the Rio 

uses a combination of phonetic variables de la Plata dialects-including the literary


stereotype known as cocoliche-is the sub- (Quilis 1992), there have been a few deject 

of monographs by Meo Zilio (1989), 

Lavandera (1984), Resell (1970), and 

Donghi de Halperin (1925). The African 

scriptions of the non-creole Spanish dialect 

of the Philippines (Lipski 1987a, 1987b, 

1987c). 

contribution to Latin American Spanish is 

the subject of numerous articles, and of 

books by Alvarez Nazario (1961), 

Megenney (1990), Granda (1977, 1978, 

Sociolinguistics of Spanish-speaking 

Societies 

1985, 1988b, 1991, 1994), Del Castillo The development of sociolinguistics as 

Mathieu (1982), Lipski (1990b), Ortiz an identifiable discipline has occured only 

(1924), Ortiz Lopez (1998), Alvarez (1987), within the past three decades, and not sur- 

Romero (1987,1988),Valdes Bernal (1987) prisingly, relatively little modern research 

and the articles in Perl and Schwegler on Spanish-language sociolinguistics is 

(1997). Canary Islanders' linguistic contri- available. Silva-Corvalan (1989) provided 

butions to Puerto Rican Spanish are the the first Spanish-language overview of 

subject of work by Alvarez Nazario (1972). sociolinguistics, including data from Span- 

Studies of Latin American lexical varia- ish-speaking communities. Lastra de 

tion are many, but the masterful works of Suarez (1992) and Lavandera (1984) have 

Kany (1945,1960a, 1960b) stand out in their 

completeness, albeit based entirely on literary 

sources. Sala (1982) has initiated a comoffered 

excellent analyses of Latin American 

sociolinguistics, while an ever-increasing 

number of theses and monographs deprehensive 

lexical survey of Latin American tail the specifics of dialects in Spain and 

Spanish. 

Latin America, beginning with the pioneering 

work of Cedergren (1973). The major- 

Spanish in Africa and Asia 

ity of studies have focused on phonetic 

variation, using contemporary quantitative 

Spain once possessed colonies in north- models; grammatical variation is less often 

ern and sub-Saharan Africa, and the Span- the subject of research. The sociology of 

ish language has become implanted in sev- Spanish-speaking communities, particularly 

eral parts of Africa. The most stable variety in bilingual areas (Catalunya, Valencia, the 

is spoken in Equatorial Guinea, formerly Basque Country, the United States, the 

Spanish Guinea. Spanish is known and used Andean zone) has been a constant topic of 

by most of the population, although African scholarly inquiry. Important anthologies 

languages predominate in daily usage. Fol- dealing with sociolinguistics and language 

lowing the early remarks of Gonzalez contact include Bergen and Bills (1983), 

Echegaray (1959), the Spanish of Equato- Klee and Ramos-Garcia (1991), Roca and 

rial Guinea has been the subject of monographs 

by Lipski (1985b) and Quilis and 

Jensen (1996), and Silva-Corvalan (1995). 

Casado-Fresnillo (1995), as well as numer- Spanish in the United States 

ous articles by Granda (1985, 1988b, 1991, 

1994). Tarkki (1995) has described the The study of the Spanish language in the 

Spanish as used by residents of the former United States warrants a special section, 

Spanish Sahara (now a highly disputed ter- since the peculiarities of bilingualism, attiritory 

of Morocco), most of whom have fled tudes, and sociocultural milieu are inextrito 

refugee camps in Algeria. 

cably connected. The earliest studies of tra- 

Spanish still survives as a vestigial lan- ditional Spanish varieties in the United 

guage in the Philippines, together with sev- States (Espinosa 1909/1930, 1946 for New 

eral varietes of a Spanish-based creole, Mexico) were cast within the framework of 

known collectively as Chabacano. Although traditional dialectology, and considered inmost 

studies of "Philippine Spanish" con- cursions of English only tangentially. By the 

centrate principally on the creole varieties 1940s, Mexican-American Spanish was the


focus of many articles, a representative se- group, although Varela (1992) goes a long 

lection of which was anthologized by 

Hernandez-Chavez et al. (1975). The arway 

towards rectifying this bibliographical 

scarcity. The numerous Dominican, Colomticles 

tended to focus on non-standard, ar- bian, and CentralAmerican (Penialosa 1984) 

chaic, or slang elements of Southwestern populations in the United States have yet to 

Spanish, rather than treating this speech receive monographic studies on language 

community in neutral terms. Dictionaries usage, although a few articles have 

and glossaries of "Chicano" Spanish emerged. Finally, small isolated dialects 

uncritically combine uniquely regional have been studied intensely; the Isleno diawords 

with colloquial forms found through- lect of Louisiana, descended from Canary 

out the Spanish-speaking world (Galvan and Island settlers, is the subject of monographs 

Teschner 1975; Cobos 1983; Coltharp by MacCurdy (1950), Lipski (1990a), and 

1965). Important collections of articles on Armistead (1992), while the even more ves- 

Southwest Spanish include Bowen and 

Ornstein (1976), Green and Ornsteintigial 

Brule dialect of Louisiana has recently 

been described in detail by Holloway 

Galicia (1986), and Bixler-Marquez et al. 

(1989). 

(1997). The linguistic aspects of Sephardic 

Spanish in the United States have been ex- 

Chicano Spanish as a legitimate domain 

of sociolinguistic inquiry came of age with 

amined by Armistead et al. (1981) and Harris 

(1994), among others. Collections of arthe 

publication of Penalosa (1980) and ticles examining diverse varieties of United 

Sanchez (1983), as well as many theses and States Spanish include Amastae and Eliasdissertations. 

Lipski (1985a) studied the lin- Olivares (1982), Bergen (1990), Eliasguistics 

of code-switching in this variety of Olivares (1983), Elias-Olivares et al. (1985), 

Spanish. Although sectors of the general Fishman and Keller (1982), Roca and Lipski 

public continue to view Southwestern Spanish 

and other varieties of Mexican-Ameri- 

(1993), and Valdes et al. (1981) 

can Spanish throughout the United States Spanish Applied Linguistics 

as undesirable hybrids, linguists have maintained 

high standards of objective scholar- Early work in what was considered Spanship. 

ish applied linguistics took place within the 

Puerto Rican Spanish in the United contrastive analysis framework and focused 

States was first seriously approached by a on practical language pedagogy, producing 

team of fieldworkers in Jersey City classic works such as Bull (1965), Politzer 

(Fishman et al. 1971). Poplack (1979) pro- (1961), and Stockwell, Bowen, and Martin 

vided a variational analysis of the Puerto (1965). Contemporary trends in linguistic 

Rican community in Philadelphia while thought conceive of applied linguistics as 

Casiano Montanez (1975) described the the rigorous study of first and second lanpronunciation 

and Gutierrez Gonzalez guage acquisition. Contrastive analysis has 

(1993) the vocabulary of Puerto Rican Span- taken a back seat to the examination of cogish 

in New York City. Numerous articles nitive strategies and the interaction of unihave 

described the sociolinguistics of versal grammar with language-specific 

Puerto Rican bilingualism, including code- structural patterns. Within this framework, 

switching and the possible interaction with Liceras (1993) and Perez-Leroux and Glass 

English. Zentella (1997) describes the lin- (1997) bring together studies of second-languistic 

behavior of bilingual Puerto Rican guage acquisition of Spanish, while 

children in New York City, while Torres Hernandez Pina (1984) and Lopez Ornat et 

(1997) profiles the sociolinguistic structure al. (1994) study Spanish child language, 

of a New York Puerto Rican neighborhood. updating the early work of Gili Gaya (1960). 

Cuban Spanish in the United States has Scores of articles and dissertations docunot 

received scholarly attention in propor- ment first- and second-language acquisition 

tion to the demographic importance of this of Spanish from a variety of theoretical per-


spectives, with the majority of the work concentrating 

on morphology and syntax. Acquisition 

of vocabulary has remained relatively 

unexplored, while second-language 

acquisition of Spanish phonology has retained 

its contrastive analysis flavor. Studies 

of Spanish child language phonology 

Spanish Linguistics in the Next Cen- 

tury 

Several research paradigms within Spanish 

linguistics are sufficiently well-focused 

as to point to future developments, as well 

as fertile areas for exploration. First- and 

have dealt primarily with the order of acqui- second-language acquisition of Spanish will 

sition of segments and oppositions, and 

with the development of accentual systems. 

be further integrated into the evolving 

theory of universal grammar. Spanish will 

continue to be a major focus of research 

Linguistic Approaches to Spanish- within syntactic and phonological investiga- 

Language Pedagogy 

tions. Within Latin America, major dialect 

atlas projects are well underway in a num- 

During the course of the twentieth cen- ber of nations which lack such comprehentury, 

Spanish has evolved from an elitist university 

subject centered around literary 

sive surveys. Finally, advances in theoretical 

linguistics will continue to be informed 

classics to the most commonly taught lan- by data from Spanish syntax and phonolguage 

other than English in the United ogy, thus guaranteeing for Spanish a front- 

States, at all levels of education. As the em- row seat in the linguistic arena of the next 

phasis on acquiring usable competence in 

Spanish gradually replaced the exclusive 

century. 

focus on literary appreciation of bygone * WORKS CITED 

epochs, the contributions by linguists to 

Spanish-language pedagogical materials 

Alarcos Llorach, Emilio. 1950. Fonologia espanola. 

Madrid: Gredos. 

have become crucial. Some textbooks in- Alonso, Amado. 1955. De la pronunciacion medieval 

corporated vaguely articulated approaches, a la moderna en espanol. Madrid: Gredos. 

Alonso, Martin. 1962. Evolucion sintdctica del espanol. 

such as the Audio-Lingual Method (e. g. 

Madrid: Aguilar. 

Modern Language Association 1960), while Alvar, Manuel. 1975a. Teoria linguistica de las regioothers 

include detailed analyses and view- nes. Barcelona: Planeta. 

points derived from specific linguistic theo- -. 1975b. Atlas linguistico y etnogrdfico de las Islas 

ries. Bull, Lamadrid, and Briscoe (1978) Canarias. Las Palmas: Exemo. Cabildo Insular de 

Gran Canaria. 

placed the theories of Bull (1965) in a class- 

-. 1991. El espanol de las dos orillas. Madrid: Colecroom 

setting; Politzer and Urrutibeheity cion MAPFRE. 

(1972) contained lessons based on structur- Alvar, Manuel, ed. 1961. Atlas linguistico y etnogrdfico 

alist analyses of Spanish (Politzer 1961), deAndalucia. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Inveswhile 

Terrell (1986) exemplifies the Natural 

Approach (Krashen and Terrell 1983), 

and VanPatten and Lee (1996) treat modern 

communicative approaches to language 

tigaciones Cientificas. 

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