Eckhard Bick - VISL

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"ontogene" ADV ### 43 xxxicamente -> suffix '-ico' + adverbial ending '-mente' "ontogene" ADV "ontogene" ADV ### "ontogenea" ADV ### "ontogeneo" ADV ### xxxcamente xxxamente -> adverbial ending '-mente' (variation '-amente') "ontogenetico" ADV xxxmente xxxente -> "present participle"-suffix '-ente' "ontogeneticamer" ADJ M/F S "ontogeneticamer" N M/F S "ontogeneticamir" ADJ M/F S ### "ontogeneticamir" N M/F S ### -> causative suffix '-entar' 44 + verbal inflexion ending '-e' "ontogeneticam" V PR 1/3S SUBJ VFIN "ontogeneticam" V PR 1/3S SUBJ VFIN ### "ontogeneticama" V PR 1/3S SUBJ VFIN ### "ontogeneticamo" V PR 1/3S SUBJ VFIN ### "ontogeneticamo" V PR 1/3S SUBJ VFIN ### xxxnte xxxte xxxe -> verbal inflexion ending '-e' "ontogeneticamenter" V IMP 2S VFIN "ontogeneticamentir" V IMP 2S VFIN ### "ontogeneticamenter" V PR 3S IND VFIN "ontogeneticamentir" V PR 3S IND VFIN ### "ontogeneticamentar" V PR 1/3S SUBJ VFIN xxx -> no derivation or inflexion "ontogeneticamente" N F S "ontogeneticamente" N M S Roots with 'xxx' are present in the core lexicon alongside the "real" roots, including the necessary stem alternations for verbs: (2) xxx-roots: lexicon entries xxx#=########54572 feminine noun, typically foreign xxx#=########54573 masculine noun, typically foreign xxx-#xxxar##BbCc######54576 stem-stressed forms of '-ar'-verbs xxx-#xxxer##BbCc######54574 stem-stressed forms of '-er'-verbs xxx-#xxxir##BbCc######54575 stem-stressed forms of '-ir'-verbs xxxa#=########54577 feminine noun, typically Portuguese xxxar#=########59547 Portuguese '-ar'-adjective* 43 The only difference between this line and the preceding is the distinction between N and ADJ for the hypothetical roots 'ontogene', a difference not showing on the tag line, but immanent in the way the parser tests all root possibilities. In the development version of the parser, tags for root identity number do show the difference. As mentioned above, the '###'-mark means that the line is tag-wise superfluous and scheduled for deletion by local disambiguation. 44 This suffix is regarded as a variant of '-ar', and therefore normalized in the DER-tag: . - 60 -
xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-stressed forms of '-ar'-verbs xxxer#=########54666 masculine noun, typically English* xxxer-#1##AaiD######54579 endings-stressed forms of '-er'-verbs xxxia#=########54665 feminine noun, Latin-Portuguese* xxxir-#1##AaiD######54580 endings-stressed forms of '-ir'-verbs xxxo#=########54581 ordinary Portuguese adjective xxxo#=########54582 masculine noun, typically Portuguese Besides the typical stems ending in '-o', '-a' and '-r', default stems consisting of a plain 'xxx' have been entered to accommodate for foreign nouns with "un- Portuguese" spelling. Like many other languages, Portuguese will force its own gender system even unto foreign loan words, so a masculine and a feminine case must be distinguished, for later use in the parser's disambiguation module. Since the tagger's heuristics for unknown words prefers readings with endings (or suffixes) to those without, and longer ones to shorter ones, verbal readings (especially those with inflexion morphemes in 'r', 'a' or 'o') have a "natural" advantage over what really should be nouns or adjectives, especially when these appear in their uninflected singular base form. Lexicon-wise, this tendency is countered by adding three of the most commonly ignored nominal cases specifically into the lexicon: (a) English '-er' nouns otherwise only taken as Portuguese infinitives, (b) Latin-Portuguese '-ia' nouns otherwise only read as verbal forms in the imperfeito tense, and (c) '-ar' adjectives otherwise analysed only as infinitives. Rule-wise, verbal readings alone are not allowed to stop the heuristicsmachine, - it will proceed until it finds a reading with another word class on its way down the chain of hypothetical word forms with ever shorter suffix/endings-parts. In other words, the heuristics-machine will record verbal readings, but only stop if a noun, adjective or adverb reading is found in that level's cohort (list of readings). In this context, participles and gerunds - though verbal - are treated as "adjectives" and "adverbs", respectively, because they feature very characteristic endings ('-ado', 'ido', '-ando', '-endo', '-indo'). This raises the possibility of the heuristics-machine progressing from multiderived analyses (with one or more suffixes) to simple analyses (without suffixes) before it encounters a non-verbal reading. In this case, the application of Karlsson's law does still make sense, and when the heuristics-machine hands its results over to the local disambiguation module, this will select the readings of lowest derivational complexity, weeding out all (read: verbal!) readings containing more (read: verbal!) suffixes than the group selected. In the misspelled French word 'entaente', for example, the verbal reading (3a) "enta" V PR 1/3S SUBJ VFIN, from the 'xxxaente'-level, is removed, leaving only underived verbal readings - form the 'xxxe'-level - along with the desired noun singular reading from the 'xxx'-level. - 61 -
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
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Abstract The dissertation describes
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3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
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Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
Page 9 and 10: first, - but soon, it would move th
Page 11 and 12: disambiguated), same level tags (to
Page 13 and 14: chain, but rather the linguistic co
Page 15 and 16: 2 The lexicomorphological level: St
Page 17 and 18: The core of PALMORF is written in C
Page 19 and 20: (d) as part of words. For instance,
Page 21 and 22: (1) binary search technique: a . .
Page 23 and 24: acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
Page 25 and 26: Words with graphical accents often
Page 27 and 28: 2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
Page 29 and 30: 2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
Page 31 and 32: Suffix combination rules is also us
Page 33 and 34: an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
Page 35 and 36: "inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
Page 37 and 38: variable word forms receive '_'- li
Page 39 and 40: The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
Page 41 and 42: appear truncated or not, depending
Page 43 and 44: comparison to the substring consist
Page 45 and 46: My present linguistic solution 28 i
Page 47 and 48: In some non-personal proper nouns,
Page 49 and 50: (i.e., not too complex) derivationa
Page 51 and 52: 2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
Page 53 and 54: Another case, where meaning bearing
Page 55 and 56: 2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
Page 57 and 58: circumflex-) accented words without
Page 59: the tagger tries to identify a word
Page 63 and 64: "sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
Page 65 and 66: (6) Word class distribution and par
Page 67 and 68: VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
Page 69 and 70: the present participle by derivatio
Page 71 and 72: Inflexion tags combine with word cl
Page 73 and 74: 2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
Page 75 and 76: SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
Page 77 and 78: WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
Page 79 and 80: WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
Page 81 and 82: mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
Page 83 and 84: prefixal derivation in verbs comple
Page 85 and 86: graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
Page 87 and 88: PP prepositional group de=aluguel
Page 89 and 90: 2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
Page 91 and 92: Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
Page 93 and 94: algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
Page 95 and 96: quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
Page 97 and 98: (1) Language distribution and error
Page 99 and 100: 3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
Page 101 and 102: (4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
Page 103 and 104: oth for the simple ambiguities intr
Page 105 and 106: case of a 3.person possessor, the u
Page 107 and 108: The fact that these semantic distin
Page 109: In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
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meaning- scope someone loves everyb
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• 5. Tags can be integrated as me
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19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
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Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
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words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
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quite distinct, and few irregular e
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3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
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(5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with
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Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
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ambiguous words), moving them to "l
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(3) modernização "modernizar" N
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3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
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In a brute force approach, for an a
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While undeniably involving more con
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Generative Grammar, introduced and
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node without branches matching the
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example is a grammar of one termina
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wide coverage tagging and parsing t
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ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
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syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
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“base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
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Base forms ("...") are tags like al
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play after base form rules targetin
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The above sequences are examples of
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3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
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(1) number of CG rules containing a
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Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
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constructions. Something similar is
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are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
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For global context syntactic rules
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In table (4), three types of contex
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ules appear to be slightly more com
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(5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
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in the sequential “understanding
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all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
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3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
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@ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
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@#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
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During the project period I have do
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syntactic errors around it, by prov
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1. Orthography and layout normalisa
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Of course, the use of dishesion mar
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S2 para aquele ... está perfeitame
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Parser performance on speech data (
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4 The syntactic level: A dependency
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subjects, but the second subject ca
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(7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
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4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
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(1) Table: Constituent structure ty
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Any further, more detailed, syntact
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discussion are inspired by Perini (
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Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
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type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
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they all share one, and only one, c
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AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
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from personal pronouns, are not mut
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noun. Only very few adjectives (the
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4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
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However, adnominals can point to a
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(g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
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4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
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* aspect estar/andar/continuar/segu
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Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
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second verb's object 152 ), with so
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different subjects of matrix and su
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case function ± fronting ÷ fronti
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Quando ”quando” ADV @#FS-ADVL
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abalançar a kaste sig ud i at acab
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fazer xt, xd xdr få til at, lade s
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4.4 Clause types and clause functio
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@#ICL- non-finite subclause (combin
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While it is one of the clausality t
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(6) ..., tudo @S< pago @NN mão @
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(1g) Não [queria [comer outro bolo
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Apart from the presence of predicat
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demais [demais] DET M/F S/P @>N ‘
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element is a comparator and the sec
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without a predicator's valency info
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quantifying) cases, indicating adve
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4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
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O assunto eram as ditaduras 2. F E
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The examples show that the normal "
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focusing function to the syntactic
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the quantifying adverbs mais and me
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qual DET @SC> @#FS-KOMP< antes era
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o [o] DET M S @AS< ‘that’ de [d
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[P=predicator, O=object, A=adverbia
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mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
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(2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND V
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interno [interno] ADJ M S @N< '-'
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a preposition, por, then allowing f
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4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo'
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connection with personal pronouns -
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4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
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explanation for this may be that a
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a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
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carro [carro] N M S @SUBJ> ‘car
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pass the second test ('*De seu novo
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Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
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@PIV, @ADV and @SC are - unlike @AD
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heads a "material" PP. The followin
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4.5.4.3 Intensifier adverbs Intensi
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4.5.4.4 Complementiser adverbs: Int
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complementiser in nominal FS or ICL
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hooked AS-relatives (3) they even a
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4.5.4.5 Adverb disambiguation and o
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position: adverb class: A) set oper
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(5b) fits fairly well into the (A)
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antes/depois+de Depois [depois] AD
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While (2c-e) can be described as pr
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In (4d) ter ('have') does have mono
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When the potential subject is post-
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(1) Table: functions of pronominal
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ditador [ditador] N M S @N ‘-’
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In other contexts, para is not usua
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life that the work of different gra
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SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
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4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
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dono de restaurante que pilota a pr
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|-@N
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4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
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5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
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Returning to a research view concer
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5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
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Note that valency is treated as a f
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REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
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word order can't be counted on to m
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than by asking ‘is it an A?’ or
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hemisphere membership 218 , - ‘SW
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disambiguate the senses ‘suit’
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In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
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‘+ uninferable positive feature +
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6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
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capable - by “negative instantiat
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LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
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um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
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An example of argument-head polysem
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The program module implementing the
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REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
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@AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
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Note that the MT engine will choose
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Even where none of the semantic rul
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A casa revista PCP @N< revista PC
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O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
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and a morphological CG module may c
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• V-trees - vertical tree structu
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descriptional complexity: 'full tag
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Here, each line of the CG-notation
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7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
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system's disposal. After acquiring
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the reach of "subject"-ness or "obj
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provided and what choices can be ma
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terminological confusion ? term not
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The tree structure of the sample se
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(5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
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two function tags, since the studen
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7.3 Corpus research In the case of
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- 426 -
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- 428 -
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The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
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7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
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processors used by translators or l
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The following diagram shows how dif
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8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
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- 440 -
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Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
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(4) Table: syntactic tree structure
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lexicon which ensure removal of fal
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8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
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Methodologically, it is commonly cl
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$ the dollar sign is used to mark n
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@#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
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"unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
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SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
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ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 13
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stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
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(-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
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ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
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cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
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oot search lexicon search takes a w
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translation, prepares bilingual lex
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in a typical van/von-name chain con
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Appendix: Example sentences The fol
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é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
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será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
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julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
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Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
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parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
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inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
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Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
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Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
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Alphabetical index Page numbers in
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averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
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attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
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for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
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subject identity test;236 subjects
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ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
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Eckhard Bick - VISL

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