Eckhard Bick - VISL

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word-final 'r', especially in infinitives, approaches the zero-morpheme: *amá - amar (to love), *agradecê - agradecer (to thank), *mulhé - mulher (woman). The quantitatively most demanding problem, however, is faulty accentuation, due to typist errors when compiling the corpus (the Borba-Ramsey corpus on the European Corpus Initiative CD-ROM was not scanned or collected from pre-existing electronic text, but typed), or to 8th-bit-ASCII losses in traffic accidents on the information highway (where only English gets a safe ride). Removing or adding accentuation may, however, lead to mistakes, where both the accentuated and the unaccentuated word form represent perfectly normal lexical items, as in maca (hammock), maça (club) and maçã (apple). Also, there might be ambiguity as to which accent to add. Therefore, most of the accentuation heuristics module is only used on otherwise unanalysable words. Safe bets are the adding of the til in word final 'ao' and 'oes' (which are nearly unthinkable without the accent), yielding 'ão' and 'ões', whereas the change of 'c' into 'ç' before dark vowels is much more likely in the suffix '-ção' (plural '-ções') than, say, in word-initial position. Of the non-nasal accents in Portuguese, the grave accent only appears when the preposition a is fused with pronouns whose first letter is 'a': à (=a a), às (=a as), àquela (=a aquela). Since, on the tagging level, the parser has not yet enough contextual knowledge to disambiguate the isolated pronoun from the misspelled fused form a + pronoun, no accent-adding is attempted here. The acute and circumflex accent spelling errors are handled by the tagger module in the following way: If there is no prior analysis, and if: (a1) the word contains no accent, and only 1 vowel -> add an acute accent to the vowel -> if the word is still unanalysable, add a circumflex instead (a2) the word contains no accent, and more than 1 vowel -> look the word's potential stems up as unaccented root-forms ("R-forms") in the lexicon. Since the acute- and circumflex- accents in Portuguese - besides denoting vowel opening in 'e' and 'o' - are used as stress markers, and since stress can change in derivation, - accented potentially suffix-taking word stems (i.e. typically nouns and adjectives 38 ) have "R-forms" (derivation root forms) entered in the lexicon, where the accent has been removed. Ordinarily, these are intended only to be used in combination with a stress-taking suffix, like '-ável' or '-inho'. In the spelling correction module, however, this condition is suspended, and "R-forms" may be used to recognise missing accent errors in suffix-less words. There are (acute- and 38 Verbs, too, combine with a number of suffixes, but all verbs' base forms (infinitives) have oxitonous stress, and since accents in Portuguese are stress markers, no extra lexicon entry is necessary here. - 56 -
circumflex-) accented words without R-forms, but these are typically one-syllable words with word-final vowel, where Portuguese orthographic convention adds accents with a phonetic distinctive value. These words are covered by procedure (a1). -> if the word is still unanalysable, try the acute accent on one vowel after the other. This procedure covers the few cases of multi-syllable function words (i.e., without R-forms) or missing accent errors in verb forms - other than monosyllabic (a1) - that are not covered by Luso-Brazilian variation rules. (b1) the word does contain an accented vowel -> remove the accent, unless it is located word-final Word-final accents may be changed but not removed, because (a) this accent position is rarely chosen by error, and (b) word-final unaccented vowels, mimicking inflexion endings, bear a great risk of overgeneration, i.e. false positive analyses. -> if the word is still unanalisable, exchange acute and circumflex instead In the final analysis, in order to retain corpus fidelity 39 , all changes - variation or spelling correction - are marked with the ALT-tag (='altered'), after the word form in question. The only exception are variations listed separately in the main or inflexion endings lexicon. These will sometimes be marked as rare (), Brazilian (B) or European (L), but no canonical form will be given. Below a short list of examples indicating the use of the ALT-tag: (2) moiro ALT mouro "mouro" ADJ M S "mouro" N M S (a1) ve ALT vê "vê" N M S "ver" V IMP 2S VFIN "ver" V PR 3S IND VFIN (a2) inaudivel ALT inaudível "inaudível" ADJ M/F S (b1) francêsa ALT francesa "francês" N F S "francês" ADJ F S 39 Ideally, any analysed corpus excerpt should allow the reconstruction of the original text. Therefore, all word form changes, typically introduced by the preprocessor, like splitting of fused preposition-determiner units (da, nele , marked by -tags), fusion into polylexicals (em=vez=de) or orthographical canonisation (the "ALT-case") must be marked on the altered form. - 57 -
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract The dissertation describes
Page 5 and 6: 3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
Page 7 and 8: Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
Page 9 and 10: first, - but soon, it would move th
Page 11 and 12: disambiguated), same level tags (to
Page 13 and 14: chain, but rather the linguistic co
Page 15 and 16: 2 The lexicomorphological level: St
Page 17 and 18: The core of PALMORF is written in C
Page 19 and 20: (d) as part of words. For instance,
Page 21 and 22: (1) binary search technique: a . .
Page 23 and 24: acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
Page 25 and 26: Words with graphical accents often
Page 27 and 28: 2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
Page 29 and 30: 2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
Page 31 and 32: Suffix combination rules is also us
Page 33 and 34: an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
Page 35 and 36: "inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
Page 37 and 38: variable word forms receive '_'- li
Page 39 and 40: The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
Page 41 and 42: appear truncated or not, depending
Page 43 and 44: comparison to the substring consist
Page 45 and 46: My present linguistic solution 28 i
Page 47 and 48: In some non-personal proper nouns,
Page 49 and 50: (i.e., not too complex) derivationa
Page 51 and 52: 2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
Page 53 and 54: Another case, where meaning bearing
Page 55: 2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
Page 59 and 60: the tagger tries to identify a word
Page 61 and 62: xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
Page 63 and 64: "sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
Page 65 and 66: (6) Word class distribution and par
Page 67 and 68: VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
Page 69 and 70: the present participle by derivatio
Page 71 and 72: Inflexion tags combine with word cl
Page 73 and 74: 2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
Page 75 and 76: SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
Page 77 and 78: WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
Page 79 and 80: WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
Page 81 and 82: mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
Page 83 and 84: prefixal derivation in verbs comple
Page 85 and 86: graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
Page 87 and 88: PP prepositional group de=aluguel
Page 89 and 90: 2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
Page 91 and 92: Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
Page 93 and 94: algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
Page 95 and 96: quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
Page 97 and 98: (1) Language distribution and error
Page 99 and 100: 3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
Page 101 and 102: (4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
Page 103 and 104: oth for the simple ambiguities intr
Page 105 and 106: case of a 3.person possessor, the u
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The fact that these semantic distin
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In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
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meaning- scope someone loves everyb
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• 5. Tags can be integrated as me
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19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
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Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
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words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
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quite distinct, and few irregular e
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3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
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(5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with
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Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
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ambiguous words), moving them to "l
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(3) modernização "modernizar" N
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3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
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In a brute force approach, for an a
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While undeniably involving more con
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Generative Grammar, introduced and
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node without branches matching the
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example is a grammar of one termina
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wide coverage tagging and parsing t
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ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
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syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
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“base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
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Base forms ("...") are tags like al
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play after base form rules targetin
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The above sequences are examples of
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3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
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(1) number of CG rules containing a
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Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
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constructions. Something similar is
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are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
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For global context syntactic rules
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In table (4), three types of contex
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ules appear to be slightly more com
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(5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
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in the sequential “understanding
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all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
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3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
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@ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
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@#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
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During the project period I have do
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syntactic errors around it, by prov
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1. Orthography and layout normalisa
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Of course, the use of dishesion mar
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S2 para aquele ... está perfeitame
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Parser performance on speech data (
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4 The syntactic level: A dependency
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subjects, but the second subject ca
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(7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
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4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
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(1) Table: Constituent structure ty
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Any further, more detailed, syntact
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discussion are inspired by Perini (
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Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
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type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
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they all share one, and only one, c
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AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
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from personal pronouns, are not mut
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noun. Only very few adjectives (the
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4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
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However, adnominals can point to a
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(g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
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4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
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* aspect estar/andar/continuar/segu
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Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
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second verb's object 152 ), with so
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different subjects of matrix and su
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case function ± fronting ÷ fronti
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Quando ”quando” ADV @#FS-ADVL
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abalançar a kaste sig ud i at acab
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fazer xt, xd xdr få til at, lade s
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4.4 Clause types and clause functio
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@#ICL- non-finite subclause (combin
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While it is one of the clausality t
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(6) ..., tudo @S< pago @NN mão @
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(1g) Não [queria [comer outro bolo
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Apart from the presence of predicat
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demais [demais] DET M/F S/P @>N ‘
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element is a comparator and the sec
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without a predicator's valency info
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quantifying) cases, indicating adve
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4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
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O assunto eram as ditaduras 2. F E
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The examples show that the normal "
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focusing function to the syntactic
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the quantifying adverbs mais and me
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qual DET @SC> @#FS-KOMP< antes era
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o [o] DET M S @AS< ‘that’ de [d
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[P=predicator, O=object, A=adverbia
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mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
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(2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND V
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interno [interno] ADJ M S @N< '-'
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a preposition, por, then allowing f
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4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo'
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connection with personal pronouns -
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4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
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explanation for this may be that a
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a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
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carro [carro] N M S @SUBJ> ‘car
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pass the second test ('*De seu novo
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Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
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@PIV, @ADV and @SC are - unlike @AD
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heads a "material" PP. The followin
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4.5.4.3 Intensifier adverbs Intensi
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4.5.4.4 Complementiser adverbs: Int
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complementiser in nominal FS or ICL
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hooked AS-relatives (3) they even a
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4.5.4.5 Adverb disambiguation and o
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position: adverb class: A) set oper
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(5b) fits fairly well into the (A)
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antes/depois+de Depois [depois] AD
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While (2c-e) can be described as pr
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In (4d) ter ('have') does have mono
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When the potential subject is post-
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(1) Table: functions of pronominal
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ditador [ditador] N M S @N ‘-’
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In other contexts, para is not usua
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life that the work of different gra
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SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
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4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
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dono de restaurante que pilota a pr
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|-@N
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4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
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5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
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Returning to a research view concer
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5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
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Note that valency is treated as a f
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REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
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word order can't be counted on to m
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than by asking ‘is it an A?’ or
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hemisphere membership 218 , - ‘SW
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disambiguate the senses ‘suit’
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In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
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‘+ uninferable positive feature +
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6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
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capable - by “negative instantiat
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LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
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um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
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An example of argument-head polysem
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The program module implementing the
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REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
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@AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
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Note that the MT engine will choose
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Even where none of the semantic rul
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A casa revista PCP @N< revista PC
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O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
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and a morphological CG module may c
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• V-trees - vertical tree structu
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descriptional complexity: 'full tag
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Here, each line of the CG-notation
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7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
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system's disposal. After acquiring
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the reach of "subject"-ness or "obj
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provided and what choices can be ma
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terminological confusion ? term not
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The tree structure of the sample se
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(5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
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two function tags, since the studen
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7.3 Corpus research In the case of
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- 426 -
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- 428 -
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The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
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7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
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processors used by translators or l
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The following diagram shows how dif
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8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
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- 440 -
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Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
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(4) Table: syntactic tree structure
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lexicon which ensure removal of fal
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8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
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Methodologically, it is commonly cl
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$ the dollar sign is used to mark n
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@#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
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"unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
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SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
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ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 13
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stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
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(-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
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ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
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cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
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oot search lexicon search takes a w
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translation, prepares bilingual lex
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in a typical van/von-name chain con
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Appendix: Example sentences The fol
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é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
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será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
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julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
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Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
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parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
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inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
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Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
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Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
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Alphabetical index Page numbers in
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averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
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attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
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for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
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subject identity test;236 subjects
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ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
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