Eckhard Bick - VISL

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Appendix: Example sentences The following sample sentences are typical of Brazilian journalistic texts. All are quotes from 1996 editions of the Folha de São Paulo newspaper and theVEJA news magazine. The analyses given cover morphology and syntax, while secondary tags for valency potential and semantics have been filtered away (with the exception of the last sample). The purpose of the examples is to provide a coherent and more contextualised picture of the parser’s morphosyntactic notation and its differentiation potential, not to demonstrate its statistical performance (which is discussed elsewhere). However, some problems, uncertainties and errors are discussed in accompanying footnotes. Estudo [estudo] N M S @SUBJ> revela [revelar] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV ação [ação] N F S @N álcool [álcool] N M S @P< sobre [sobre] PRP @N< 266 memória [memória] N F S @P< Pesquisas [pesquisa] N F P @SUBJ> norte-americanas [americano] ADJ F P @N< mostram [mostrar] V PR 3P IND VFIN @FMV que [que] KS @SUB @#FS-N doses [dose] N F P @SUBJ> de [de] PRP @N< uísque [uísque] N M S @P< são [ser] V PR 3P IND VFIN @FMV suficientes [suficiente] ADJ M/F P @N atividade [atividade] N F S @N hipocampo [hipocampo] N M S @P< $. Essa [esse] DET F S @>N estrutura [estrutura] N F S @SUBJ> de [de] PRP @N< o [o] DET M S @>N cérebro [cérebro] N M S @P< 266 The postnominal tag @N< is, in fact, ambiguous in this case. It refers to an np-head to the left, but though the parser probably selected the tag in order to match the valency potential of ‘ação’, the flat notation does not distinguish between attachment to ação or álcool, respectively. - 476 -
é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV a [a] DET F S @>N responsável [responsável] ADJ M/F S @N memórias [memória] N F P @P< complexas [complexo] ADJ F P @N< e [e] KC @CO por [por] PRP @N< a [a] DET F S @>N orientação [orientação] N F S @P< espacial [espacial] ADJ M/F S @N< e [e] KC @CO temporal [temporal] ADJ M S @N< $. O [o] DET M S @>N presidente [presidente] N M/F S @SUBJ> Fernando=Henrique=Cardoso [Fernando=Henrique=Cardoso] PROP M/F S/P @N< chega [chegar] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV a [a] PRP @N metade [metade] N F S @P< de [de] PRP @N< seu [seu] DET M S @>N mandato [mandato] N M S @P< em [em] PRP @N lua-de-mel [lua-de-mel] N F S @P< com [com] PRP @N opinião=pública [opinião=pública] N F S @P< $. *** Os [o] DET M P @>N desafios [desafio] N M P @SUBJ> por [por] PRP @N< a [a] DET F S @>N frente [frente] N F S @P< são [ser] V PR 3P IND VFIN @FMV enormes [enorme] ADJ M/F P @N que [que] SPEC M/F S/P @ACC>> 268 @#FS-S< 267 An alternativ tag for the valency bound pp would be @
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
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Abstract The dissertation describes
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3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
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Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
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first, - but soon, it would move th
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disambiguated), same level tags (to
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chain, but rather the linguistic co
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2 The lexicomorphological level: St
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The core of PALMORF is written in C
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(d) as part of words. For instance,
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(1) binary search technique: a . .
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acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
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Words with graphical accents often
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2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
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2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
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Suffix combination rules is also us
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an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
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"inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
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variable word forms receive '_'- li
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The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
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appear truncated or not, depending
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comparison to the substring consist
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My present linguistic solution 28 i
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In some non-personal proper nouns,
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(i.e., not too complex) derivationa
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2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
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Another case, where meaning bearing
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2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
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circumflex-) accented words without
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the tagger tries to identify a word
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xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
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"sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
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(6) Word class distribution and par
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VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
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the present participle by derivatio
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Inflexion tags combine with word cl
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2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
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SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
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mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
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prefixal derivation in verbs comple
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graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
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PP prepositional group de=aluguel
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2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
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Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
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algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
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quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
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(1) Language distribution and error
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3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
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(4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
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oth for the simple ambiguities intr
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case of a 3.person possessor, the u
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The fact that these semantic distin
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In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
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meaning- scope someone loves everyb
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• 5. Tags can be integrated as me
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19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
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Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
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words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
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quite distinct, and few irregular e
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3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
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(5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with
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Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
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ambiguous words), moving them to "l
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(3) modernização "modernizar" N
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3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
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In a brute force approach, for an a
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While undeniably involving more con
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Generative Grammar, introduced and
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node without branches matching the
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example is a grammar of one termina
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wide coverage tagging and parsing t
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ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
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syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
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“base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
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Base forms ("...") are tags like al
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play after base form rules targetin
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The above sequences are examples of
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3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
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(1) number of CG rules containing a
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Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
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constructions. Something similar is
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are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
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For global context syntactic rules
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In table (4), three types of contex
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ules appear to be slightly more com
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(5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
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in the sequential “understanding
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all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
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3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
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@ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
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@#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
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During the project period I have do
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syntactic errors around it, by prov
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1. Orthography and layout normalisa
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Of course, the use of dishesion mar
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S2 para aquele ... está perfeitame
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Parser performance on speech data (
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4 The syntactic level: A dependency
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subjects, but the second subject ca
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(7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
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4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
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(1) Table: Constituent structure ty
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Any further, more detailed, syntact
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discussion are inspired by Perini (
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Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
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type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
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they all share one, and only one, c
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AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
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from personal pronouns, are not mut
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noun. Only very few adjectives (the
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4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
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However, adnominals can point to a
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(g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
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4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
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* aspect estar/andar/continuar/segu
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Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
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second verb's object 152 ), with so
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different subjects of matrix and su
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case function ± fronting ÷ fronti
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Quando ”quando” ADV @#FS-ADVL
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abalançar a kaste sig ud i at acab
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fazer xt, xd xdr få til at, lade s
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4.4 Clause types and clause functio
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@#ICL- non-finite subclause (combin
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While it is one of the clausality t
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(6) ..., tudo @S< pago @NN mão @
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(1g) Não [queria [comer outro bolo
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Apart from the presence of predicat
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demais [demais] DET M/F S/P @>N ‘
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element is a comparator and the sec
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without a predicator's valency info
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quantifying) cases, indicating adve
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4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
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O assunto eram as ditaduras 2. F E
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The examples show that the normal "
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focusing function to the syntactic
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the quantifying adverbs mais and me
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qual DET @SC> @#FS-KOMP< antes era
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o [o] DET M S @AS< ‘that’ de [d
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[P=predicator, O=object, A=adverbia
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mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
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(2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND V
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interno [interno] ADJ M S @N< '-'
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a preposition, por, then allowing f
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4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo'
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connection with personal pronouns -
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4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
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explanation for this may be that a
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a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
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carro [carro] N M S @SUBJ> ‘car
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pass the second test ('*De seu novo
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Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
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@PIV, @ADV and @SC are - unlike @AD
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heads a "material" PP. The followin
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4.5.4.3 Intensifier adverbs Intensi
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4.5.4.4 Complementiser adverbs: Int
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complementiser in nominal FS or ICL
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hooked AS-relatives (3) they even a
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4.5.4.5 Adverb disambiguation and o
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position: adverb class: A) set oper
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(5b) fits fairly well into the (A)
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antes/depois+de Depois [depois] AD
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While (2c-e) can be described as pr
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In (4d) ter ('have') does have mono
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When the potential subject is post-
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(1) Table: functions of pronominal
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ditador [ditador] N M S @N ‘-’
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In other contexts, para is not usua
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life that the work of different gra
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SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
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4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
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dono de restaurante que pilota a pr
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|-@N
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4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
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5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
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Returning to a research view concer
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5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
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Note that valency is treated as a f
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REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
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word order can't be counted on to m
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than by asking ‘is it an A?’ or
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hemisphere membership 218 , - ‘SW
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disambiguate the senses ‘suit’
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In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
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‘+ uninferable positive feature +
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6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
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capable - by “negative instantiat
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LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
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um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
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An example of argument-head polysem
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The program module implementing the
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REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
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@AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
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Note that the MT engine will choose
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Even where none of the semantic rul
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A casa revista PCP @N< revista PC
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O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
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and a morphological CG module may c
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• V-trees - vertical tree structu
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descriptional complexity: 'full tag
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Here, each line of the CG-notation
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7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
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system's disposal. After acquiring
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the reach of "subject"-ness or "obj
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provided and what choices can be ma
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terminological confusion ? term not
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The tree structure of the sample se
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(5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
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two function tags, since the studen
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7.3 Corpus research In the case of
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Page 430 and 431: The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
Page 432 and 433: 7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
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Page 436 and 437: The following diagram shows how dif
Page 438 and 439: 8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
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Page 442 and 443: Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
Page 444 and 445: (4) Table: syntactic tree structure
Page 446 and 447: lexicon which ensure removal of fal
Page 448 and 449: 8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
Page 450 and 451: Methodologically, it is commonly cl
Page 452 and 453: $ the dollar sign is used to mark n
Page 454 and 455: @#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
Page 456 and 457: "unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
Page 458 and 459: SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
Page 460 and 461: ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 13
Page 462 and 463: stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
Page 464 and 465: (-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
Page 466 and 467: ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
Page 468 and 469: cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
Page 470 and 471: oot search lexicon search takes a w
Page 472 and 473: translation, prepares bilingual lex
Page 474 and 475: in a typical van/von-name chain con
Page 478 and 479: é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
Page 480 and 481: será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
Page 482 and 483: julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
Page 484 and 485: Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
Page 486 and 487: parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
Page 488 and 489: inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
Page 490 and 491: Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
Page 492 and 493: Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
Page 494 and 495: Alphabetical index Page numbers in
Page 496 and 497: averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
Page 498 and 499: attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
Page 500 and 501: for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
Page 502 and 503: subject identity test;236 subjects
Page 505: ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
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Eckhard Bick - VISL

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