Eckhard Bick - VISL

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translation, prepares bilingual lexicon (Portuguese - Danish) in RAM (optional, not related to the parsing project). This module has now been replaced for the running text option by a full-fledged MT system featuring polysemy resolution, root translation and a bilingual syntax transformation module. The MT program can be run on top of the parser as a chained UNIXprogram. Lexicon queries for individual words can be performed through a special htmlform. * orthographic intervention is used only where no analysis has been found, and the altered word forms are marked 'ALT' , so they can be identified later, for example for output statistics, and for the sake of general corpus fidelity. - 472 -
Appendix: CG-rules for proper nouns Addendum to chapter 2.2.4.4: Context sensitive Constraint Grammar rules for the disambiguation of proper noun candidates (for an explanation of the rule formalism, cf. chapters 3.5.3 and 3.6) A) Non-heuristic CG rules: Choose the proper noun reading, if the alternative is a singular noun and there is no preceding matching prenominal: SELECT (PROP) (0 NS) (NOT -1 PRE-NS) (*1C VFIN) (NOT 0 N-UDEN-DET); SELECT (PROP) (0 NS) (NOT -1 PRE-NS OR >>>) (NOT 0 OR N-UDEN-DET) ; if the word to the left is a pre-name word: SELECT (PROP) (-1 ) (NOT 0 ATTR OR HEAD-ORD&) ; # not: Advogado Importado if the word before also is a name: SELECT (PROP) (-1C PROP) (NOT 0 VFIN OR HEAD-ORD&) ; # not: Collor $Enloqueceu o Brasil SELECT (PROP) (-1C PROP) (*1C VFIN BARRIER CLB) (NOT 0 HEAD-ORD&) ; SELECT (PROP) (-1C PROP) (NOT 0 V3 OR ADV OR PCP OR HEAD-ORD&) ; if the following word is a name: SELECT (PROP) (1C PROP) (NOT 0 HEAD-ORD&); SELECT (PROP) (1 PROP) (*2C N/A/V LINK NOT 0 ) (NOT 0 HEAD-ORD&) ; SELECT () (1C PROP) ; SELECT () (1C PROP) ; if the word is sentence-initial: SELECT (PROP) (-1 >>>) (NOT 0 NP OR AP OR V) (*1 VFIN) ; SELECT (PROP) (-1 >>>) (1 V3S) (NOT 0 NS OR AS) ; SELECT (PROP) (-1 >>>) (1C V3S) ; SELECT (PROP) (-1 >>>) (1 KC/VFIN/ADV) (NOT 0 SPEC OR N-UDEN-DET OR NOM OR NP) ; # Itamar só espera nomear if the word is part of a typical "noble name chain": SELECT (PROP) (-1C ) (-2 PRP-DE) (-3 PROP) ; # Tadeu do Amaral SELECT (PROP) (-1 ) (-2 PRP-DE) (-3C PROP) ; if the word is co-ordinated with another proper noun: SELECT (PROP) (-1 E-KC) (-2C PROP) (NOT 0 HEAD-ORD&); # Evandro Lins e $Silva if the nearest safe content word (noun, adjective or verb) is not capitalised, and the target word is not sentence initial or post-attributive (like 'o século XXI’) SELECT (PROP) (*1C N/A/V LINK NOT 0 ) (NOT -1 >>>) (NOT 0 ) ; SELECT (PROP) (*-1C N/A/V LINK NOT 0 ) (NOT 0 ) ; if the word is preceded by another capitalised word and has another (derived) reading, as long as there are no head line words anywhere in the sentence: SELECT (PROP) (0 DER) (-1 ) (**-1 ALL BARRIER HEAD-ORD LINK -1 >>>) (NOT *1 HEAD-ORD) ; # o Banco $Pactual - 473 -
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
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Abstract The dissertation describes
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3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
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Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
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first, - but soon, it would move th
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disambiguated), same level tags (to
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chain, but rather the linguistic co
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2 The lexicomorphological level: St
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The core of PALMORF is written in C
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(d) as part of words. For instance,
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(1) binary search technique: a . .
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acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
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Words with graphical accents often
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2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
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2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
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Suffix combination rules is also us
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an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
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"inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
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variable word forms receive '_'- li
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The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
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appear truncated or not, depending
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comparison to the substring consist
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My present linguistic solution 28 i
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In some non-personal proper nouns,
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(i.e., not too complex) derivationa
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2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
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Another case, where meaning bearing
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2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
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circumflex-) accented words without
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the tagger tries to identify a word
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xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
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"sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
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(6) Word class distribution and par
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VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
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the present participle by derivatio
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Inflexion tags combine with word cl
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2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
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SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
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mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
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prefixal derivation in verbs comple
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graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
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PP prepositional group de=aluguel
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2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
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Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
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algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
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quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
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(1) Language distribution and error
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3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
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(4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
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oth for the simple ambiguities intr
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case of a 3.person possessor, the u
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The fact that these semantic distin
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In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
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meaning- scope someone loves everyb
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• 5. Tags can be integrated as me
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19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
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Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
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words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
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quite distinct, and few irregular e
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3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
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(5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with
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Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
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ambiguous words), moving them to "l
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(3) modernização "modernizar" N
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3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
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In a brute force approach, for an a
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While undeniably involving more con
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Generative Grammar, introduced and
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node without branches matching the
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example is a grammar of one termina
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wide coverage tagging and parsing t
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ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
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syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
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“base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
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Base forms ("...") are tags like al
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play after base form rules targetin
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The above sequences are examples of
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3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
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(1) number of CG rules containing a
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Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
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constructions. Something similar is
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are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
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For global context syntactic rules
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In table (4), three types of contex
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ules appear to be slightly more com
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(5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
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in the sequential “understanding
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all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
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3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
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@ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
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@#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
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During the project period I have do
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syntactic errors around it, by prov
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1. Orthography and layout normalisa
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Of course, the use of dishesion mar
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S2 para aquele ... está perfeitame
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Parser performance on speech data (
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4 The syntactic level: A dependency
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subjects, but the second subject ca
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(7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
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4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
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(1) Table: Constituent structure ty
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Any further, more detailed, syntact
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discussion are inspired by Perini (
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Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
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type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
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they all share one, and only one, c
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AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
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from personal pronouns, are not mut
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noun. Only very few adjectives (the
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4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
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However, adnominals can point to a
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(g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
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4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
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* aspect estar/andar/continuar/segu
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Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
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second verb's object 152 ), with so
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different subjects of matrix and su
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case function ± fronting ÷ fronti
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Quando ”quando” ADV @#FS-ADVL
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abalançar a kaste sig ud i at acab
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fazer xt, xd xdr få til at, lade s
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4.4 Clause types and clause functio
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@#ICL- non-finite subclause (combin
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While it is one of the clausality t
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(6) ..., tudo @S< pago @NN mão @
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(1g) Não [queria [comer outro bolo
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Apart from the presence of predicat
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demais [demais] DET M/F S/P @>N ‘
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element is a comparator and the sec
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without a predicator's valency info
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quantifying) cases, indicating adve
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4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
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O assunto eram as ditaduras 2. F E
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The examples show that the normal "
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focusing function to the syntactic
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the quantifying adverbs mais and me
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qual DET @SC> @#FS-KOMP< antes era
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o [o] DET M S @AS< ‘that’ de [d
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[P=predicator, O=object, A=adverbia
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mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
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(2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND V
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interno [interno] ADJ M S @N< '-'
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a preposition, por, then allowing f
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4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo'
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connection with personal pronouns -
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4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
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explanation for this may be that a
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a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
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carro [carro] N M S @SUBJ> ‘car
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pass the second test ('*De seu novo
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Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
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@PIV, @ADV and @SC are - unlike @AD
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heads a "material" PP. The followin
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4.5.4.3 Intensifier adverbs Intensi
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4.5.4.4 Complementiser adverbs: Int
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complementiser in nominal FS or ICL
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hooked AS-relatives (3) they even a
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4.5.4.5 Adverb disambiguation and o
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position: adverb class: A) set oper
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(5b) fits fairly well into the (A)
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antes/depois+de Depois [depois] AD
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While (2c-e) can be described as pr
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In (4d) ter ('have') does have mono
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When the potential subject is post-
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(1) Table: functions of pronominal
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ditador [ditador] N M S @N ‘-’
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In other contexts, para is not usua
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life that the work of different gra
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SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
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4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
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dono de restaurante que pilota a pr
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|-@N
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4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
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5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
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Returning to a research view concer
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5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
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Note that valency is treated as a f
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REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
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word order can't be counted on to m
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than by asking ‘is it an A?’ or
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hemisphere membership 218 , - ‘SW
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disambiguate the senses ‘suit’
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In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
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‘+ uninferable positive feature +
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6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
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capable - by “negative instantiat
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LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
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um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
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An example of argument-head polysem
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The program module implementing the
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REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
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@AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
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Note that the MT engine will choose
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Even where none of the semantic rul
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A casa revista PCP @N< revista PC
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O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
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and a morphological CG module may c
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• V-trees - vertical tree structu
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descriptional complexity: 'full tag
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Here, each line of the CG-notation
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7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
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system's disposal. After acquiring
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the reach of "subject"-ness or "obj
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provided and what choices can be ma
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terminological confusion ? term not
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The tree structure of the sample se
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(5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
Page 422 and 423: two function tags, since the studen
Page 424 and 425: 7.3 Corpus research In the case of
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Page 430 and 431: The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
Page 432 and 433: 7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
Page 434 and 435: processors used by translators or l
Page 436 and 437: The following diagram shows how dif
Page 438 and 439: 8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
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Page 442 and 443: Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
Page 444 and 445: (4) Table: syntactic tree structure
Page 446 and 447: lexicon which ensure removal of fal
Page 448 and 449: 8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
Page 450 and 451: Methodologically, it is commonly cl
Page 452 and 453: $ the dollar sign is used to mark n
Page 454 and 455: @#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
Page 456 and 457: "unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
Page 458 and 459: SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
Page 460 and 461: ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 13
Page 462 and 463: stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
Page 464 and 465: (-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
Page 466 and 467: ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
Page 468 and 469: cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
Page 470 and 471: oot search lexicon search takes a w
Page 474 and 475: in a typical van/von-name chain con
Page 476 and 477: Appendix: Example sentences The fol
Page 478 and 479: é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
Page 480 and 481: será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
Page 482 and 483: julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
Page 484 and 485: Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
Page 486 and 487: parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
Page 488 and 489: inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
Page 490 and 491: Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
Page 492 and 493: Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
Page 494 and 495: Alphabetical index Page numbers in
Page 496 and 497: averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
Page 498 and 499: attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
Page 500 and 501: for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
Page 502 and 503: subject identity test;236 subjects
Page 505: ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
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