Eckhard Bick - VISL

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ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 1307 plant (general) madressilva ‘honeysuckle’ B 132 tree or bush (under, near, in) macieira ‘apple tree’ BB 218 group of plants (cp. topologica) faial ‘beech forest’ TOPOLOGICALS (mostly, CONCRETA, NON-MOVABLE) top 258 1115 toponym or natural topological Brasília, monte ‘mountain’ BB 218 group of B, place as defined by what grows floresta ‘forest’, roça ‘field’, on it caniçal ‘cane thicket’ agua 218 body of water (where one swims) rio ‘river’, ma ‘sea’, laguna ‘lagoon’ sky not yet sky, space, air space (where one flies) céu ‘sky’ vej 196 path, road (where one walks or drives) rua ‘street’ topabs 439 abstract topological fim ‘end’, curvatura ‘curvature’ spids 22 point, tip farpa ‘barb’, pico ‘sharp point, peak’, cume ‘peak’ area 39 area, region área ‘area’, terreno ‘area’ hul 225 hole or cavity, notch or groove poro ‘pore’, valeta ‘gutter’, rasgão ‘tear, gash’ ejo 714 functional place quarto ‘room’, banheiro ‘bathroom’, -douro hus 264 building [also cc] casa ‘house’, casebre ‘hut’, torre ‘tower’ by 88 group of houses, town, administrative unit vila ‘village’, cidade ‘town’, country, state estado ‘state’ inst 498 institution [also animate human] igreja ‘church’, polícia ‘police’, -ria: padaria ‘bakery’ ta 466 arquitectural feature trave ‘beam’, janela ‘window’ tm 348 piece of furniture [also cc] cadeira ‘chair’, mesa ‘table’ fælde 28 trap, snare nassa ‘wicker basket’, ratoeira ‘mouse trap’ kovr 150 blanket, carpet, curtain, cover, lid (what things can be under) tampa ‘lid’, manta 259 ‘blanket’ ujo 663 container copo ‘cup’, garrafa ‘bottle’ rør 96 tube tubo ‘tube’, oleoduto ‘pipeline’ bild 125 picture pintura ‘picture’, grafiti ‘graffiti’ r 406 things you can read and touch 260 livre ‘book’, jornal ‘newspaper’ bar 34 fence or hedge, dike, dam (s.th. you pass over) fronteira ‘border’ dir 81 direction lés-sueste ‘eastsoutheast’ stil 77 position (you hold) presidência ‘presidency’ 258 The feature is used not only for common nouns, but also in connection with names (e.g. Brasília). 259 ‘manta’ is polysemic, it can also mean a manta fish , a scarf , a furrow in agriculture and a saddle cloth 260 All r (touchable readables) are also rr (readables), but not vice versa, as with poema ‘poem’. - 460 -
sit 490 situation, state of affairs caos ‘chaos’, circunstâncias (in+) ‘circumstances’ vejr 66 weather gelada ‘hoar frost’ vind 102 wind furacão ‘hurricane’ regn 36 rain chuvisco ‘drizzle’ an 261 369 anatomical site (HUM) dorso ‘back’, entranhas ‘guts’ anmov 164 movable anatomical part sobrancelha ‘eyebrow’, -> +PL (hand, finger, head) tentáculo ‘tentacle’ anorg 137 anatomical organ -> +PL (in+) coração ‘heart’ anost 79 bone fêmur ‘thighbone’ anfeat 117 (uncountable) anatomical "wearable" (grimace, tan, hair) -> (countable anatomical feature= - 461 - queixo-duplo ‘double chin’, riso=amarelo ‘forced smile’ anzo 159 animal anatomy colmilho ‘tusk’, focinha ‘snout’ anorn 15 bird anatomy pluma ‘feather’, rostro ‘beak’ anich 9 fish anatomy barbatana ‘fin, flipper’ anent 13 insect anatomy rostro ‘proboscis’ anbo 133 plant anatomy drupa ‘drupe’, estame ‘stamen’ star 51 star planeta ‘planet’, Venus ‘Venus’ surf 3 surface (2-dimensional, on+) chão ‘floor, ground’, superfície ‘surface’, face ‘front, side’ DIST 6 distance (after ) légua ‘mile’ CONCRETA, MOVING V 216 vehicle carro ‘car’, bicleta ‘bicycle’ skib 161 ship navio ‘ship’, iate ‘yacht’ fly 47 plane teco-teco ‘little plane’, páraquedas ‘parachute’ VV 6 group of vehicles armada ‘fleet’, comboio ‘convoy’ or 114 machine britadeira ‘stone crusher’ CONCRETA, NON-MOVING (MOVABLE) cm 734 physical mass nouns adubo ‘fertilizer’, ar ‘air’, breu (+CONCRETE, +MASS) ‘tar’, espuma ‘foam’ liqu 181 liquid petróleo ‘oil’, saliva ‘saliva’ mat 173 material madeira ‘tree’, silicone ‘silicone’ 261 The -subcategories can be divided into two groups, between which combinations are possible. The first denotes anatomical “topics” and consists of , , and , the second indicates the biological category of the “owner” of the piece of anatomy in question, and consists of , , , and . tentáculo, for instance, translates as ‘tentacle’ or ‘feeler’, depending on whether combines with or . The subdistinctions of the -group have not yet been subjected to major disambiguation efforts in the parser’s rule set.
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
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Abstract The dissertation describes
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3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
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Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
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first, - but soon, it would move th
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disambiguated), same level tags (to
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chain, but rather the linguistic co
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2 The lexicomorphological level: St
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The core of PALMORF is written in C
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(d) as part of words. For instance,
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(1) binary search technique: a . .
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acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
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Words with graphical accents often
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2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
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2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
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Suffix combination rules is also us
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an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
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"inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
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variable word forms receive '_'- li
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The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
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appear truncated or not, depending
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comparison to the substring consist
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My present linguistic solution 28 i
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In some non-personal proper nouns,
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(i.e., not too complex) derivationa
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2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
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Another case, where meaning bearing
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2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
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circumflex-) accented words without
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the tagger tries to identify a word
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xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
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"sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
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(6) Word class distribution and par
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VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
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the present participle by derivatio
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Inflexion tags combine with word cl
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2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
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SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
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mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
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prefixal derivation in verbs comple
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graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
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PP prepositional group de=aluguel
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2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
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Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
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algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
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quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
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(1) Language distribution and error
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3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
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(4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
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oth for the simple ambiguities intr
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case of a 3.person possessor, the u
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The fact that these semantic distin
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In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
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meaning- scope someone loves everyb
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• 5. Tags can be integrated as me
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19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
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Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
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words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
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quite distinct, and few irregular e
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3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
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(5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with
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Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
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ambiguous words), moving them to "l
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(3) modernização "modernizar" N
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3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
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In a brute force approach, for an a
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While undeniably involving more con
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Generative Grammar, introduced and
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node without branches matching the
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example is a grammar of one termina
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wide coverage tagging and parsing t
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ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
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syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
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“base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
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Base forms ("...") are tags like al
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play after base form rules targetin
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The above sequences are examples of
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3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
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(1) number of CG rules containing a
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Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
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constructions. Something similar is
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are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
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For global context syntactic rules
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In table (4), three types of contex
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ules appear to be slightly more com
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(5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
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in the sequential “understanding
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all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
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3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
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@ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
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@#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
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During the project period I have do
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syntactic errors around it, by prov
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1. Orthography and layout normalisa
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Of course, the use of dishesion mar
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S2 para aquele ... está perfeitame
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Parser performance on speech data (
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4 The syntactic level: A dependency
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subjects, but the second subject ca
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(7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
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4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
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(1) Table: Constituent structure ty
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Any further, more detailed, syntact
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discussion are inspired by Perini (
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Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
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type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
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they all share one, and only one, c
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AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
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from personal pronouns, are not mut
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noun. Only very few adjectives (the
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4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
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However, adnominals can point to a
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(g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
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4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
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* aspect estar/andar/continuar/segu
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Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
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second verb's object 152 ), with so
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different subjects of matrix and su
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case function ± fronting ÷ fronti
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Quando ”quando” ADV @#FS-ADVL
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abalançar a kaste sig ud i at acab
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fazer xt, xd xdr få til at, lade s
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4.4 Clause types and clause functio
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@#ICL- non-finite subclause (combin
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While it is one of the clausality t
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(6) ..., tudo @S< pago @NN mão @
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(1g) Não [queria [comer outro bolo
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Apart from the presence of predicat
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demais [demais] DET M/F S/P @>N ‘
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element is a comparator and the sec
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without a predicator's valency info
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quantifying) cases, indicating adve
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4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
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O assunto eram as ditaduras 2. F E
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The examples show that the normal "
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focusing function to the syntactic
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the quantifying adverbs mais and me
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qual DET @SC> @#FS-KOMP< antes era
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o [o] DET M S @AS< ‘that’ de [d
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[P=predicator, O=object, A=adverbia
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mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
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(2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND V
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interno [interno] ADJ M S @N< '-'
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a preposition, por, then allowing f
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4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo'
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connection with personal pronouns -
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4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
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explanation for this may be that a
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a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
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carro [carro] N M S @SUBJ> ‘car
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pass the second test ('*De seu novo
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Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
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@PIV, @ADV and @SC are - unlike @AD
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heads a "material" PP. The followin
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4.5.4.3 Intensifier adverbs Intensi
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4.5.4.4 Complementiser adverbs: Int
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complementiser in nominal FS or ICL
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hooked AS-relatives (3) they even a
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4.5.4.5 Adverb disambiguation and o
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position: adverb class: A) set oper
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(5b) fits fairly well into the (A)
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antes/depois+de Depois [depois] AD
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While (2c-e) can be described as pr
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In (4d) ter ('have') does have mono
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When the potential subject is post-
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(1) Table: functions of pronominal
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ditador [ditador] N M S @N ‘-’
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In other contexts, para is not usua
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life that the work of different gra
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SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
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4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
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dono de restaurante que pilota a pr
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|-@N
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4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
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5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
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Returning to a research view concer
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5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
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Note that valency is treated as a f
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REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
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word order can't be counted on to m
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than by asking ‘is it an A?’ or
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hemisphere membership 218 , - ‘SW
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disambiguate the senses ‘suit’
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In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
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‘+ uninferable positive feature +
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6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
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capable - by “negative instantiat
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LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
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um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
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An example of argument-head polysem
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The program module implementing the
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REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
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@AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
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Note that the MT engine will choose
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Even where none of the semantic rul
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A casa revista PCP @N< revista PC
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O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
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and a morphological CG module may c
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• V-trees - vertical tree structu
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descriptional complexity: 'full tag
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Here, each line of the CG-notation
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7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
Page 410 and 411: system's disposal. After acquiring
Page 412 and 413: the reach of "subject"-ness or "obj
Page 414 and 415: provided and what choices can be ma
Page 416 and 417: terminological confusion ? term not
Page 418 and 419: The tree structure of the sample se
Page 420 and 421: (5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
Page 422 and 423: two function tags, since the studen
Page 424 and 425: 7.3 Corpus research In the case of
Page 426 and 427: - 426 -
Page 428 and 429: - 428 -
Page 430 and 431: The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
Page 432 and 433: 7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
Page 434 and 435: processors used by translators or l
Page 436 and 437: The following diagram shows how dif
Page 438 and 439: 8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
Page 440 and 441: - 440 -
Page 442 and 443: Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
Page 444 and 445: (4) Table: syntactic tree structure
Page 446 and 447: lexicon which ensure removal of fal
Page 448 and 449: 8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
Page 450 and 451: Methodologically, it is commonly cl
Page 452 and 453: $ the dollar sign is used to mark n
Page 454 and 455: @#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
Page 456 and 457: "unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
Page 458 and 459: SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
Page 462 and 463: stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
Page 464 and 465: (-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
Page 466 and 467: ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
Page 468 and 469: cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
Page 470 and 471: oot search lexicon search takes a w
Page 472 and 473: translation, prepares bilingual lex
Page 474 and 475: in a typical van/von-name chain con
Page 476 and 477: Appendix: Example sentences The fol
Page 478 and 479: é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
Page 480 and 481: será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
Page 482 and 483: julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
Page 484 and 485: Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
Page 486 and 487: parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
Page 488 and 489: inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
Page 490 and 491: Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
Page 492 and 493: Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
Page 494 and 495: Alphabetical index Page numbers in
Page 496 and 497: averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
Page 498 and 499: attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
Page 500 and 501: for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
Page 502 and 503: subject identity test;236 subjects
Page 505: ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
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Eckhard Bick - VISL

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