Eckhard Bick - VISL

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‘+ uninferable positive feature + inferable positive feature . uninferrable negative feature (empty) inferable negative feature Within the particular prototype/feature bundle ( [institution], row 3) and ( [town], [country], row 4), +CONCRETE/ENTITY and +HUMAN EXPRESSION can be inferred from +HUM, while +HUM itself and the other remaining positive feature (+LOCATION) are uninferrable in the sense, that there is no feature in the bundle representing a superset of bundles for the +HUM or +LOCATION bundle sets. Among the bundle’s negative features, -ANIMATE (living) and - MOVABLE, for example, cannot be inferred, while –MOVE can be inferred once – MOVABLE is given. What distinguishes the prototype bundles in row 3 and 4, is the ±COUNTABLE feature (N), since human settlement words like cidade (‘town’), aldeia (‘village’) and bantustão (‘banana republic’) are countable 221 , while institutions are not: a polícia (‘the police’ - which in Portuguese can’t mean ‘the officers’). Actually, institution words used in the plural (i.e. as +COUNTABLE) often switch to the prototype category of (‘building’, row 9), loosing the +HUM and +X features in the proces. 221 In the prototype scheme, uman settlement nouns behave somewhat like nouns denoting individual humans (with the additional feature of fixed location). Thus, human settlement nouns can have names, and as such, become members of another morphological PoS class, making singular form a lexeme category. - 374 -
Atomic semantic features for differentiating semantic word classes E = entities (±CONCRETE) V = ±VERBAL C = ±CONTROL P = ±PERFECTIVE I = ±MOVING S = ±MEASURING J = ±MOVABLE D = ±PARTITIVE A = ±ANIMATE (living) X = ±HUMAN-EXPRESSION (allowing human modifier-ADJ) H = ±HUMAN ENTITY F = feature (±ADJECTIVAL) M = ±MASS L = ±LOCATION N = number (±COUNTABLE) T = ±TEMPORAL E C I J A H M N V P S D X F L T + '+ + '+ '+ . '+ . + . . . H, HM, N, prof, fam, title, attr + '+ + '+ '+ . . . + . . . HH, parti + . . '+ . . . + . '+ . inst + . . '+ . '+ . + . '+ . by, land + '+ + '+ . . '+ . . . . . A, AM, AB, zo, D, orn, ent, ich + '+ + '+ . . . . . . . . AA,DD + . '+ . . '+ . . . . . bo,B + . '+ . . . . . . '+ . BB '+ . . . . '+ . . . '+ . top, agua, sky, vej, area, ejo, hus, ta, bar, an, anorg, anost, anfeatc, sygc, anzo, anorn, anich, anbo, star . . . . . '+ . . . '+ . topabs, spids, hul + . '+ . . . '+ . . . '+ . tm, fælde, kovr, ujo, rør, bild, r . . . . . . . . . '+ . stil, sit, anfeat . . . . '+ . . . . '+ . vejr, vind, regn, ling + . '+ . . . '+ . . . '+ . anmov '+ . . . . . . . . '+ . surf + '+ + . . . '+ . . . . . V, skib, fly, or + '+ + . . . . . . . . . VV + . '+ . . '+ . . . . . . cm, liqu, mat, stof, mad, kul, drik, rem + . '+ . . . '+ . . . . . cc, part, er, sten, stok, ild, vejrc, madc, kulc, il, kniv, fio, klud, sejl, paf, lys, ten, mu, tøj, sko, hat, smyk, tøjzo + . '+ . . . '+ + '+ . . . . CC/ar . '+ . . . . . . am, amh . . '+ . . . . . ac, featc, p, l, w, s, f, tegn . . '+ . . '+ . . ret, akc, meta . . '+ . '+ . . . reg, pp, ll, ww, ss, sd, rr . . '+ . '+ '+ . . right . . '+ . . . '+ . geom . . . . . '+ . . ax, state, sh, feat, fh, ak, syg, col, o, ling . . . '+ . . '+ . . featq, fq . . . . '+ '+ . . ism, akss . '+ . . + . . + . . + CI, lud, sp, fag, terapi, tæsk, dans . '+ . '+ + '+ . + . . + CP, CPP, d, kneb () . '+ . . + '+ . + . . + CPS (-ação) . . . '+ . . . . . + cI () . . '+ + '+ . . . . + cP, cPP (), snak, strid . . '+ + '+ . '+ . '+ + occ (= human place-event) . . . + '+ . . . . + cPS () . . . '+ . . . . . num+ & unit . . . + '+ . . . . num+ & qu, qus . '+ . '+ . . . . . mon ? . . . . . . . . '+ temp (= non-deverbal event) . . '+ . '+ . . . . '+ dur (= time-unit) . . '+ . . . . '+ '+ per (= time-place) '+ = underivable pos. feature, + = derivable pos. feature, . = underivable neg. feature - 375 -
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
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Abstract The dissertation describes
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3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
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Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
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first, - but soon, it would move th
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disambiguated), same level tags (to
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chain, but rather the linguistic co
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2 The lexicomorphological level: St
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The core of PALMORF is written in C
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(d) as part of words. For instance,
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(1) binary search technique: a . .
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acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
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Words with graphical accents often
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2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
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2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
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Suffix combination rules is also us
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an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
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"inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
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variable word forms receive '_'- li
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The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
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appear truncated or not, depending
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comparison to the substring consist
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My present linguistic solution 28 i
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In some non-personal proper nouns,
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(i.e., not too complex) derivationa
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2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
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Another case, where meaning bearing
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2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
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circumflex-) accented words without
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the tagger tries to identify a word
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xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
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"sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
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(6) Word class distribution and par
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VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
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the present participle by derivatio
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Inflexion tags combine with word cl
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2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
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SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
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mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
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prefixal derivation in verbs comple
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graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
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PP prepositional group de=aluguel
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2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
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Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
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algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
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quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
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(1) Language distribution and error
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3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
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(4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
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oth for the simple ambiguities intr
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case of a 3.person possessor, the u
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The fact that these semantic distin
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In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
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meaning- scope someone loves everyb
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• 5. Tags can be integrated as me
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19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
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Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
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words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
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quite distinct, and few irregular e
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3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
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(5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with
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Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
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ambiguous words), moving them to "l
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(3) modernização "modernizar" N
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3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
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In a brute force approach, for an a
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While undeniably involving more con
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Generative Grammar, introduced and
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node without branches matching the
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example is a grammar of one termina
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wide coverage tagging and parsing t
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ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
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syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
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“base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
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Base forms ("...") are tags like al
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play after base form rules targetin
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The above sequences are examples of
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3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
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(1) number of CG rules containing a
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Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
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constructions. Something similar is
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are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
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For global context syntactic rules
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In table (4), three types of contex
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ules appear to be slightly more com
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(5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
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in the sequential “understanding
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all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
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3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
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@ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
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@#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
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During the project period I have do
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syntactic errors around it, by prov
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1. Orthography and layout normalisa
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Of course, the use of dishesion mar
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S2 para aquele ... está perfeitame
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Parser performance on speech data (
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4 The syntactic level: A dependency
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subjects, but the second subject ca
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(7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
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4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
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(1) Table: Constituent structure ty
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Any further, more detailed, syntact
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discussion are inspired by Perini (
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Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
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type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
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they all share one, and only one, c
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AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
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from personal pronouns, are not mut
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noun. Only very few adjectives (the
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4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
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However, adnominals can point to a
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(g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
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4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
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* aspect estar/andar/continuar/segu
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Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
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second verb's object 152 ), with so
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different subjects of matrix and su
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case function ± fronting ÷ fronti
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Quando ”quando” ADV @#FS-ADVL
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abalançar a kaste sig ud i at acab
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fazer xt, xd xdr få til at, lade s
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4.4 Clause types and clause functio
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@#ICL- non-finite subclause (combin
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While it is one of the clausality t
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(6) ..., tudo @S< pago @NN mão @
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(1g) Não [queria [comer outro bolo
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Apart from the presence of predicat
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demais [demais] DET M/F S/P @>N ‘
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element is a comparator and the sec
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without a predicator's valency info
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quantifying) cases, indicating adve
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4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
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O assunto eram as ditaduras 2. F E
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The examples show that the normal "
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focusing function to the syntactic
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the quantifying adverbs mais and me
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qual DET @SC> @#FS-KOMP< antes era
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o [o] DET M S @AS< ‘that’ de [d
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[P=predicator, O=object, A=adverbia
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mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
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(2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND V
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interno [interno] ADJ M S @N< '-'
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a preposition, por, then allowing f
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4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo'
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connection with personal pronouns -
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4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
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explanation for this may be that a
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a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
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carro [carro] N M S @SUBJ> ‘car
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pass the second test ('*De seu novo
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Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
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@PIV, @ADV and @SC are - unlike @AD
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heads a "material" PP. The followin
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4.5.4.3 Intensifier adverbs Intensi
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4.5.4.4 Complementiser adverbs: Int
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complementiser in nominal FS or ICL
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hooked AS-relatives (3) they even a
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4.5.4.5 Adverb disambiguation and o
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Page 328 and 329: antes/depois+de Depois [depois] AD
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Page 332 and 333: In (4d) ter ('have') does have mono
Page 334 and 335: When the potential subject is post-
Page 336 and 337: (1) Table: functions of pronominal
Page 338 and 339: ditador [ditador] N M S @N ‘-’
Page 340 and 341: In other contexts, para is not usua
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Page 344 and 345: SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
Page 346 and 347: 4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
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Page 352 and 353: 4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
Page 354 and 355: 5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
Page 356 and 357: Returning to a research view concer
Page 358 and 359: 5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
Page 360 and 361: Note that valency is treated as a f
Page 362 and 363: REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
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Page 372 and 373: In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
Page 376 and 377: 6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
Page 378 and 379: capable - by “negative instantiat
Page 380 and 381: LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
Page 382 and 383: um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
Page 384 and 385: An example of argument-head polysem
Page 386 and 387: The program module implementing the
Page 388 and 389: REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
Page 390 and 391: @AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
Page 392 and 393: Note that the MT engine will choose
Page 394 and 395: Even where none of the semantic rul
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Page 398 and 399: O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
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Page 406 and 407: Here, each line of the CG-notation
Page 408 and 409: 7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
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Page 418 and 419: The tree structure of the sample se
Page 420 and 421: (5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
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7.3 Corpus research In the case of
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The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
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7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
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processors used by translators or l
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The following diagram shows how dif
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8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
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Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
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(4) Table: syntactic tree structure
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lexicon which ensure removal of fal
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8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
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Methodologically, it is commonly cl
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$ the dollar sign is used to mark n
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@#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
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"unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
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SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
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ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 13
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stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
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(-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
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ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
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cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
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oot search lexicon search takes a w
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translation, prepares bilingual lex
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in a typical van/von-name chain con
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Appendix: Example sentences The fol
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é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
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será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
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julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
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Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
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parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
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inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
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Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
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Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
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Alphabetical index Page numbers in
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averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
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attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
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for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
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subject identity test;236 subjects
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ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
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Eckhard Bick - VISL

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