Eckhard Bick - VISL

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When the potential subject is post-positioned, however, the impersonal reading is a powerful alternative, because it embodies the MORE "natural" VSO (5d') as opposed to a VOS word order in the passive reading (5d): (5d) celebrou-se @
a [a] DET F S @>N ‘-’ violência [violência] N F S @P< ‘violence’ $. A special case of "weak" pre-positioned subject candidates are relative pronouns which often do function as @ACC>. Here, both analyses seem to be acceptable: (5g) o que @ACC> se @SUBJ> deve fazer ('what one has to do') (5g') o que @SUBJ> se @ACC-PASS> deve fazer ('what has to be done') (5h) hoje, o que @ACC> se @SUBJ> busca, é um emprego ..., ('today, what one is looking for, is a job ...,') (5h') hoje, o que @SUBJ> se @ACC-PASS> busca, é um emprego ..., ('today, what is being looked for, is a job ....,') In subclauses headed by (comparative) adverbial relatives, the case is more simple - and biased in favour of an impersonal subject reading. Here, the direct object is always omitted (i.e. "implied" by this type of adverbial complementiser) even with obligatorily transitive verbs (6a-b). In the English translation, a what-object has to be added: (6a) ..., conforme dizem, .. ('according to what they say') (6a') ..., conforme eles dizem, .. ('according to what they say') (6b) ..., segundo denunciou na época, .. ('according to what he said at the time') Applying the uniqueness principle, we are then left with a natural subject reading for "se" in (6c). An @ACC-PASS reading is ruled out by the agrammaticality of surface objects in these constructions (6c'), and the @SUBJ reading for "se" is further backed by the fact that no other explicit subject can be added (6c'') - in contrast with se-less (6a') -, suggesting that the subject slot is in fact filled by se (and, implicitely, that a nonsubject se would in this context be understood as direct, not indirect, object for estima, producing agrammaticality for the same reasons as 6c'). (6c) conforme/segundo se @SUBJ> estima ('according to what one estimates') (6c') *conforme/segundo o @ACC> estima ('*according to he estimates it') (6c'') *conforme/segundo ele @SUBJ> se estima ('*according to what he estimates himself') In table (1), I have inspected 288 running instances of pronominal "se" from a newspaper corpus, applying the different categories defined earlier in this chapter. The distribution shows that the "prototypical" reflexive usage is still the most common (about two thirds of all cases), while passive readings are rare, and the impersonal pronoun use is as frequent as 1 in 5. - 335 -
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
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Abstract The dissertation describes
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3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
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Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
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first, - but soon, it would move th
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disambiguated), same level tags (to
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chain, but rather the linguistic co
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2 The lexicomorphological level: St
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The core of PALMORF is written in C
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(d) as part of words. For instance,
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(1) binary search technique: a . .
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acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
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Words with graphical accents often
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2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
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2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
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Suffix combination rules is also us
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an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
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"inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
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variable word forms receive '_'- li
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The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
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appear truncated or not, depending
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comparison to the substring consist
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My present linguistic solution 28 i
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In some non-personal proper nouns,
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(i.e., not too complex) derivationa
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2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
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Another case, where meaning bearing
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2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
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circumflex-) accented words without
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the tagger tries to identify a word
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xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
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"sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
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(6) Word class distribution and par
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VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
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the present participle by derivatio
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Inflexion tags combine with word cl
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2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
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SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
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mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
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prefixal derivation in verbs comple
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graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
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PP prepositional group de=aluguel
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2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
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Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
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algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
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quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
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(1) Language distribution and error
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3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
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(4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
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oth for the simple ambiguities intr
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case of a 3.person possessor, the u
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The fact that these semantic distin
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In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
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meaning- scope someone loves everyb
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• 5. Tags can be integrated as me
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19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
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Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
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words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
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quite distinct, and few irregular e
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3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
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(5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with
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Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
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ambiguous words), moving them to "l
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(3) modernização "modernizar" N
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3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
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In a brute force approach, for an a
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While undeniably involving more con
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Generative Grammar, introduced and
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node without branches matching the
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example is a grammar of one termina
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wide coverage tagging and parsing t
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ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
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syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
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“base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
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Base forms ("...") are tags like al
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play after base form rules targetin
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The above sequences are examples of
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3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
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(1) number of CG rules containing a
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Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
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constructions. Something similar is
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are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
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For global context syntactic rules
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In table (4), three types of contex
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ules appear to be slightly more com
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(5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
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in the sequential “understanding
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all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
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3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
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@ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
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@#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
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During the project period I have do
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syntactic errors around it, by prov
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1. Orthography and layout normalisa
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Of course, the use of dishesion mar
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S2 para aquele ... está perfeitame
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Parser performance on speech data (
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4 The syntactic level: A dependency
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subjects, but the second subject ca
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(7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
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4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
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(1) Table: Constituent structure ty
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Any further, more detailed, syntact
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discussion are inspired by Perini (
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Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
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type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
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they all share one, and only one, c
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AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
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from personal pronouns, are not mut
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noun. Only very few adjectives (the
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4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
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However, adnominals can point to a
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(g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
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4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
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* aspect estar/andar/continuar/segu
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Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
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second verb's object 152 ), with so
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different subjects of matrix and su
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case function ± fronting ÷ fronti
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Quando ”quando” ADV @#FS-ADVL
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abalançar a kaste sig ud i at acab
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fazer xt, xd xdr få til at, lade s
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4.4 Clause types and clause functio
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@#ICL- non-finite subclause (combin
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While it is one of the clausality t
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(6) ..., tudo @S< pago @NN mão @
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(1g) Não [queria [comer outro bolo
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Apart from the presence of predicat
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demais [demais] DET M/F S/P @>N ‘
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element is a comparator and the sec
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without a predicator's valency info
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quantifying) cases, indicating adve
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4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
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O assunto eram as ditaduras 2. F E
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The examples show that the normal "
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focusing function to the syntactic
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the quantifying adverbs mais and me
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qual DET @SC> @#FS-KOMP< antes era
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o [o] DET M S @AS< ‘that’ de [d
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Page 286 and 287: mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
Page 288 and 289: (2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND V
Page 290 and 291: interno [interno] ADJ M S @N< '-'
Page 292 and 293: a preposition, por, then allowing f
Page 294 and 295: 4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo'
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Page 298 and 299: 4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
Page 300 and 301: explanation for this may be that a
Page 302 and 303: a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
Page 304 and 305: carro [carro] N M S @SUBJ> ‘car
Page 306 and 307: pass the second test ('*De seu novo
Page 308 and 309: Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
Page 310 and 311: @PIV, @ADV and @SC are - unlike @AD
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Page 314 and 315: 4.5.4.3 Intensifier adverbs Intensi
Page 316 and 317: 4.5.4.4 Complementiser adverbs: Int
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Page 320 and 321: hooked AS-relatives (3) they even a
Page 322 and 323: 4.5.4.5 Adverb disambiguation and o
Page 324 and 325: position: adverb class: A) set oper
Page 326 and 327: (5b) fits fairly well into the (A)
Page 328 and 329: antes/depois+de Depois [depois] AD
Page 330 and 331: While (2c-e) can be described as pr
Page 332 and 333: In (4d) ter ('have') does have mono
Page 336 and 337: (1) Table: functions of pronominal
Page 338 and 339: ditador [ditador] N M S @N ‘-’
Page 340 and 341: In other contexts, para is not usua
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Page 344 and 345: SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
Page 346 and 347: 4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
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Page 352 and 353: 4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
Page 354 and 355: 5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
Page 356 and 357: Returning to a research view concer
Page 358 and 359: 5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
Page 360 and 361: Note that valency is treated as a f
Page 362 and 363: REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
Page 364 and 365: word order can't be counted on to m
Page 366 and 367: than by asking ‘is it an A?’ or
Page 368 and 369: hemisphere membership 218 , - ‘SW
Page 370 and 371: disambiguate the senses ‘suit’
Page 372 and 373: In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
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Page 376 and 377: 6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
Page 378 and 379: capable - by “negative instantiat
Page 380 and 381: LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
Page 382 and 383: um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
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An example of argument-head polysem
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The program module implementing the
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REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
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@AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
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Note that the MT engine will choose
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Even where none of the semantic rul
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A casa revista PCP @N< revista PC
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O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
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and a morphological CG module may c
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• V-trees - vertical tree structu
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descriptional complexity: 'full tag
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Here, each line of the CG-notation
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7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
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system's disposal. After acquiring
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the reach of "subject"-ness or "obj
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provided and what choices can be ma
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terminological confusion ? term not
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The tree structure of the sample se
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(5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
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two function tags, since the studen
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7.3 Corpus research In the case of
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The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
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7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
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processors used by translators or l
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The following diagram shows how dif
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8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
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- 440 -
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Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
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(4) Table: syntactic tree structure
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lexicon which ensure removal of fal
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8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
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Methodologically, it is commonly cl
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$ the dollar sign is used to mark n
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@#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
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"unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
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SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
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ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 13
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stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
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(-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
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ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
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cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
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oot search lexicon search takes a w
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translation, prepares bilingual lex
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in a typical van/von-name chain con
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Appendix: Example sentences The fol
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é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
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será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
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julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
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Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
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parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
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inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
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Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
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Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
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Alphabetical index Page numbers in
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averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
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attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
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for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
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subject identity test;236 subjects
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ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
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Eckhard Bick - VISL

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