Eckhard Bick - VISL

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4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo' The generalising Portuguese quantifier ‘todo’ [all] is both gender and number inflecting (‘todo’, ‘toda’, ‘todos’, todas’), usually in agreement with an NP-head, and does not take premodifiers. According to my morphological word class criteria, it must therefore primarily be categorised as a determiner (DET). ‘Todo’ is related to the invariable (male singular) pronoun quantifier ‘tudo’, which can not be used as a determiner, and therefore is tagged SPEC (“specifier”). Syntactically, however, the situation is much less clear, since the use of ‘todo’ is not restricted to NP-modifier or even nominal function. As a result of its syntactic variability, the word gives rise to a fair amount of semantic ambiguity relevant in a translational context, even when used as a pre- or postnominal modifier. Still, in spite of such lexemic ambiguity, 'todo' allows a distributional definition/disambiguation for most of its uses/meanings. Consider the following modifier cases: (1a) em toda a minha vida ... (1b) ... deixá-la por lá a vida toda. (1c) ... todo o mundo sabendo, menos ele. (2a) Toda célula tem seu conteúdo separado. (2b) Todo mundo tem fotógrafo aqui ... (3a) Todas as manhãs, depois do café, ... (3b) ... engole as raças todas com a mesma graça ... (3c) Tenho andado muito envolvida com todos eles. (3d) o que eles conseguiram ? Eles todos ? By applying the criteria of position, number and (added) definiteness, four main groups can be distinguished in the examples: added definiteness (article, demonstrative, personal pronoun, name) Prenominal position 3a, 3c enumerative [all of them] Postnominal position 3b, 3d enumerative [all of them] Plural - 294 - Singular yes no yes no - 1a, 1c integrative [all of it] - 1b integrative [all of it] 2a enumerative distributive [each of them] -
As can be seen, plural forms are indifferent to position (pre- and postnominal position alternate freely), and imply added definiteness, usually, but not necessarily, provided by the definite article or a demonstrative, or by a definite expression, that doesn’t permit an article, like in ‘todo Portugal’, ‘todo ele’. Lack of added definiteness (i.e., mostly cases where 'todo' is followed immediately by its NP-head) implies both singular and prenominal position, which is why I assign it its own classification, enumerative distributive. The third group comprises singular forms with added definiteness, with free position alternation ('toda a vida' and 'a vida toda' are equivalent terms). My distributional distinction between "enumerative" and "integrative" can be semantically interpreted as being about "how many" and "how much", respectively, and the tagger's lexicon provides two corresponding tags, and , for disambiguation. For 'todo', the distinction is clearly related to the feature of countability, with enumeratives being countable, and integratives not. Rather than say (for reasons of logical semantics) that enumerative distributives ('toda casa' - 'each house') are countable but, as existential quantifiers, do not have a plural form, I prefer to view them as the singular form of plural enumeratives ('todas as casas' - 'all [the] houses') - which otherwise would be countables without a same-lexeme singular. Unlike English, Portuguese - using the same lexeme for both cases - provides morphological evidence for this view. Integrative 'todo' ('todo o bolo' - 'all of the cake'), on the other hand, when pluralised morphologically ('todos os bolos' - 'all cakes'), is no longer a mass expression ('how much'), and the concept of 'whole cakes' can only be expressed by means of a different lexeme, the adjective inteiro ('whole'): 'bolos inteiros'. Thus, what I mean with the term integrative ('how much'), is uncountable only for the lexeme 'todo', not for 'inteiro'. Interestingly, 'inteiro' not being polysemous, it is the ambiguous 'todo' that exhibits such strict morphological-distributional limitations, allowing, as a translational bonus, the automatic distinction between 'all', 'each' and 'whole'. (2b) is a special case. According to my systematics, it should only have an enumerative distributive meaning, but is, in fact, usually employed in alternation with (1c), possibly because of semantic interference, - ‘todo o mundo’ analytically means ‘the whole world’ (), but is metaphorically used to mean ‘everybody’. Under the semantic influence of ‘every’, the expression might then have been shortened to ‘todo mundo’, not usually meaning ‘every world’ but ‘everybody’. As an exception and a metaphor, ‘todo mundo’ must enter the tagger's lexicon as a fixed expression. Note also that ‘todo’ is the only Portuguese determiner allowed to modify personal pronouns (3c-d). Since it also is the only modifier allowed before the definite article, an explanation may be that personal pronouns replace whole definite NPs, and that "added definiteness" is exactly what distinguishes the two meanings of 'todo' seen in - 295 -
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
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Abstract The dissertation describes
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3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
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Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
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first, - but soon, it would move th
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disambiguated), same level tags (to
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chain, but rather the linguistic co
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2 The lexicomorphological level: St
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The core of PALMORF is written in C
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(d) as part of words. For instance,
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(1) binary search technique: a . .
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acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
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Words with graphical accents often
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2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
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2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
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Suffix combination rules is also us
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an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
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"inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
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variable word forms receive '_'- li
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The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
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appear truncated or not, depending
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comparison to the substring consist
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My present linguistic solution 28 i
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In some non-personal proper nouns,
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(i.e., not too complex) derivationa
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2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
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Another case, where meaning bearing
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2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
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circumflex-) accented words without
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the tagger tries to identify a word
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xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
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"sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
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(6) Word class distribution and par
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VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
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the present participle by derivatio
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Inflexion tags combine with word cl
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2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
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SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
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mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
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prefixal derivation in verbs comple
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graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
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PP prepositional group de=aluguel
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2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
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Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
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algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
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quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
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(1) Language distribution and error
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3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
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(4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
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oth for the simple ambiguities intr
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case of a 3.person possessor, the u
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The fact that these semantic distin
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In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
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meaning- scope someone loves everyb
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• 5. Tags can be integrated as me
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19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
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Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
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words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
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quite distinct, and few irregular e
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3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
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(5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with
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Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
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ambiguous words), moving them to "l
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(3) modernização "modernizar" N
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3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
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In a brute force approach, for an a
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While undeniably involving more con
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Generative Grammar, introduced and
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node without branches matching the
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example is a grammar of one termina
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wide coverage tagging and parsing t
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ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
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syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
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“base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
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Base forms ("...") are tags like al
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play after base form rules targetin
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The above sequences are examples of
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3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
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(1) number of CG rules containing a
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Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
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constructions. Something similar is
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are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
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For global context syntactic rules
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In table (4), three types of contex
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ules appear to be slightly more com
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(5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
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in the sequential “understanding
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all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
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3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
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@ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
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@#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
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During the project period I have do
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syntactic errors around it, by prov
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1. Orthography and layout normalisa
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Of course, the use of dishesion mar
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S2 para aquele ... está perfeitame
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Parser performance on speech data (
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4 The syntactic level: A dependency
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subjects, but the second subject ca
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(7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
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4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
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(1) Table: Constituent structure ty
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Any further, more detailed, syntact
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discussion are inspired by Perini (
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Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
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type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
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they all share one, and only one, c
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AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
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from personal pronouns, are not mut
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noun. Only very few adjectives (the
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4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
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However, adnominals can point to a
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(g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
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4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
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* aspect estar/andar/continuar/segu
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Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
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second verb's object 152 ), with so
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different subjects of matrix and su
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case function ± fronting ÷ fronti
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Page 250 and 251: 4.4 Clause types and clause functio
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Page 270 and 271: 4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
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Page 274 and 275: The examples show that the normal "
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Page 286 and 287: mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
Page 288 and 289: (2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND V
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Page 298 and 299: 4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
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Page 302 and 303: a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
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Page 308 and 309: Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
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SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
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4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
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dono de restaurante que pilota a pr
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|-@N
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4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
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5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
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Returning to a research view concer
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5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
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Note that valency is treated as a f
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REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
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word order can't be counted on to m
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than by asking ‘is it an A?’ or
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hemisphere membership 218 , - ‘SW
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disambiguate the senses ‘suit’
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In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
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‘+ uninferable positive feature +
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6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
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capable - by “negative instantiat
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LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
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um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
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An example of argument-head polysem
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The program module implementing the
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REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
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@AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
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Note that the MT engine will choose
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Even where none of the semantic rul
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A casa revista PCP @N< revista PC
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O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
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and a morphological CG module may c
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• V-trees - vertical tree structu
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descriptional complexity: 'full tag
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Here, each line of the CG-notation
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7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
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system's disposal. After acquiring
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the reach of "subject"-ness or "obj
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provided and what choices can be ma
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terminological confusion ? term not
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The tree structure of the sample se
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(5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
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two function tags, since the studen
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7.3 Corpus research In the case of
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The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
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7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
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processors used by translators or l
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The following diagram shows how dif
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8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
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- 440 -
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Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
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(4) Table: syntactic tree structure
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lexicon which ensure removal of fal
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8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
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Methodologically, it is commonly cl
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$ the dollar sign is used to mark n
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@#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
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"unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
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SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
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ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 13
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stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
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(-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
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ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
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cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
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oot search lexicon search takes a w
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translation, prepares bilingual lex
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in a typical van/von-name chain con
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Appendix: Example sentences The fol
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é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
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será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
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julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
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Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
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parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
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inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
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Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
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Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
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Alphabetical index Page numbers in
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averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
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attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
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for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
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subject identity test;236 subjects
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ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
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