Eckhard Bick - VISL

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(2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND VFIN @FMV ‘[it] became’ tal [tal] DET M/F S @ @#FS-KOMP< ‘as’ antes [antes] ADV @ADVL> ‘before’ era [ser] V IMPF 1/3S IND VFIN @FMV ‘[it] was’ A different class of comparisons are direct comparisons, without a hook. Here, the external function will not be @#..KOMP
the function of the subclause is conformative 169 . It is not at all easy to assign a word class to these particles, and traditional grammars often use as many word classes as there are syntactic functions. Typically, when heading an AS (2n), they would be called a preposition, when heading a FS (2o), they would be termed conjunctions. I find it most logical, in analogy with the handling of onde (place) and quando (time) to add como (manner) and others, and then map different syntactic functions onto one word class, that of relative adverbial. However, for reasons of both notational flexibility and semantic-translational 170 differentiation, I disambiguate the secondary tags ("prepositional") and ("conjunctional") for these words, so the tag chain can easily be filtered into the traditional word classes of preposition and conjunction, respectively, while in the first case () also filtering clause function labels (@#) into group function labels (@) and replacing the @AS< tag by @P< 171 . (2n) Segundo [segundo] ADV @COM @#AS-ADVL> ‘according to’ sua [seu] DET F S @>N ‘his’ estimativa [estimativa] N F S @AS< ‘estimate’ $, a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ política [política] N F S @SUBJ> 'policy' seletiva [seletivo] ADJ F S @N< ‘selective’ de [de] PRP @N< ‘of’ desenvolvimento [desenvolvimento] N M S @P< ‘development’ será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV ‘will be’ capaz [capaz] ADJ M/F S @N ‘the’ produto [produto] N M S @
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
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Abstract The dissertation describes
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3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
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Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
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first, - but soon, it would move th
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disambiguated), same level tags (to
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chain, but rather the linguistic co
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2 The lexicomorphological level: St
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The core of PALMORF is written in C
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(d) as part of words. For instance,
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(1) binary search technique: a . .
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acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
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Words with graphical accents often
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2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
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2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
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Suffix combination rules is also us
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an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
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"inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
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variable word forms receive '_'- li
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The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
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appear truncated or not, depending
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comparison to the substring consist
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My present linguistic solution 28 i
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In some non-personal proper nouns,
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(i.e., not too complex) derivationa
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2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
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Another case, where meaning bearing
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2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
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circumflex-) accented words without
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the tagger tries to identify a word
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xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
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"sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
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(6) Word class distribution and par
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VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
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the present participle by derivatio
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Inflexion tags combine with word cl
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2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
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SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
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mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
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prefixal derivation in verbs comple
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graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
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PP prepositional group de=aluguel
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2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
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Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
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algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
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quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
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(1) Language distribution and error
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3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
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(4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
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oth for the simple ambiguities intr
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case of a 3.person possessor, the u
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The fact that these semantic distin
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In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
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meaning- scope someone loves everyb
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• 5. Tags can be integrated as me
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19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
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Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
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words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
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quite distinct, and few irregular e
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3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
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(5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with
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Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
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ambiguous words), moving them to "l
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(3) modernização "modernizar" N
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3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
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In a brute force approach, for an a
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While undeniably involving more con
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Generative Grammar, introduced and
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node without branches matching the
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example is a grammar of one termina
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wide coverage tagging and parsing t
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ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
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syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
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“base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
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Base forms ("...") are tags like al
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play after base form rules targetin
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The above sequences are examples of
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3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
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(1) number of CG rules containing a
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Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
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constructions. Something similar is
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are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
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For global context syntactic rules
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In table (4), three types of contex
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ules appear to be slightly more com
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(5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
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in the sequential “understanding
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all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
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3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
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@ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
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@#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
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During the project period I have do
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syntactic errors around it, by prov
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1. Orthography and layout normalisa
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Of course, the use of dishesion mar
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S2 para aquele ... está perfeitame
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Parser performance on speech data (
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4 The syntactic level: A dependency
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subjects, but the second subject ca
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(7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
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4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
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(1) Table: Constituent structure ty
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Any further, more detailed, syntact
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discussion are inspired by Perini (
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Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
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type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
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they all share one, and only one, c
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AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
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from personal pronouns, are not mut
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noun. Only very few adjectives (the
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4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
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However, adnominals can point to a
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(g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
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4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
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* aspect estar/andar/continuar/segu
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Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
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Page 244 and 245: Quando ”quando” ADV @#FS-ADVL
Page 246 and 247: abalançar a kaste sig ud i at acab
Page 248 and 249: fazer xt, xd xdr få til at, lade s
Page 250 and 251: 4.4 Clause types and clause functio
Page 252 and 253: @#ICL- non-finite subclause (combin
Page 254 and 255: While it is one of the clausality t
Page 256 and 257: (6) ..., tudo @S< pago @NN mão @
Page 258 and 259: (1g) Não [queria [comer outro bolo
Page 260 and 261: Apart from the presence of predicat
Page 262 and 263: demais [demais] DET M/F S/P @>N ‘
Page 264 and 265: element is a comparator and the sec
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Page 270 and 271: 4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
Page 272 and 273: O assunto eram as ditaduras 2. F E
Page 274 and 275: The examples show that the normal "
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Page 278 and 279: the quantifying adverbs mais and me
Page 280 and 281: qual DET @SC> @#FS-KOMP< antes era
Page 282 and 283: o [o] DET M S @AS< ‘that’ de [d
Page 284 and 285: [P=predicator, O=object, A=adverbia
Page 286 and 287: mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
Page 290 and 291: interno [interno] ADJ M S @N< '-'
Page 292 and 293: a preposition, por, then allowing f
Page 294 and 295: 4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo'
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Page 298 and 299: 4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
Page 300 and 301: explanation for this may be that a
Page 302 and 303: a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
Page 304 and 305: carro [carro] N M S @SUBJ> ‘car
Page 306 and 307: pass the second test ('*De seu novo
Page 308 and 309: Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
Page 310 and 311: @PIV, @ADV and @SC are - unlike @AD
Page 312 and 313: heads a "material" PP. The followin
Page 314 and 315: 4.5.4.3 Intensifier adverbs Intensi
Page 316 and 317: 4.5.4.4 Complementiser adverbs: Int
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Page 322 and 323: 4.5.4.5 Adverb disambiguation and o
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Page 328 and 329: antes/depois+de Depois [depois] AD
Page 330 and 331: While (2c-e) can be described as pr
Page 332 and 333: In (4d) ter ('have') does have mono
Page 334 and 335: When the potential subject is post-
Page 336 and 337: (1) Table: functions of pronominal
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ditador [ditador] N M S @N ‘-’
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In other contexts, para is not usua
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life that the work of different gra
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SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
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4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
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dono de restaurante que pilota a pr
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|-@N
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4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
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5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
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Returning to a research view concer
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5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
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Note that valency is treated as a f
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REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
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word order can't be counted on to m
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than by asking ‘is it an A?’ or
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hemisphere membership 218 , - ‘SW
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disambiguate the senses ‘suit’
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In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
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‘+ uninferable positive feature +
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6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
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capable - by “negative instantiat
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LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
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um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
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An example of argument-head polysem
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The program module implementing the
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REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
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@AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
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Note that the MT engine will choose
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Even where none of the semantic rul
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A casa revista PCP @N< revista PC
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O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
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and a morphological CG module may c
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• V-trees - vertical tree structu
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descriptional complexity: 'full tag
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Here, each line of the CG-notation
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7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
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system's disposal. After acquiring
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the reach of "subject"-ness or "obj
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provided and what choices can be ma
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terminological confusion ? term not
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The tree structure of the sample se
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(5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
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two function tags, since the studen
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7.3 Corpus research In the case of
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- 426 -
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- 428 -
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The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
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7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
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processors used by translators or l
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The following diagram shows how dif
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8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
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- 440 -
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Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
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(4) Table: syntactic tree structure
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lexicon which ensure removal of fal
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8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
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Methodologically, it is commonly cl
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$ the dollar sign is used to mark n
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@#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
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"unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
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SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
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ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 13
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stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
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(-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
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ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
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cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
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oot search lexicon search takes a w
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translation, prepares bilingual lex
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in a typical van/von-name chain con
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Appendix: Example sentences The fol
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é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
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será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
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julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
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Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
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parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
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inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
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Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
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Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
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Alphabetical index Page numbers in
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averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
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attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
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for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
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subject identity test;236 subjects
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ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
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