Eckhard Bick - VISL

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(6) ..., tudo @S< pago @NN mão @
(1c) [Chegou]. ('He/she/it arrived.) A predication without a subject refers directly to the world: (1d) [Chove]. (‘it is raining’) (1d') [Faz frio]. (‘it is cold’) (1e) [Leia] ! (‘Read!’), or even a quick warning like: (1f) Atenção, [quente] ! (‘Attention, hot!’). If there is a subject to refer to, then what relates the predication to it, is usually - where present - the predicate's verbal part (underlined in 1a). Therefore, the verb (or verb chain) can be called predicator 155 (i.e. what predicates). Intransitive (1b) and ergative (1c) verbs can completely subsume the functions of predication and predicator, and most content verbs (action, activity, event and process verbs) are at least part of the predication (1a). Further, modals and certain other auxiliaries (dever, querer, saber, ir +INF, começar+a+INF, ...) might then be seen as predicators predicating a modality of a predicate (1g), creating a new, complex predicate 156 . Copula-verbs (ser, estar, ficar, ..), however, have nearly no semantic weight of their own, and are thus pure predicators. In these cases, the predication is averbal (verbless), as in (1h) where the predicator estava predicates the predication doente (in the post-copula adjective/noun case traditionally called a predicative) of the subject criança. 155 To make a distinction between what predicates and what is predicated, also adresses the problem of how to mediate between syntactico-functional on the one side and semantico-functional distinctions on the other. The syntactico-functional concept of predicator is primarily syntactic - it is a useful dependency hook for other clause level constituents like subject and object, and has been recognized as what I would like to call "the small (complement-free) VP" in traditional English PSG (as opposed to the object incorporating English “enlarged” VP and the Romance "big VP" embracing all verb-complements - including the subject). The term predicator is inspired by the usage in (Bache et. al., 1993), but my hierarchical left leaning dependency treatment of verb chains assigns complex predicators an internal structure different from the one advocated by Bache et. al, based on constituent analysis with the chain's head to the right. In particular, the dependency notation does not assign complex predicators constituent status in the same way, and hierarchical bracketing would - without transformation - turn main verb + complements into a complex (ICL-) dependent "inside" the auxiliary clause (cp. 4.3.1, (1)).. The concept of predication, on the other hand, is not about syntax proper, but about information structure. Thus syntactic elements can be seen as vehicles for a predication, allowing for both "information-free" purely syntactic units (like the copula case 1h) followed by information-bearing elements (like the predicative) and for multifunctional elements, where there is no one-to-one relation between syntactic and semantic function (like in 1g, where the predication jointly resides in two syntactic elements, the predicator and the direct object). My semantico-functional use of the term predication, must be distinguished from a syntactic definition like the one employed in (Bache, 1996, p.25), where a predication is a metaconstituent equalling the predicate minus (modal) operators, and can be identified by syntactic tests like co-ordination, fronting and substitution (by a pro-form). 156 Notationally my parser captures this complexity by describing verb chains as a multi-layered clause hierarchy, using a new @#ICL-AUX< tag for each new inner layer, and regarding the first verb in the verb chain, finite or not, as the dependency head of the whole structure (cp. 4.3.1, (1)). - 257 -
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
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Abstract The dissertation describes
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3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
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Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
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first, - but soon, it would move th
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disambiguated), same level tags (to
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chain, but rather the linguistic co
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2 The lexicomorphological level: St
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The core of PALMORF is written in C
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(d) as part of words. For instance,
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(1) binary search technique: a . .
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acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
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Words with graphical accents often
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2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
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2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
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Suffix combination rules is also us
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an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
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"inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
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variable word forms receive '_'- li
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The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
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appear truncated or not, depending
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comparison to the substring consist
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My present linguistic solution 28 i
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In some non-personal proper nouns,
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(i.e., not too complex) derivationa
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2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
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Another case, where meaning bearing
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2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
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circumflex-) accented words without
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the tagger tries to identify a word
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xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
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"sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
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(6) Word class distribution and par
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VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
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the present participle by derivatio
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Inflexion tags combine with word cl
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2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
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SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
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mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
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prefixal derivation in verbs comple
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graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
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PP prepositional group de=aluguel
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2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
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Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
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algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
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quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
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(1) Language distribution and error
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3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
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(4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
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oth for the simple ambiguities intr
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case of a 3.person possessor, the u
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The fact that these semantic distin
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In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
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meaning- scope someone loves everyb
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• 5. Tags can be integrated as me
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19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
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Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
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words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
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quite distinct, and few irregular e
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3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
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(5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with
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Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
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ambiguous words), moving them to "l
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(3) modernização "modernizar" N
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3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
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In a brute force approach, for an a
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While undeniably involving more con
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Generative Grammar, introduced and
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node without branches matching the
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example is a grammar of one termina
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wide coverage tagging and parsing t
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ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
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syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
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“base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
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Base forms ("...") are tags like al
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play after base form rules targetin
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The above sequences are examples of
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3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
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(1) number of CG rules containing a
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Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
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constructions. Something similar is
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are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
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For global context syntactic rules
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In table (4), three types of contex
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ules appear to be slightly more com
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(5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
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in the sequential “understanding
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all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
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3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
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@ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
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@#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
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During the project period I have do
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syntactic errors around it, by prov
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1. Orthography and layout normalisa
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Of course, the use of dishesion mar
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S2 para aquele ... está perfeitame
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Parser performance on speech data (
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4 The syntactic level: A dependency
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subjects, but the second subject ca
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(7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
Page 206 and 207: 4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
Page 208 and 209: (1) Table: Constituent structure ty
Page 210 and 211: Any further, more detailed, syntact
Page 212 and 213: discussion are inspired by Perini (
Page 214 and 215: Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
Page 216 and 217: type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
Page 218 and 219: they all share one, and only one, c
Page 220 and 221: AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
Page 222 and 223: from personal pronouns, are not mut
Page 224 and 225: noun. Only very few adjectives (the
Page 226 and 227: 4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
Page 228 and 229: However, adnominals can point to a
Page 230 and 231: (g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
Page 232 and 233: 4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
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Page 236 and 237: Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
Page 238 and 239: second verb's object 152 ), with so
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Page 242 and 243: case function ± fronting ÷ fronti
Page 244 and 245: Quando ”quando” ADV @#FS-ADVL
Page 246 and 247: abalançar a kaste sig ud i at acab
Page 248 and 249: fazer xt, xd xdr få til at, lade s
Page 250 and 251: 4.4 Clause types and clause functio
Page 252 and 253: @#ICL- non-finite subclause (combin
Page 254 and 255: While it is one of the clausality t
Page 258 and 259: (1g) Não [queria [comer outro bolo
Page 260 and 261: Apart from the presence of predicat
Page 262 and 263: demais [demais] DET M/F S/P @>N ‘
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Page 268 and 269: quantifying) cases, indicating adve
Page 270 and 271: 4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
Page 272 and 273: O assunto eram as ditaduras 2. F E
Page 274 and 275: The examples show that the normal "
Page 276 and 277: focusing function to the syntactic
Page 278 and 279: the quantifying adverbs mais and me
Page 280 and 281: qual DET @SC> @#FS-KOMP< antes era
Page 282 and 283: o [o] DET M S @AS< ‘that’ de [d
Page 284 and 285: [P=predicator, O=object, A=adverbia
Page 286 and 287: mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
Page 288 and 289: (2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND V
Page 290 and 291: interno [interno] ADJ M S @N< '-'
Page 292 and 293: a preposition, por, then allowing f
Page 294 and 295: 4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo'
Page 296 and 297: connection with personal pronouns -
Page 298 and 299: 4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
Page 300 and 301: explanation for this may be that a
Page 302 and 303: a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
Page 304 and 305: carro [carro] N M S @SUBJ> ‘car
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pass the second test ('*De seu novo
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Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
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@PIV, @ADV and @SC are - unlike @AD
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heads a "material" PP. The followin
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4.5.4.3 Intensifier adverbs Intensi
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4.5.4.4 Complementiser adverbs: Int
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complementiser in nominal FS or ICL
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hooked AS-relatives (3) they even a
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4.5.4.5 Adverb disambiguation and o
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position: adverb class: A) set oper
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(5b) fits fairly well into the (A)
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antes/depois+de Depois [depois] AD
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While (2c-e) can be described as pr
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In (4d) ter ('have') does have mono
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When the potential subject is post-
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(1) Table: functions of pronominal
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ditador [ditador] N M S @N ‘-’
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In other contexts, para is not usua
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life that the work of different gra
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SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
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4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
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dono de restaurante que pilota a pr
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|-@N
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4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
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5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
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Returning to a research view concer
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5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
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Note that valency is treated as a f
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REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
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word order can't be counted on to m
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than by asking ‘is it an A?’ or
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hemisphere membership 218 , - ‘SW
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disambiguate the senses ‘suit’
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In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
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‘+ uninferable positive feature +
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6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
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capable - by “negative instantiat
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LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
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um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
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An example of argument-head polysem
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The program module implementing the
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REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
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@AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
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Note that the MT engine will choose
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Even where none of the semantic rul
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A casa revista PCP @N< revista PC
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O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
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and a morphological CG module may c
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• V-trees - vertical tree structu
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descriptional complexity: 'full tag
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Here, each line of the CG-notation
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7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
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system's disposal. After acquiring
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the reach of "subject"-ness or "obj
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provided and what choices can be ma
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terminological confusion ? term not
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The tree structure of the sample se
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(5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
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two function tags, since the studen
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7.3 Corpus research In the case of
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The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
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7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
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processors used by translators or l
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The following diagram shows how dif
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8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
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Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
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(4) Table: syntactic tree structure
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lexicon which ensure removal of fal
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8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
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Methodologically, it is commonly cl
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$ the dollar sign is used to mark n
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@#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
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"unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
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SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
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ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 13
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stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
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(-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
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ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
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cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
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oot search lexicon search takes a w
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translation, prepares bilingual lex
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in a typical van/von-name chain con
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Appendix: Example sentences The fol
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é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
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será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
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julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
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Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
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parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
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inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
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Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
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Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
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Alphabetical index Page numbers in
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averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
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attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
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for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
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subject identity test;236 subjects
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ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
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