Eckhard Bick - VISL

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case function ± fronting ÷ fronting ÷ INF- inflexio n ± INF- inflexio n ÷ INF- inflexio n + INF- inflexio n ACC/DAT @OBJ of ICL 1 1 2a 2b1 2b2 ACC @OBJ of MC & @SUBJ of ICL 3a 3b1 3c1 - 242 - DAT @OBJ of MC & @SUBJ of ICL 3b1 3b2 3c2 NOM @SUBJ of ICL none @OBJ of MC & @SUBJ of ICL 3a 3c1 3c2 3b2 3b1 +ICL 4 +ICL 4 1. Functional auxiliaries for tense, voice or aktionsart demanding +PCP or +GER ter/haver +PCP (PC-tense) ser +PCP (passive voice) estar/andar/continuar/seguir etc. +GER (durative aktionsart) 2. Other "auxiliaries" with anaphoric subject in the ICL (÷inflexion) a) modal auxiliaries and others, +INF: dever, poder, querer, saber b) preposition mediated auxiliaries, +PRP+INF b1) tight concatenations (+ fronting of object pronouns) +a/de + INF: acabar de, gostar de, prometer de, etc. b2) loose concatenations (÷ fronting of object pronouns) +em/por + INF: acabar por (?), anelar por, ansiar por +PRP +INF: lembrar-se de, recusar-se a, esforçar-se por, comprazer-se em 3. Transobjective constructions with different subject in the ICL a) ACI-constructions, +ACC+INF (ICL ±CONTR, ±inflexion after NP-ACC) ver, ouvir, sentir b) Causative constructions (÷inflexion) b1) with accustive/dative-choice: +ACC/DAT+INF mandar, deixar, fazer b2) only dative (or +PRP-A +PIV/NP) aconselhar, permitir, possibilitar c) preposition mediatied transobjective constructions, +ACC+PRP+INF c1) with accusative
acostumar alg. a, estimular alg. a, lembrar alg. de, ... convencer alg. a, decidir alg. a, pôr alg. a ... c2) with dative (or +PRP-A) +PIV/NP dizer-lhe de/para, proibir-lhe a/de, permitir-lhe a 4. Accusative ICL's after full verbs, with (mostly?) different subject, +NOM+INF dizer, possibilitar, julgar, supor, detestar, ... In an actual CG-parse, verb chain hierarchies are chains of (governing) auxiliaries (@AUX) and (governed) non-finite auxiliary complement clauses (@#ICL-AUXN instituto ”instituto” N M S @SUBJ> de ”de” PRP @N< o DET M S @>N impeachment ”impeachment” N M S @P< nunca ”nunca” ADV @ADVL> havia ”haver” V IMPF 1/3S IND VFIN @FAUX sido ”ser” V PCP M S @#ICL-AUX< @IAUX testado ”testar” V PCP M S @#ICL-AUX< @IMV $. (The institution of impeachment had never been tested.) Deixou ”deixar” V PS 3S IND VFIN @FAUX de ”de” PRP @PRT-AUX< ser ”ser” V INF 0/1/3S @#ICL-AUX< @IMV uma ”um” DET F S @>N tendência ”tendência” N F S @N grande ”grande” ADJ M/F S @>N partido ”partido” N M S @
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
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Abstract The dissertation describes
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3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
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Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
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first, - but soon, it would move th
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disambiguated), same level tags (to
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chain, but rather the linguistic co
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2 The lexicomorphological level: St
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The core of PALMORF is written in C
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(d) as part of words. For instance,
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(1) binary search technique: a . .
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acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
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Words with graphical accents often
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2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
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2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
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Suffix combination rules is also us
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an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
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"inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
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variable word forms receive '_'- li
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The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
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appear truncated or not, depending
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comparison to the substring consist
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My present linguistic solution 28 i
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In some non-personal proper nouns,
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(i.e., not too complex) derivationa
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2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
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Another case, where meaning bearing
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2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
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circumflex-) accented words without
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the tagger tries to identify a word
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xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
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"sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
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(6) Word class distribution and par
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VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
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the present participle by derivatio
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Inflexion tags combine with word cl
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2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
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SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
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WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
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mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
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prefixal derivation in verbs comple
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graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
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PP prepositional group de=aluguel
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2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
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Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
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algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
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quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
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(1) Language distribution and error
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3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
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(4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
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oth for the simple ambiguities intr
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case of a 3.person possessor, the u
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The fact that these semantic distin
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In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
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meaning- scope someone loves everyb
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• 5. Tags can be integrated as me
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19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
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Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
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words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
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quite distinct, and few irregular e
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3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
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(5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with
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Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
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ambiguous words), moving them to "l
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(3) modernização "modernizar" N
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3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
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In a brute force approach, for an a
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While undeniably involving more con
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Generative Grammar, introduced and
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node without branches matching the
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example is a grammar of one termina
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wide coverage tagging and parsing t
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ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
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syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
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“base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
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Base forms ("...") are tags like al
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play after base form rules targetin
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The above sequences are examples of
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3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
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(1) number of CG rules containing a
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Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
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constructions. Something similar is
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are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
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For global context syntactic rules
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In table (4), three types of contex
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ules appear to be slightly more com
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(5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
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in the sequential “understanding
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all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
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3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
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@ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
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@#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
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During the project period I have do
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syntactic errors around it, by prov
Page 192 and 193: 1. Orthography and layout normalisa
Page 194 and 195: Of course, the use of dishesion mar
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Page 198 and 199: Parser performance on speech data (
Page 200 and 201: 4 The syntactic level: A dependency
Page 202 and 203: subjects, but the second subject ca
Page 204 and 205: (7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
Page 206 and 207: 4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
Page 208 and 209: (1) Table: Constituent structure ty
Page 210 and 211: Any further, more detailed, syntact
Page 212 and 213: discussion are inspired by Perini (
Page 214 and 215: Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
Page 216 and 217: type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
Page 218 and 219: they all share one, and only one, c
Page 220 and 221: AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
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Page 224 and 225: noun. Only very few adjectives (the
Page 226 and 227: 4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
Page 228 and 229: However, adnominals can point to a
Page 230 and 231: (g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
Page 232 and 233: 4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
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Page 236 and 237: Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
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Page 244 and 245: Quando ”quando” ADV @#FS-ADVL
Page 246 and 247: abalançar a kaste sig ud i at acab
Page 248 and 249: fazer xt, xd xdr få til at, lade s
Page 250 and 251: 4.4 Clause types and clause functio
Page 252 and 253: @#ICL- non-finite subclause (combin
Page 254 and 255: While it is one of the clausality t
Page 256 and 257: (6) ..., tudo @S< pago @NN mão @
Page 258 and 259: (1g) Não [queria [comer outro bolo
Page 260 and 261: Apart from the presence of predicat
Page 262 and 263: demais [demais] DET M/F S/P @>N ‘
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Page 268 and 269: quantifying) cases, indicating adve
Page 270 and 271: 4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
Page 272 and 273: O assunto eram as ditaduras 2. F E
Page 274 and 275: The examples show that the normal "
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Page 278 and 279: the quantifying adverbs mais and me
Page 280 and 281: qual DET @SC> @#FS-KOMP< antes era
Page 282 and 283: o [o] DET M S @AS< ‘that’ de [d
Page 284 and 285: [P=predicator, O=object, A=adverbia
Page 286 and 287: mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
Page 288 and 289: (2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND V
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a preposition, por, then allowing f
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4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo'
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connection with personal pronouns -
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4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
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explanation for this may be that a
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a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
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carro [carro] N M S @SUBJ> ‘car
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pass the second test ('*De seu novo
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Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
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@PIV, @ADV and @SC are - unlike @AD
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heads a "material" PP. The followin
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4.5.4.3 Intensifier adverbs Intensi
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4.5.4.4 Complementiser adverbs: Int
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complementiser in nominal FS or ICL
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hooked AS-relatives (3) they even a
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4.5.4.5 Adverb disambiguation and o
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position: adverb class: A) set oper
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(5b) fits fairly well into the (A)
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antes/depois+de Depois [depois] AD
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While (2c-e) can be described as pr
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In (4d) ter ('have') does have mono
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When the potential subject is post-
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(1) Table: functions of pronominal
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ditador [ditador] N M S @N ‘-’
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In other contexts, para is not usua
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life that the work of different gra
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SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
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4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
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dono de restaurante que pilota a pr
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|-@N
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4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
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5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
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Returning to a research view concer
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5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
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Note that valency is treated as a f
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REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
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word order can't be counted on to m
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than by asking ‘is it an A?’ or
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hemisphere membership 218 , - ‘SW
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disambiguate the senses ‘suit’
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In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
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‘+ uninferable positive feature +
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6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
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capable - by “negative instantiat
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LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
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um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
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An example of argument-head polysem
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The program module implementing the
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REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
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@AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
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Note that the MT engine will choose
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Even where none of the semantic rul
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A casa revista PCP @N< revista PC
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O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
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and a morphological CG module may c
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• V-trees - vertical tree structu
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descriptional complexity: 'full tag
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Here, each line of the CG-notation
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7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
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system's disposal. After acquiring
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the reach of "subject"-ness or "obj
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provided and what choices can be ma
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terminological confusion ? term not
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The tree structure of the sample se
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(5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
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two function tags, since the studen
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7.3 Corpus research In the case of
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- 426 -
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- 428 -
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The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
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7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
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processors used by translators or l
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The following diagram shows how dif
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8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
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- 440 -
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Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
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(4) Table: syntactic tree structure
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lexicon which ensure removal of fal
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8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
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Methodologically, it is commonly cl
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$ the dollar sign is used to mark n
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@#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
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"unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
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SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
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ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 13
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stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
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(-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
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ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
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cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
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oot search lexicon search takes a w
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translation, prepares bilingual lex
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in a typical van/von-name chain con
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Appendix: Example sentences The fol
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é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
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será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
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julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
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Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
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parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
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inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
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Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
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Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
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Alphabetical index Page numbers in
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averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
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attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
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for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
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subject identity test;236 subjects
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ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
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