Eckhard Bick - VISL

More documents

Recommendations

Info

constructions. Something similar is true of the human noun subclass of institutions, that share the semantic feature of +LOC with place names. • Both person and place names are much more frequent in the VEJA-newsmagazine corpus than in the mixed Borba-Ramsey corpus. • There is a slightly higher frequency of post-positioned subjects for person nouns in the VEJA texts, probably due to journalese quote constructions (e.g. “ .........” diz o estudante (@
3.7.3 Local vs. global rules: Constraint typology In this section I shall as far as possible detach myself the CG grammar critic from myself the CG rule writer, inspecting and quantifying the types of rule architecture used in the system, and trying to map and interpret possible system immanent structural regularities or tendencies. The point of this exercise is: (a) to provide other CG-grammar writers with some standard for comparison and CG novices with some guidelines as to how a CG may be expected to develop, what grammar size and complexity to expect, which pitfalls to avoid etc., and (b) to facilitate cross-system comparison, like when the author of a probabilistic HMM tagger/parser wants to decide on the possibility to match or "emulate" a CG rule set (a problem the relevance of which I have personally been confronted with when discussing with NLP-researchers outside the CG camp). What a CG grammar architecture looks like, may, of course, depends not only on general linguistic and analytic factors, but also on the individual grammarian’s approach to grammatical problem solving in general, and the technical limitations imposed by the few presently available CG rule compilers in particular, - and with very few Constraint Grammars around (and even fewer published), real proof of any structural universality claim must therefore await future research. Still, even regularities found within one system (and with one type of compiler), may help other researchers understand why CG rules look the way they do, and how best to learn from their not so bad performance. One of the ways to assess a given Constraint Grammar in a typological way is to quantify rule types with regard to their contextual scope and complexity, as suggested by Anttila in his discussion of the Helsinki group's English CG (Karlsson et. al., 1995, p.352). Contextual scope is what ordinarily distinguishes probabilistic grammars (narrow scope) from generative grammars (wide scope). Within Constraint Grammar, bounded context conditions, especially of low order (i.e. close to the target), are natural narrow scope tools, whereas unbounded context conditions are characteristic of a wide scope approach. Thus, a CG rule set can be typologically located between probabilistic and generative grammars, mimicking the first for part-of-speech discrimination, and the second for syntactic parsing. In table (1), a rule count is given for rules with unbounded context conditions (henceforth "global" rules) or without ("local" rules 119 ), for all three operations supported by the cg2-compiler. The columns containing numbers for non-heuristic rules 119 The concept of "local" rules is not to be confused with that of "local disambiguation" - the first term is used to describe rules without unbounded context conditions (i.e. rules where all contexts conditions are bounded), while the second concerns word-internal disambiguation (the minimal derivational complexity rule, or "Karlsson's law") - 167 -
Page 1 and 2:
Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract The dissertation describes
Page 5 and 6:
3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
Page 7 and 8:
Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
Page 9 and 10:
first, - but soon, it would move th
Page 11 and 12:
disambiguated), same level tags (to
Page 13 and 14:
chain, but rather the linguistic co
Page 15 and 16:
2 The lexicomorphological level: St
Page 17 and 18:
The core of PALMORF is written in C
Page 19 and 20:
(d) as part of words. For instance,
Page 21 and 22:
(1) binary search technique: a . .
Page 23 and 24:
acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
Page 25 and 26:
Words with graphical accents often
Page 27 and 28:
2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
Page 29 and 30:
2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
Page 31 and 32:
Suffix combination rules is also us
Page 33 and 34:
an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
Page 35 and 36:
"inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
Page 37 and 38:
variable word forms receive '_'- li
Page 39 and 40:
The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
Page 41 and 42:
appear truncated or not, depending
Page 43 and 44:
comparison to the substring consist
Page 45 and 46:
My present linguistic solution 28 i
Page 47 and 48:
In some non-personal proper nouns,
Page 49 and 50:
(i.e., not too complex) derivationa
Page 51 and 52:
2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
Page 53 and 54:
Another case, where meaning bearing
Page 55 and 56:
2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
Page 57 and 58:
circumflex-) accented words without
Page 59 and 60:
the tagger tries to identify a word
Page 61 and 62:
xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
Page 63 and 64:
"sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
Page 65 and 66:
(6) Word class distribution and par
Page 67 and 68:
VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
Page 69 and 70:
the present participle by derivatio
Page 71 and 72:
Inflexion tags combine with word cl
Page 73 and 74:
2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
Page 75 and 76:
SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
Page 77 and 78:
WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
Page 79 and 80:
WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
Page 81 and 82:
mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
Page 83 and 84:
prefixal derivation in verbs comple
Page 85 and 86:
graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
Page 87 and 88:
PP prepositional group de=aluguel
Page 89 and 90:
2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
Page 91 and 92:
Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
Page 93 and 94:
algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
Page 95 and 96:
quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
Page 97 and 98:
(1) Language distribution and error
Page 99 and 100:
3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
Page 101 and 102:
(4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
Page 103 and 104:
oth for the simple ambiguities intr
Page 105 and 106:
case of a 3.person possessor, the u
Page 107 and 108:
The fact that these semantic distin
Page 109:
In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
Page 112 and 113:
meaning- scope someone loves everyb
Page 114 and 115:
• 5. Tags can be integrated as me
Page 116 and 117: 19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
Page 118 and 119: Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
Page 120 and 121: words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
Page 122 and 123: quite distinct, and few irregular e
Page 124 and 125: 3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
Page 126 and 127: (5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with
Page 128 and 129: Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
Page 130 and 131: ambiguous words), moving them to "l
Page 132 and 133: (3) modernização "modernizar" N
Page 134 and 135: 3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
Page 136 and 137: In a brute force approach, for an a
Page 138 and 139: While undeniably involving more con
Page 140 and 141: Generative Grammar, introduced and
Page 142 and 143: node without branches matching the
Page 144 and 145: example is a grammar of one termina
Page 146 and 147: wide coverage tagging and parsing t
Page 148 and 149: ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
Page 150 and 151: syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
Page 152 and 153: “base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
Page 154 and 155: Base forms ("...") are tags like al
Page 156 and 157: play after base form rules targetin
Page 158 and 159: The above sequences are examples of
Page 160 and 161: 3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
Page 162 and 163: (1) number of CG rules containing a
Page 164 and 165: Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
Page 168 and 169: are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
Page 170 and 171: For global context syntactic rules
Page 172 and 173: In table (4), three types of contex
Page 174 and 175: ules appear to be slightly more com
Page 176 and 177: (5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
Page 178 and 179: in the sequential “understanding
Page 180 and 181: all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
Page 182 and 183: 3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
Page 184 and 185: @ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
Page 186 and 187: @#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
Page 188 and 189: During the project period I have do
Page 190 and 191: syntactic errors around it, by prov
Page 192 and 193: 1. Orthography and layout normalisa
Page 194 and 195: Of course, the use of dishesion mar
Page 196 and 197: S2 para aquele ... está perfeitame
Page 198 and 199: Parser performance on speech data (
Page 200 and 201: 4 The syntactic level: A dependency
Page 202 and 203: subjects, but the second subject ca
Page 204 and 205: (7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
Page 206 and 207: 4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
Page 208 and 209: (1) Table: Constituent structure ty
Page 210 and 211: Any further, more detailed, syntact
Page 212 and 213: discussion are inspired by Perini (
Page 214 and 215: Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
Page 216 and 217:
type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
Page 218 and 219:
they all share one, and only one, c
Page 220 and 221:
AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
Page 222 and 223:
from personal pronouns, are not mut
Page 224 and 225:
noun. Only very few adjectives (the
Page 226 and 227:
4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
Page 228 and 229:
However, adnominals can point to a
Page 230 and 231:
(g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
Page 232 and 233:
4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
Page 234 and 235:
* aspect estar/andar/continuar/segu
Page 236 and 237:
Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
Page 238 and 239:
second verb's object 152 ), with so
Page 240 and 241:
different subjects of matrix and su
Page 242 and 243:
case function ± fronting ÷ fronti
Page 244 and 245:
Quando ”quando” ADV @#FS-ADVL
Page 246 and 247:
abalançar a kaste sig ud i at acab
Page 248 and 249:
fazer xt, xd xdr få til at, lade s
Page 250 and 251:
4.4 Clause types and clause functio
Page 252 and 253:
@#ICL- non-finite subclause (combin
Page 254 and 255:
While it is one of the clausality t
Page 256 and 257:
(6) ..., tudo @S< pago @NN mão @
Page 258 and 259:
(1g) Não [queria [comer outro bolo
Page 260 and 261:
Apart from the presence of predicat
Page 262 and 263:
demais [demais] DET M/F S/P @>N ‘
Page 264 and 265:
element is a comparator and the sec
Page 266 and 267:
without a predicator's valency info
Page 268 and 269:
quantifying) cases, indicating adve
Page 270 and 271:
4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
Page 272 and 273:
O assunto eram as ditaduras 2. F E
Page 274 and 275:
The examples show that the normal "
Page 276 and 277:
focusing function to the syntactic
Page 278 and 279:
the quantifying adverbs mais and me
Page 280 and 281:
qual DET @SC> @#FS-KOMP< antes era
Page 282 and 283:
o [o] DET M S @AS< ‘that’ de [d
Page 284 and 285:
[P=predicator, O=object, A=adverbia
Page 286 and 287:
mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
Page 288 and 289:
(2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND V
Page 290 and 291:
interno [interno] ADJ M S @N< '-'
Page 292 and 293:
a preposition, por, then allowing f
Page 294 and 295:
4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo'
Page 296 and 297:
connection with personal pronouns -
Page 298 and 299:
4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
Page 300 and 301:
explanation for this may be that a
Page 302 and 303:
a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
Page 304 and 305:
carro [carro] N M S @SUBJ> ‘car
Page 306 and 307:
pass the second test ('*De seu novo
Page 308 and 309:
Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
Page 310 and 311:
@PIV, @ADV and @SC are - unlike @AD
Page 312 and 313:
heads a "material" PP. The followin
Page 314 and 315:
4.5.4.3 Intensifier adverbs Intensi
Page 316 and 317:
4.5.4.4 Complementiser adverbs: Int
Page 318 and 319:
complementiser in nominal FS or ICL
Page 320 and 321:
hooked AS-relatives (3) they even a
Page 322 and 323:
4.5.4.5 Adverb disambiguation and o
Page 324 and 325:
position: adverb class: A) set oper
Page 326 and 327:
(5b) fits fairly well into the (A)
Page 328 and 329:
antes/depois+de Depois [depois] AD
Page 330 and 331:
While (2c-e) can be described as pr
Page 332 and 333:
In (4d) ter ('have') does have mono
Page 334 and 335:
When the potential subject is post-
Page 336 and 337:
(1) Table: functions of pronominal
Page 338 and 339:
ditador [ditador] N M S @N ‘-’
Page 340 and 341:
In other contexts, para is not usua
Page 342 and 343:
life that the work of different gra
Page 344 and 345:
SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
Page 346 and 347:
4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
Page 348 and 349:
dono de restaurante que pilota a pr
Page 350 and 351:
|-@N
Page 352 and 353:
4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
Page 354 and 355:
5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
Page 356 and 357:
Returning to a research view concer
Page 358 and 359:
5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
Page 360 and 361:
Note that valency is treated as a f
Page 362 and 363:
REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
Page 364 and 365:
word order can't be counted on to m
Page 366 and 367:
than by asking ‘is it an A?’ or
Page 368 and 369:
hemisphere membership 218 , - ‘SW
Page 370 and 371:
disambiguate the senses ‘suit’
Page 372 and 373:
In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
Page 374 and 375:
‘+ uninferable positive feature +
Page 376 and 377:
6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
Page 378 and 379:
capable - by “negative instantiat
Page 380 and 381:
LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
Page 382 and 383:
um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
Page 384 and 385:
An example of argument-head polysem
Page 386 and 387:
The program module implementing the
Page 388 and 389:
REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
Page 390 and 391:
@AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
Page 392 and 393:
Note that the MT engine will choose
Page 394 and 395:
Even where none of the semantic rul
Page 396 and 397:
A casa revista PCP @N< revista PC
Page 398 and 399:
O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
Page 400 and 401:
and a morphological CG module may c
Page 402 and 403:
• V-trees - vertical tree structu
Page 404 and 405:
descriptional complexity: 'full tag
Page 406 and 407:
Here, each line of the CG-notation
Page 408 and 409:
7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
Page 410 and 411:
system's disposal. After acquiring
Page 412 and 413:
the reach of "subject"-ness or "obj
Page 414 and 415:
provided and what choices can be ma
Page 416 and 417:
terminological confusion ? term not
Page 418 and 419:
The tree structure of the sample se
Page 420 and 421:
(5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
Page 422 and 423:
two function tags, since the studen
Page 424 and 425:
7.3 Corpus research In the case of
Page 426 and 427:
- 426 -
Page 428 and 429:
- 428 -
Page 430 and 431:
The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
Page 432 and 433:
7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
Page 434 and 435:
processors used by translators or l
Page 436 and 437:
The following diagram shows how dif
Page 438 and 439:
8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
Page 440 and 441:
- 440 -
Page 442 and 443:
Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
Page 444 and 445:
(4) Table: syntactic tree structure
Page 446 and 447:
lexicon which ensure removal of fal
Page 448 and 449:
8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
Page 450 and 451:
Methodologically, it is commonly cl
Page 452 and 453:
$ the dollar sign is used to mark n
Page 454 and 455:
@#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
Page 456 and 457:
"unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
Page 458 and 459:
SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
Page 460 and 461:
ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 13
Page 462 and 463:
stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
Page 464 and 465:
(-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
Page 466 and 467:
ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
Page 468 and 469:
cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
Page 470 and 471:
oot search lexicon search takes a w
Page 472 and 473:
translation, prepares bilingual lex
Page 474 and 475:
in a typical van/von-name chain con
Page 476 and 477:
Appendix: Example sentences The fol
Page 478 and 479:
é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
Page 480 and 481:
será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
Page 482 and 483:
julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
Page 484 and 485:
Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
Page 486 and 487:
parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
Page 488 and 489:
inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
Page 490 and 491:
Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
Page 492 and 493:
Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
Page 494 and 495:
Alphabetical index Page numbers in
Page 496 and 497:
averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
Page 498 and 499:
attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
Page 500 and 501:
for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
Page 502 and 503:
subject identity test;236 subjects
Page 505:
ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
show all

Eckhard Bick - VISL

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?