Eckhard Bick - VISL

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(5b) They [saw(see) [the girl with the pair of binoculars]]. They [[saw(see) the girl] with the pair of binoculars]. They [saw(saw) [the girl with the pair of binoculars]]. They [[saw(saw) the girl] with the pair of binoculars]. The lexical ambiguity of saw together with the functional/attachment ambiguity of the PP with the pair of binoculars yields 4-fold ambiguity 82 . Note that the flat tag notation (5a) is capable of elegantly expressing this ambiguity in one string, while a traditional PSG (5b) would produce four trees or bracketed lines. Leaving aside the question of notational elegance, I would like to argue that (5) is not at all as ambiguous as it seems, not even with a mere sentence window, and can be tackled - provided the right tools for disambiguation. How? Starting with the PP attachment ambiguity, the (morphological) feature of definiteness seems to make all the difference: (6a) They killed the girl with @N< the gun. - What did they do? (6b) They killed a girl with @N< a gun. - Who did they kill? (6c) They killed the girl with @
Given that a sentence like (5) is most likely to appear in fiction or direct speech, the second, lexical, ambiguity (between 'see' and 'saw') can be resolved by a heuristic CG-rule 84 that exploits the statistical fact that the distribution of present and past tenses is text-type-dependent, and prefers - in stories - past tense over present tense readings for main clause finite verbs without sentence-initial or -final quotes, or quoting speechverbs: (7) REMOVE (PRESENT) IF (0 PAST) (NOT *-1 VFIN) (NOT @1 QUOTE OR CLB-ORD) (NOT @-1 QUOTE) (**1 @
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
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Abstract The dissertation describes
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3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
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Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
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first, - but soon, it would move th
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disambiguated), same level tags (to
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chain, but rather the linguistic co
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2 The lexicomorphological level: St
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The core of PALMORF is written in C
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(d) as part of words. For instance,
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(1) binary search technique: a . .
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acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
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Words with graphical accents often
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2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
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2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
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Suffix combination rules is also us
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an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
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"inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
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variable word forms receive '_'- li
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The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
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appear truncated or not, depending
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comparison to the substring consist
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My present linguistic solution 28 i
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In some non-personal proper nouns,
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(i.e., not too complex) derivationa
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2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
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Another case, where meaning bearing
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2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
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circumflex-) accented words without
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the tagger tries to identify a word
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xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
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"sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
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(6) Word class distribution and par
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VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
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the present participle by derivatio
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Inflexion tags combine with word cl
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2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
Page 75 and 76: SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
Page 77 and 78: WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
Page 79 and 80: WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
Page 81 and 82: mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
Page 83 and 84: prefixal derivation in verbs comple
Page 85 and 86: graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
Page 87 and 88: PP prepositional group de=aluguel
Page 89 and 90: 2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
Page 91 and 92: Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
Page 93 and 94: algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
Page 95 and 96: quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
Page 97 and 98: (1) Language distribution and error
Page 99 and 100: 3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
Page 101 and 102: (4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
Page 103 and 104: oth for the simple ambiguities intr
Page 105 and 106: case of a 3.person possessor, the u
Page 107 and 108: The fact that these semantic distin
Page 109: In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
Page 112 and 113: meaning- scope someone loves everyb
Page 114 and 115: • 5. Tags can be integrated as me
Page 116 and 117: 19 0 0 - - - - >= 20 15 1 - - - - t
Page 118 and 119: Portuguese non-name words. Apart fr
Page 120 and 121: words: 40.8 10.5 17.9 2.9 0.5 3.1 8
Page 122 and 123: quite distinct, and few irregular e
Page 124 and 125: 3.3 Borderline ambiguity: The limit
Page 128 and 129: Choose 'saw', if within the same cl
Page 130 and 131: ambiguous words), moving them to "l
Page 132 and 133: (3) modernização "modernizar" N
Page 134 and 135: 3.5.1 Probabilistics: The 'fire a l
Page 136 and 137: In a brute force approach, for an a
Page 138 and 139: While undeniably involving more con
Page 140 and 141: Generative Grammar, introduced and
Page 142 and 143: node without branches matching the
Page 144 and 145: example is a grammar of one termina
Page 146 and 147: wide coverage tagging and parsing t
Page 148 and 149: ambiguity, Constraint Grammar can a
Page 150 and 151: syntactic reach of ordinary hand-cr
Page 152 and 153: “base form-1” .. .. WORD CLAS
Page 154 and 155: Base forms ("...") are tags like al
Page 156 and 157: play after base form rules targetin
Page 158 and 159: The above sequences are examples of
Page 160 and 161: 3.7.2 Making the most of the lexico
Page 162 and 163: (1) number of CG rules containing a
Page 164 and 165: Intuitively, one might assume (a) t
Page 166 and 167: constructions. Something similar is
Page 168 and 169: are shaded, as well as the sum-colu
Page 170 and 171: For global context syntactic rules
Page 172 and 173: In table (4), three types of contex
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(5a), continued ¡ ¢ number of con
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in the sequential “understanding
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all - 356 978 492 2219 C-percent 39
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3.8 Mapping: From word class to syn
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@ADVL [N-temp ADV PRP #ICL #FS #AS]
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@#AS-A< [ADV-rel] @#AS- @#AS-
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During the project period I have do
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syntactic errors around it, by prov
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1. Orthography and layout normalisa
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Of course, the use of dishesion mar
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S2 para aquele ... está perfeitame
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Parser performance on speech data (
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4 The syntactic level: A dependency
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subjects, but the second subject ca
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(7) SUBJ o [o] DET M S @>N 'the' b
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4.1.2 Dependency relation types: Cl
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(1) Table: Constituent structure ty
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Any further, more detailed, syntact
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discussion are inspired by Perini (
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Thus, we get ”Comeu peixe/bananas
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type-4 adverbials. Second, adverbia
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they all share one, and only one, c
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AB todos estes ambos os uns, uma,
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from personal pronouns, are not mut
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noun. Only very few adjectives (the
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4.2.2 The adpositional group head a
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However, adnominals can point to a
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(g) isso existe (até/nem (nos Esta
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4.3 The verb chain 4.3.1 The predic
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* aspect estar/andar/continuar/segu
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Ordinarily, 'o' is understood as su
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second verb's object 152 ), with so
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different subjects of matrix and su
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case function ± fronting ÷ fronti
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Quando ”quando” ADV @#FS-ADVL
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abalançar a kaste sig ud i at acab
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fazer xt, xd xdr få til at, lade s
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4.4 Clause types and clause functio
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@#ICL- non-finite subclause (combin
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While it is one of the clausality t
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(6) ..., tudo @S< pago @NN mão @
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(1g) Não [queria [comer outro bolo
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Apart from the presence of predicat
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demais [demais] DET M/F S/P @>N ‘
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element is a comparator and the sec
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without a predicator's valency info
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quantifying) cases, indicating adve
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4.5 Under the magnifying glass: Spe
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O assunto eram as ditaduras 2. F E
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The examples show that the normal "
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focusing function to the syntactic
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the quantifying adverbs mais and me
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qual DET @SC> @#FS-KOMP< antes era
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o [o] DET M S @AS< ‘that’ de [d
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[P=predicator, O=object, A=adverbia
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mais=de [mais=de] ADV @>A ‘more
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(2k) Ficou [ficar] V PS 3S IND V
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interno [interno] ADJ M S @N< '-'
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a preposition, por, then allowing f
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4.5.3 Tagging the quantifier 'todo'
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connection with personal pronouns -
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4.5.4 Adverbial function 4.5.4.1 Ar
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explanation for this may be that a
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a [a] DET F S @>N ‘the’ pergun
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carro [carro] N M S @SUBJ> ‘car
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pass the second test ('*De seu novo
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Therefore, the @ADV-@ADVL distincti
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@PIV, @ADV and @SC are - unlike @AD
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heads a "material" PP. The followin
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4.5.4.3 Intensifier adverbs Intensi
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4.5.4.4 Complementiser adverbs: Int
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complementiser in nominal FS or ICL
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hooked AS-relatives (3) they even a
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4.5.4.5 Adverb disambiguation and o
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position: adverb class: A) set oper
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(5b) fits fairly well into the (A)
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antes/depois+de Depois [depois] AD
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While (2c-e) can be described as pr
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In (4d) ter ('have') does have mono
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When the potential subject is post-
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(1) Table: functions of pronominal
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ditador [ditador] N M S @N ‘-’
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In other contexts, para is not usua
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life that the work of different gra
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SPEC DET/SPEC ¬ @#FS/AS-N< artic
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4.6.3 Tree structures for constitue
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dono de restaurante que pilota a pr
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|-@N
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4.7 Elegant underspecification An i
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5 The uses of valency: A bridge fro
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Returning to a research view concer
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5.2 Valency instantiation: From sec
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Note that valency is treated as a f
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REMOVE (@%vt) (0 @%vK) (*1C @
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word order can't be counted on to m
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than by asking ‘is it an A?’ or
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hemisphere membership 218 , - ‘SW
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disambiguate the senses ‘suit’
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In all, the parser uses 16 atomic s
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‘+ uninferable positive feature +
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6.5 A semantic Constraint Grammar I
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capable - by “negative instantiat
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LIST = (@=c @=v @=p @=s @=t) ; LIS
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um verão ‘a summer’ * ok. * f
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An example of argument-head polysem
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The program module implementing the
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REMOVE (@=X) (*1 @%jn BARRIER @NON-
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@AUX, 'know how to, can' @MV, 'ta
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Note that the MT engine will choose
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Even where none of the semantic rul
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A casa revista PCP @N< revista PC
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O Itamarati +HUM @SUBJ The Itamara
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and a morphological CG module may c
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• V-trees - vertical tree structu
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descriptional complexity: 'full tag
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Here, each line of the CG-notation
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7.2 Grammar teaching on the Interne
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system's disposal. After acquiring
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the reach of "subject"-ness or "obj
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provided and what choices can be ma
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terminological confusion ? term not
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The tree structure of the sample se
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(5) Syntactic tree structures (VISL
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two function tags, since the studen
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7.3 Corpus research In the case of
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- 426 -
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- 428 -
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The NURC speech corpus (“Norma ur
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7.4 Machine translation 7.4.1. A te
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processors used by translators or l
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The following diagram shows how dif
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8 Conclusion: The advantages of inc
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- 440 -
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Sources: English: EngCG: Karlsson e
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(4) Table: syntactic tree structure
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lexicon which ensure removal of fal
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8.2 CG Progressive Level Parsing: G
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Methodologically, it is commonly cl
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$ the dollar sign is used to mark n
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@#ICL-AUX< argument verb in verb ch
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"unit" noun (e.g. "20 metros") att
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SEMANTIC TAGS The tables below prov
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ANIMATE NON-HUMAN, NON-MOVING bo 13
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stof 136 fabric seda ‘silke’ ma
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(-CONCRETE, - MASS, +COUNT) ‘modu
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ax 25 plus below: (-CONCRETE, -MASS
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cI 199 process (-CONTROL, imperfect
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oot search lexicon search takes a w
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translation, prepares bilingual lex
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in a typical van/von-name chain con
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Appendix: Example sentences The fol
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é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV quas
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será [ser] V FUT 3S IND VFIN @FMV
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julgamento [julgamento] N M S @P< $
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Os [o] DET M P @>N sabonetes [sabo
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parte [parte] N F S @P< de [de] PR
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inesquecíveis [inesquecível] ADJ
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Literature Almeida, Napoleão Mende
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Lindberg, Nikolaj, “Learning Cons
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Alphabetical index Page numbers in
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averbal subclauses;254 finite subcl
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attributive;249 nominal;248 finite
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for auxiliary definition;235;237 pa
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subject identity test;236 subjects
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ERROR: rangecheck OFFENDING COMMAND
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