Eckhard Bick - VISL

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TYPES OF AMBIGUITY adapted from Karlsson (1995) paradigm ambiguity port, guarda (different lexemes) paradigm external (free morphemes) categorical ambiguity run, complementar (parts of speech) homonymy paradigm internal amamos, sheep (morphological) (bound morphemes) local syntact. word class they thought that an insult (local context needed) + syntactic solution syntactic function they thought her an attractive partner attachment ambig. he is flying planes analytical ambiguity (constituent ambiguity) syntact. word class airport long term car park courtesy vehicle pickup point attachment ambig. they saw the girl with the binoculars structural ÷ syntactic solution syntactic function they found her an attractive partner anaphora ambiguity He bit his sister global coodination ambig. old men and women (global context needed, i.e whole sentence or "deep" structure John loves Mary more) gapping those are the boys that the police debated about fighting pragmatic ...... polysemy bank, bridge (lexical ambiguity) "polylexicals" when the plane took off its wings shook (idioms, it was raining cats and dogs incorporating verbs) - 111 -
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Eckhard Bick ♠ THE PARSING SYSTEM
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Abstract The dissertation describes
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3.7.2. Making the most of the lexic
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Inflexion tags 451 Syntactic tags 4
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first, - but soon, it would move th
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disambiguated), same level tags (to
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chain, but rather the linguistic co
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2 The lexicomorphological level: St
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The core of PALMORF is written in C
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(d) as part of words. For instance,
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(1) binary search technique: a . .
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acapitã#=#####B(orn)###413 acara#a
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Words with graphical accents often
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2.2.3.2 The inflexional endings lex
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2.2.3.3 The suffix lexicon (1) 1
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Suffix combination rules is also us
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an V a DERP a- [ANT] brad Vi as HV
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"inimigo" ADJ M P "inimigo" N M P
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variable word forms receive '_'- li
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The remaining 2 words of the 4-word
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appear truncated or not, depending
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comparison to the substring consist
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My present linguistic solution 28 i
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In some non-personal proper nouns,
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(i.e., not too complex) derivationa
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2.2.4.5 Abbreviations and sentence
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Another case, where meaning bearing
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2.2.4.6 The human factor: variation
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circumflex-) accented words without
Page 59 and 60: the tagger tries to identify a word
Page 61 and 62: xxxar-#1##AaiD######54578 endings-s
Page 63 and 64: "sombrancelha" N F P '=sobrancelha
Page 65 and 66: (6) Word class distribution and par
Page 67 and 68: VFIN 24.96 16 7.77 9 2.46 - - 25 3.
Page 69 and 70: the present participle by derivatio
Page 71 and 72: Inflexion tags combine with word cl
Page 73 and 74: 2.2.5.2 The individual word classes
Page 75 and 76: SPEC "specifiers": independent pron
Page 77 and 78: WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES gen
Page 79 and 80: WORD FORM and LEXEME CATEGORIES dea
Page 81 and 82: mood VFIN finite IND indicative SUB
Page 83 and 84: prefixal derivation in verbs comple
Page 85 and 86: graph. def. characteristics: hyphen
Page 87 and 88: PP prepositional group de=aluguel
Page 89 and 90: 2.2.5.3 Portuguese particles By ‘
Page 91 and 92: Deictic adverbs refer to discourse
Page 93 and 94: algo, algum=tanto, nada, nadinha?,
Page 95 and 96: quando når, da hvornår quanto [QU
Page 97 and 98: (1) Language distribution and error
Page 99 and 100: 3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation: T
Page 101 and 102: (4) "quando" conjunction or adverb
Page 103 and 104: oth for the simple ambiguities intr
Page 105 and 106: case of a 3.person possessor, the u
Page 107 and 108: The fact that these semantic distin
Page 109: In (Karlsson et. al, 1995:19ff) an
Page 113 and 114: An important aspect of the local-gl
Page 115 and 116: 3.2 Morphological ambiguity in Port
Page 117 and 118: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
Page 119 and 120: VFIN 9185 3748 19 375 1079 540 2827
Page 121 and 122: VFIN nominal group 3a) '-o' 1S M S
Page 123 and 124: N 107 - - - - - - - 107 99.7 ADJ 2
Page 125 and 126: Consider the following "classical l
Page 127 and 128: Given that a sentence like (5) is m
Page 129 and 130: 3.4 Word internal (local) disambigu
Page 131 and 132: 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1
Page 133 and 134: 3.5 Tools for disambiguation In cor
Page 135 and 136: account, and transition probabiliti
Page 137 and 138: Even trigrams, however, are far fro
Page 139 and 140: no lexicon. By combining supervised
Page 141 and 142: Here, the variable ‘number’ can
Page 143 and 144: Though Finite State Machines (FSM)
Page 145 and 146: co-ordination, are syntactically ir
Page 147 and 148: compiled into a computer program th
Page 149 and 150: other languages from both the Germa
Page 151 and 152: 3.6 The rule formalism In principle
Page 153 and 154: (1) a tag, word form or base form,
Page 155 and 156: 4. A blocking context, where the wo
Page 157 and 158: 3.7 Contextual information in const
Page 159 and 160: REMOVE (@ACC>) IF (*1 @MV BARRIER C
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, , ... N PP contraste com, respei
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adjective with obligatorily animal
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PROP (proper nouns) top hum (places
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3.7.3 Local vs. global rules: Const
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(1) Rule scope morf morf morf morf
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number of rules Rn, but the number
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(4) Rule complexity number of conte
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all +2 158 69 49 316 C-percent 79.7
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particular, mapping rules may - at
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(5b) context position, polarity (±
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Portuguese rules use more (distant)
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NP-functions like @ACC or @SUBJ (
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@FAUX =finite auxiliary, @FMV =fini
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3.9 Performance: Measuring correctn
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2412 words 1837 words 4249 words Er
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3.10 Speech data tagging: Probing t
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If a dishesion marker is preceded b
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N SUBJ> N< P< N< P< FMV principal m
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Where all goes well, the system tol
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iterations, or cases, where one spe
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castelos [castelho] N M P @A velho
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subclause (functioning as postnomin
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a > família:NP > de:PP > despesas:
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adjuncts. By combination of (a) and
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complemented by the @P< mark on our
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4.1.3 The clause: Arguments and adj
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complements, direct objects (the la
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other adjunct adverbial subcategori
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4.2 Group types and group level fun
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NP N noun PROP proper noun (PROP ca
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modifiers can be placed left of a p
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’algumas de’ would be that of D
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Because of these problems, I would
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Ignoring semantic incompatibilities
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4.2.3 The prepositional group (PP)
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To make things even more complicate
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While this is an intuitive way to h
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One might be tempted to conclude fr
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continuar + GER/a and so forth. Als
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emoving e.g. querer from the modal
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(2c) Parou de chover. ‘(it) stopp
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acostumar alg. a, estimular alg. a,
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List of concatenating verb currentl
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convidar a indbyde til at costumar
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pretender # foregive at pretextar #
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with absolute relative pronoun or a
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o manda sozinho (ADJ @
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(4c) Há sempre um garçon discutin
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(1c) [Chegou]. ('He/she/it arrived.
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(3a) O filho é mais alto que o pai
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(4c) Como [como] ADV @COM @#AS-AD
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(7b) Ele trabalhava como @PRD escra
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(10e) é mais fácil que [que] KS
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Another argument in favour of the @
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passive" (4d, with ser), the latter
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seem to be ideal candidates for foc
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focus topic predicative subject 3.
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O que é isso ? In my parser, which
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4.5.2 Comparison structures @#....-
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In my parser, comparative hooks are
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(AS) (FS) mais/menos..do=que 'th
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AP S ADV ADJ COMP S mais bonito do=
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mais, which by itself does not deno
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o [o] DET M S @>N ‘the’ proce
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the function of the subclause is co
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devesse [dever] V IMPF 1/3S SUBJ V
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temendo [temer] V GER @IMV @#ICL-
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As can be seen, plural forms are in
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(8e) Estamos todos @ estamos mais o
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tornar a 'return' voltar a 'return'
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(3a) Onde [onde] ADV @ADV> 'where
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a [a] PRP @N ‘the’ ramos [ram
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4.5.4.2 Adjunct adverbials In my sy
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their clause internal function ("ex
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(1f) @ Com seus lagoas, praias e du
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unbound subclass, mirroring the cor
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de 77 % 23 % - em 33 % 12 % 55 % pa
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6d4) *(algo, meio, nada, um=tanto )
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An important distinction with regar
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nascera [nascer] V MQP 1/3S IND VF
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3a. interrogative complementiser in
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The adverbs in this group are the o
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chegar [chegar] V INF 0/1/3S @IM
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(1c) emprestou- [emprestar] V PS
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4.5.5 Violating the uniqueness prin
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for (2): se "se" PERS M/F 3S/P ACC/
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Portuguese pronoun equivalent to Fr
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a [a] DET F S @>N ‘-’ violên
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• lack of a slot for direct objec
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A typical case is arrancar ('to pul
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4.6 The transformational potential
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information is (a) of the same nota
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SELECT (NUM) (-1C PRP-DE) (-2 MAIS)
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• 2. Co-ordinators are regarded a
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(8a) Analysed text, in flat, word b
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[word classes: DET=determiner, N=no
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(2c) homens @NPHR e @CO mulheres @N
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obligatorily. In the intransitive,
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modify a lexicon entry. Quantitativ
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Here, the valency tag allows the i
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5.3 Disambiguating valency tags Nat
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6 The semantic perspective: Increme
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Therefore, there is a case for intr
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order to choose the right translati
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Illustration: Disambiguation of sem
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fact + ABSTRACT ÷ LIFE + LIFE dinn
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± HUMAN EXPRESSION 220 (i.e. quali
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Atomic semantic features for differ
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Ee = entities (±CONCRETE) Cc = ±C
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In the real rules, FEATURE is a pos
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REMOVE (@=i) (0 @SUBJ> AND @=I) (*1
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used, or even mapped, in the Constr
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for every preposition. Though some
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depending on the semantic class of
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Another, rarer, example is the verb
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por=exemplo [por=exemplo] PP @N '
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... if the following clause boundar
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N "inspection" PROP - 395 - ([he]
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Moving beyond the translational lev
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that make one projection direction
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7 The applicational level: Teaching
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(1) The Portuguese grammar page The
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Here, the running word forms in a s
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"verbal" and "adjectival" function,
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tree structures). According to the
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that the Chinese origin in The man
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(1) Distributed grammar teaching en
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(2) flow chart of student - server
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7.2.5. Syntactic tree structures Wh
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Finally, students can opt for a sim
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sent back and forth through the CGI
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(7) Tutoring in the case of a "clos
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Here, three results of this quite s
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(2b) Interfering material in prepos
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(2c) Interfering adverbs in preposi
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I have shown, in chapter 6, how add
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7.5 The applicational potential of
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Applicational add-on program module
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annotation system (probably inherit
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(2) CG syntactic tag sets across la
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(3) STA:fcl =SUBJ:np ==>N:art( M S)
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is due to the fact that, in my CG-n
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alternative readings cannot be remo
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2.2.5.1), without ultimately losing
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Appendix: The tag set WORD CLASS TA
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SYNTACTIC TAGS @SUBJ> @ @ @ @ @ @ @
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VALENCY TAGS and FUNCTIONAL SUBCLAS
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Syntactic and semantic subclasses o
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ich 222 fish perca ‘perch’, lob
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sit 490 situation, state of affairs
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cc 412 concrete objects (+CONCRETE,
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, ) unit - unit (always with -> num
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CPS from (possibly, ) not yet -PL
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Appendix: PALMORF program architect
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strings ending in or containing '.'
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Appendix: CG-rules for proper nouns
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if the PROP reading is heuristic, a
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é [ser] V PR 3S IND VFIN @FMV a [a
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$, domar [domar] V INF 0/1/3S @IMV
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de [de] PRP @ não [não] ADV @ADVL
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ex-patrão [patrão] N M S @P< Alci
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novo [novo] ADJ M S @N< $. Atençã
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Outros [outro] DET M P @SUBJ> cae
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, embargada [embargar] V PCP F
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Cutting, Doug & Kupiec, Julian & Pe
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Wauschkuhn, Oliver, "Ein Werkzeug z
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operator adverbs;89;320 post-adverb
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unbounded vs. absolute;178 contextu
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word class;23 word root;22 list def
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as relative adverb;273 real time pa
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uniqueness principle;206 breaches i
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