Documentation of the Evaluation of CALPUFF and Other Long ...

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Deng, A. N. and D.R. Stauffer. 2006. On Improving 4‐km Mesoscale Model Simulations. J. App. Meteor., 45, 361‐381. Director General Joint Research Centre, cited 2008: European Tracer Experiment: Overview of the ETEX Project. (http://rem.jrc.europa.eu/etex). DOE. 1978. Heavy Mathane‐SF6 Tracer test Conducted at the Savannah River Laboratory, December 10, 1975. DP‐1469. U.S. Department of Energy. Prepared by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina. Draxler, R.R., and B.J.B. Stunder. 1988. Modeling the CAPTEX vertical tracer concentration profiles. J. Appl. Meteorol., 27:617‐625. Draxler, R.R. and J.L. Heffter. 1989. Across North America Tracer Experiment (ANATEX). Volume I: Description, Ground‐Level Sampling at Primary Sites, and Meteorology. January. NOAA Tech Memo ERL ARL‐142. Draxler, R.R. and G.D. Hess. 1997. Description of the HYSPLIT_4 Modeling System. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ARL‐224. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Springs, MD. Revised August 1998, September 2002, October 2003 and January 2004. (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/documents/reports/arl‐224.pdf). Draxler, R.R., J.L. Heffter, and G.D. Rolph. 2002. DATEM: Data Archive of Tracer Experiments and Meteorology. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Springs, MD. Last Revised 23 July 2002. (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/documents/datem/datem.pdf). DTRA, 2001: Hazard prediction and assessment capability (HPAC), User Guide Version 4.0.1. Prepared for Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Contract DSWA01‐98‐C‐0110, by Science Applications International Corporation, Rep. HPAC‐UG‐01‐U‐R0C0, 631 pp. Dudhia, J. 1989. Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two‐dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3077‐3107. Draxler, R.R., and G.D. Hess, 1997: Description of the Hysplit_4 modeling system, Tech. Rep. NOAA Tech Memo ERL ARL‐224, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Springs, MD, 24 pp. Dudhia, J. 1993. A Non‐hydrostatic Version of the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model: Validation Tests and Simulation of an Atlantic Cyclone and Cold Front. Mon. Wea. Rev., Vol. 121. pp. 1493‐1513. Earth Tech. 2005. CALGRID (Version 2) User Instructions. Final report prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, Washington D.C. Earth tech, Inc., Concord, MA. May. Emery, C.A., E. Tai, and G. Yarwood. 2001. Enhanced Meteorological Modeling and Performance Evaluation for Two Texas Ozone Episodes. Prepared for the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, by ENVIRON International Corp., Novato, CA. Emery, C. and B. Brashers. 2009. The Mesoscale Model Interface Program (MMIF) – Version 1.0. Draft User’s Manual. ENVIRON International Corporation, Novato, CA. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. June 11. ENVIRON. 2010. User’s Guide – Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions – Version 5.30. ENVIRON International Corporation, Novato, CA http://www.camx.com. May. 143
EPA, 1984: Interim Procedures for Evaluating Air Quality Models (Revised). EPA‐450/4‐84‐023, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA, 1986a: Evaluation of Short‐Term Long‐Range Transport Models, Vol. I – Analysis Procedures and Results. EPA‐450/4‐86‐016a, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA, 1986b: Evaluation of Short‐Term Long‐Range Transport Models, Vol. II – Appendices A through E. EPA‐450/4‐86‐016b, Research Triangle Park, NC.. EPA, 1990.: Rocky Mountain Acid Deposition Model Assessment: ARM3 Model Performance Evaluation. EPA/600/S3‐90/024, Research Triangle Park, NC. June. EPA. 1989. Evaluation and Sensitivity Analysis Results of the MESOPUFF II Model with CAPTEX Measurements. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC. July. (EPA/600/S3‐ 89/058). EPA. 1991. Guidance for Regulatory Application of the Urban Airshed Model (UAM). U.S., Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality, Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. July. (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/guidance/guide/uamreg.pdf). EPA. 1995. User’s Guide for the Industrial Source Complex (ISC) Dispersion Model – Volume I User Instructions. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality, Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. September. (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/userg/regmod/isc3v1.pdf). EPA. 1998a. A Comparison of CALPUFF Modeling Results to Two Tracer Field Experiments. Tech. Rep., EPA‐454/R‐98‐009, Research Triangle Park, NC. (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/7thconf/calpuff/tracer.pdf). EPA. 1998b. Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) Phase 2 Summary Report and Recommendations for Modeling Long Range Transport Impacts. Tech Rep., EPA‐454/R‐98‐009, Research Triangle Park, NC, 160 pp. (http://www.epa.gov/scram001/7thconf/calpuff/phase2.pdf). EPA. 2003. Revisions to the Guideline on Air Quality Models: Adoption of a Preferred Long Range Transport Model and Other Revisions, Final Rule. 40 CFR Part 51. Federal Register, Vol. 68, 72, Tuesday April 15, 2003. (http://frwebgate3.access.gpo.gov/cgi‐ bin/PDFgate.cgi?WAISdocID=xoakAq/0/2/0&WAISaction=retrieve). EPA. 2004: AERMOD: Description of Model Formulation. Tech Rep., EPA‐454/R‐ 03‐004, Research Triangle Park, NC, 91 pp. (http://www.epa.gov/scram001/7thconf/aermod/aermod_mfd.pdf). EPA. 2005. Revisions to the Guideline on Air Quality Models: Adoption of a Preferred General Purpose (Flat and Complex Terrain) Dispersion Model and Other Revisions; Final Rule. Federal Register, Vol. 70, No 216, Wednesday, November 9, 2005. (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/guidance/guide/appw_05.pdf). EPA. 2007. “Guidance on the Use of Models and Other Analyses for Demonstrating Attainment of Air Quality Goals for Ozone, PM2.5 and Regional Haze”. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA‐454/B‐07‐002. April. (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/guidance/guide/final‐03‐pm‐rh‐guidance.pdf). EPA. 2009a. Reassessment of the Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) Phase 2 Summary Report: Revisions to Phase 2 Recommendations. Draft. U.S. 144
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Documentation of the Evaluation of
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FOREWARD This report documents the
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2.4.3 ATMES‐II Model Evaluation A
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ABSTRACT The CALP
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OVERVIEW OF APPROACH Up to six LRT
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CALPUFF performance is evaluated by
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Table ES‐2. ATMES‐II spatial an
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• CALPUFF tended to overstate the
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• The best performing CALPUFF con
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2009a). The key findings from the C
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1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
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2.4 2 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 EXP4A EXP4B
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Figure ESS‐4. RANK statistical pe
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Evaluatioon of Six LRT T Dispersion
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Table ES‐6. Summary of model rank
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eproduce the northwest to southeast
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ETEX LRT Dispersion Model Sensitivi
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CONCLUSIONS OF LRT DISPERSION MODEL
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The CAMx and CALGRID Eulerian photo
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July 1980. Both experiments examine
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1.3 ORGANIZATION OF REPORT Chapter
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puffs expand until they exceed the
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that performance evaluation be base
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The ETEX real‐time LRT modeling p
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The ETEX study has formulated the f
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In this study we expand the LRT mod
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AM ∩ AP FMS = × 100% (2‐2) A
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Factor of α (FAα): FAα represent
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3.0 1980 GREAT PLAINS FIELD STUDY 3
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compact discs, which were used to o
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ILEVZI = 1 Layer of winds to use in
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MCHEM = 0 No chemical transformatio
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Table 3‐6. CALPUFF/CALMET experim
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Table 3‐11. CALPUFF/MMIF sensitiv
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evaluation studies and evaluate whe
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Tables 3‐13 and Figures 3‐2 thr
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140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
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30% 20% 10% 0% ‐10% ‐20% ‐30%
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120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% ‐20%
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20% 10% 0% ‐10% ‐20% ‐30% ‐
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The fitted Gaussian plume statistic
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0% ‐10% ‐20% ‐30% ‐40% ‐5
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300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% 300
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60% 40% 20% 0% ‐20% ‐40% ‐60%
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with APS, implementing the slug opt
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the amount of time that the tracer
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Figure 4‐1. CALPUFF/CALMET UTM mo
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compact discs, which were used to o
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Table 4‐4. CALPUFF parameters use
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Table 4‐8. CALPUFF/MMIF sensitivi
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the fitted Gaussian plume is not a
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Figure 4‐2. Comparison of predict
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Figure 5‐1. Location of Dayton an
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MM5 runs, the first without FDDA (i
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Table 5‐3. MM5 sensitivity tests
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Table 5‐6. Definition of the CALM
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performance at the monitor location
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35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 35% 3
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40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% F
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40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% E
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5.4.1.4 Comparison of CALPUFF CTEX3
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0.48 0.36 0.24 0.12 0 ‐0.12 16% 1
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CTEX3 discussed in Section 5.4.1. A
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CALPUFF sensitivity simulations are
Page 129 and 130: 14. Across all the spatial statisti
Page 131 and 132: sensitivity tests. The “B” seri
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Page 135 and 136: 6.0 1994 EUROPEAN TRACER EXPERIMENT
Page 137 and 138: Figure 6‐2a. Surface synoptic met
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6‐3a. Distribution of the
Page 141 and 142: 36 kilometers and the vertical stru
Page 143 and 144: splitting flag near sunset (hour 17
Page 145 and 146: experienced during the original ETE
Page 147 and 148: 2 1 0 ‐1 ‐2 3 2 1 0 23‐Oct 23
Page 149 and 150: 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Figu
Page 151 and 152: Figure 6‐9. Factor of Exceedance
Page 153 and 154: eceiving a 0.0 score. Figure 6‐13
Page 155 and 156: Table 6‐1. Summary of model ranki
Page 157 and 158: plume spread and observed surface c
Page 159 and 160: Figure 6‐16c. Comparison of spati
Page 161 and 162: • NoPiG: The tracer emissions wer
Page 163 and 164: Using the NMSE statistical performa
Page 165 and 166: 6.4.3.2 Effect of PiG on Model Perf
Page 167 and 168: 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5
Page 169 and 170: Table 6‐3. Summary of CALPUFF puf
Page 171 and 172: 0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.
Page 173 and 174: Figure 6‐ ‐22 displays the t sp
Page 175 and 176: Figure 6‐ ‐23a. Global model pe
Page 177 and 178: Figure 6‐24. Figure of Merit (FMS
Page 179: 7.0 REFERENCES Anderson, B. 2008. T
Page 183 and 184: Mlawer, E.J., S.J. Taubman, P.D. Br
Page 185 and 186: 148 Appendix A Evaluation of the MM
Page 187 and 188: Table A‐1. Wind speed and wind di
Page 189 and 190: Table A‐3. Definition of the CTEX
Page 191 and 192: Figure A‐ ‐1. Wind speed bias (
Page 193 and 194: Figure A‐ ‐3. Humidity bias and
Page 195 and 196: Table A‐5. Comparison of CTEX5 MM
Page 197 and 198: B.1 CALMET MODEL EVALUATION TO IDEN
Page 199 and 200: Figure B‐ ‐1 displays th he win
Page 201 and 202: Table B‐2a. Summary wind speed mo
Page 203 and 204: B.2 CONCLUSIONS OF CTEX3 CALMET SEN
Page 205 and 206: C.1 INTRODUCTION In this section, t
Page 207 and 208: C.2.2 HYYSPLIT GLOB BAL STATISTIICS
Page 209 and 210: The final panel in Figure C‐3 (bo
Page 211 and 212: Figure C‐ ‐5. Global model m pe
Page 213 and 214: C.3 CAMX SENSITIVITY TESTS Followin
Page 215 and 216: ACM2 Kzz combinatio ons rank as the
Page 217 and 218: Figure C‐ ‐10. Spatial model pe
Page 219 and 220: Figure C‐ ‐12. Global model per
Page 221 and 222: Figure C‐ ‐13. Spatial model pe
Page 227 and 228: Table C‐3. CAMx FMS and POD spati
Page 229 and 230: Figure C‐ ‐20. False Alarm Rate
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Figure C‐ ‐23. Factor of o Exce
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The PCC values for th he six LRT mo
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The RANK statistical performancce m
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Table C‐55. Summary y of model r
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Results foor the TS me etric are pr
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Figure C‐ ‐35. Factor of o 2 (F
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a negativve FB. The best b performm
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performing model the most often sco
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United States Environmental Protect
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