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6.0 1994 EUROPEAN TRACER EXPERIMENT<br />

6.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE 1994 EUROPEAN TRACER EXPERIMENT<br />

The European Tracer Experiment (ETEX) was initiated in 1992 by <strong>the</strong> European Commission<br />

(EC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), <strong>and</strong> World Meteorological Organization<br />

(WMO) to address many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> questions that arose from <strong>the</strong> 1986 Chernobyl accident<br />

regarding <strong>the</strong> capabilities <strong>of</strong> LRT models <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ability to properly h<strong>and</strong>le <strong>and</strong> disseminate<br />

large volumes <strong>of</strong> data. ETEX was designed to validate long‐range transport models used for<br />

emergency response situations <strong>and</strong> to develop a database which could be used for model<br />

evaluation <strong>and</strong> development purposes.<br />

6.1.1 ETEX Field Study<br />

Two releases <strong>of</strong> a perflurocarbon tracer called perfluromonomethylcyclohexane (PMCH) were<br />

made in October <strong>and</strong> November 1994 from France. For this evaluation, model simulations are<br />

focused upon <strong>the</strong> first PMCH release. The first ETEX release has been used extensively to<br />

evaluate operational LRT models for numerous countries so was also used in this study. In<br />

many ways, it represents an ideal database for LRT evaluation because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> volume <strong>and</strong> high<br />

frequency <strong>of</strong> observations taken.<br />

The PMCH was released at a constant rate <strong>of</strong> approximately 8 g/s (340 kg total) for 12 hours<br />

beginning at 1600 UTC on 23 October 1994 from Monterfil, France. The release <strong>of</strong> PMCH was a<br />

dynamic release, with an outlet temperature <strong>of</strong> 84°C <strong>and</strong> velocity <strong>of</strong> 47.6 m/s (JRC, 2008). Air<br />

concentrations were sampled at 168 monitoring sites in 17 European countries with a sampling<br />

frequency <strong>of</strong> every three hours for approximately 90 hours. Figure 6‐1 displays <strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> PMCH release point in northwestern France <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> array <strong>of</strong> sampling receptors.<br />

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