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I98 APPENDIX Sunday, July 16. The 365-day cycle was nothing new to them, of course, and they had figured out how to handle leap years by reckoning them separately. Every Christian leap year day fell in a Mayan year with the yearbearer Ix, and the day 1 Ix initiated the second half of the calendar round in 1555. In the only really direct correlational statement in the Chumayel, written in 1556, it is clear that the July 16 correlation is pegged to the year 1 Ix, 1555 (Edmonson 1976). The true Christian date can thus be reached by adding the number of Ix years for dates before 1555 or subtracting them for dates thereafter. The Maya did that in their heads but simplified matters by clinging to the July 16 correlation. It was not until the present century that the Europeans generally accepted the Goodman-Martinez- Thompson (GMT) correlation and acknowledged that the Maya were correct (Edmonson 1976). The only direct correlational statement in the Tizimin, in a text written around 1618 to 1623, also dates the beginning of the Mayan year to July 16 but pegs this not to 1 Ix, the middle of the calendar round, but to 1 Kan, the beginning of it. This was 1581. But the priest who wrote this must surely have been aware that the true correlational date was half a calendar round (26 years) earlier (including 6 Ix years). All references to the Christian year in the Books are tied to the July 16 date for 1 Pop, the first day of the Mayan year. And that was true only for 1552 to 1555. The Julian Calendar. All the European dates are in the Julian calendar. Despite the promulgation of the Gregorian calendar by the pope in 1582, the Maya clung to the Julian one throughout. It is only in some late marginal notes of the nineteenth century that they began using Gregorian dates, which add ten days to the Julian ones. Since the Gregorian reform was accepted promptly in the Spanish world, this is an interesting documentation of the autonomy of Mayan calendrical thought. The Week. The Mayan reaction to the 7-day week merits special comment. They realized promptly that the days of the week acted as yearbearers, constituting (leap years ignored) a 7-year cycle. (That is, the 365day year contains 52 weeks plus 1 day.) Eventually they figured out that because of leap year these Christian "yearbearers" occur in cycles of four, and it takes 28 years before any particular 4-year set will be repeated. The number 7 was already important in Mayan numerology, so they comfortably added the weekdays and their planetary associations to the native astrology and used them for divination. The Mexican Calendar. The Mexican calendar was only partly parallel to the Mayan one; the Nahuas lacked the tun, katun, may, and baktun. Maya xoc kin uinal u tzol kin tun hab katun kin tun y abil may baktun Mayan and Mexican Calendars day number day name 20-day cycle lunar month 260-day cycle 360-day cycle 365-day cycle 20- tun cycle 52-year cycle \2>-katun cycle 10-katun cycle Náhuatl pohualli tonalli cempoh ualton alii metztli tonalpohualli xihuitl xihuitl molpia
Yearbearer Type Days {Kin) I II III IV V Imix Ik Akbal Kan Chicchan Cimi Manik Lamat Muluc Oc THE MAYAN CALENDAR 199 These tables may help in understanding and calculating the numerous calendrical references in the text and notes. For a fuller discussion of the Mayan calendar see Thompson 1927, Morley 1946, and Satterthwaité 1965. Chuen Eb Ben be Men Cib Caban Etz'nab Cauac Ahau Note: These are counted permutatively: 12 Imix, 13 Ik, 1 Akbal, 2 Kan, etc. Sequence of Uinals (For a year 1 Kan) 1 Kan 8 Kan 2 Kan 9 Kan 3 Kan 10 Kan 4 Kan 11 Kan 5 Kan 12 Kan 6 Kan 13 Kan 7 Kan Katun Dates 8 Ahau 6 Ahau 4 Ahau 2 Ahau 13 Ahau 11 Ahau 9 Ahau 7 Ahau 5 Ahau 3 Ahau 1 Ahau 12 Ahau 10 Ahau Sequence of Katuns 13 Ahau 11 Ahau 9 Ahau 7 Ahau 5 Ahau 3 Ahau 1 Ahau 12 Ahau 10 Ahau 8 Ahau 6 Ahau 4 Ahau 2 Ahau Tikal 692 711 731 751 771 790 810 830 849 869 889 909 928 948 968 987 1007 1027 1047 1066 1086 1106 1125 1145 1165 1185 1204 1224 1244 1263 1283 1303 1323 1342 1362 1382 1401 1421 1441 Months ( Uinals) Pop Xul Uo Yaxkin Zip Zotz' Mol Ch'en Tzec Yax Calendar Round Yearbearer Dates (1 Kan equals:] Long Count Dates 8 Ahau 1529 1581 13 Ahau 8 Ahau 1633 13 Ahau 1685 1737 8 Ahau 13 Ahau 1789 8 Ahau 1841 13 Ahau 1461 1480 1500 1520 1539 Mayapan 1697 1717 1737 1539 1559 1579 1598 1618 1638 1658 1677 Zac Ceh Mac Kankin Muan Pax Kayab Cumhu Uayeb Note: These are counted serially, as with our months: 19 Pop, 20 Pop, 1 Uo, 2 Uo, etc. Valladolid 1776 1800 1824 1848 9.13.0.0.0 9.17.0.0.0 10. 6.0.0.0 10.10.0.0.0 10.19.0.0.0 11. 3.0.0.0 11.12.0.0.0 11.16.0.0.0 692 771 948 1027 1204 1283 1461 1539
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THE ANCIENT FUTURE OF THE ITZA w* k
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The Ancient Future of the Itza The
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T u men ah miatzob Ba Cabob: Sir J.
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Acknowledgments Introduction xi ix
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GULF OF MEXICO 0 1 ITZA 0 o • CUP
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Xll INTRODUCTION (or twenty tuns of
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XIV Concordance Chapter 22 42 15 6
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Xvi INTRODUCTION The Itza What foll
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XV111 INTRODUCTION Pencil drawing o
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XX INTRODUCTION Perhaps the most st
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From the end of the Xiu cycle in 69
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chief of the Toltec Xiu. It was 710
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territory of Champoton. From 968 to
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Ceel, Cinteotl the Younger, Tzontec
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Spanish first saw Yucatan, eighty y
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By 1461 it was the Xiu time to deco
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the ceiba sacrifices to end the cyc
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Can Ul, dividing the heirs of Hapay
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EIGHT AHAU 21 (note continued from
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Katun 6 Ahau was the tenth in the I
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The prophecy of Ahau Pech from star
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WiSftSiKT THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
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3o 13 Ahau was the thirteenth in th
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32 and in 1527 he told the sun prie
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34 the sun priests Kauil Ch'el, Aha
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36 THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY of Emal wa
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38 die of Uo, Emal and Hoi Tun Zuyu
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40 arily, there are seven honey tam
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42 Merida was the seat of the katun
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44 fate of 11 Ahau, and poor food w
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46 THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Itza Gods
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48 THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Tzec; the
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50 which came to the center of the
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52 envy is his soul. Mad was the pr
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54 not mine, for it happened thrice
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56 Tzin Yabun the Younger's prophec
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sembled, but they were usurpers try
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6o THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY and the be
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62 THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY time, with
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64 Everything was torn up by war in
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5 Ahau was the fourth in the Itza k
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Ma Zuy and Ben Pal were allies and
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^s 1 invented in Mayapan, and was t
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IV -r I 1 W Ai I: î e£ I MULUC (1
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OÍ2 fe forced migrations in the se
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Then spoke the lesser priests. And
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M there was famine and then later d
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The city traitor, the pretended eas
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I m 8 KAN (1601) In 1601 in 5 Ahau
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•Ai the monuments for the ancesto
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m. f joicing of the rebels, as Ol Z
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,-tó ticipating by ten years what
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•fît FIVE AHAU 91 -$j converted
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his sash. Solemnly they made the ci
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i began, and the next day was the o
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L year of dissipation, adults and c
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ma the attacks and plague that affl
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icy and priesthood of the katun, sh
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accounts of Puc Tun, the Spokesman
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¥ the Maya lords, Cap Uah spread t
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Bech' came to the lake and caused c
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to divide the land, weakening it, e
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Tun and Xopan Náhuatl, sun priests
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3 Ahau was the fifth in the Itza ka
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ter to the wilderness, and 01 Zip a
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1 a* THREE AHAU 117 16. can Cib 17.
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m THREE AHAU II9 13. ox Ymix 14. ca
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I M THREE AHAU 121 29. buluc Lamat
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I; n % is. THREE AHAU 14. noil Ix 1
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t - .V Vi- 1 ç? i : • r. i THREE
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I THREE AHAU 127 16. lahca Etz'nab
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U Like the preceding chapter, this
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i» Si fe i 1. is. THREE AHAU 131 Y
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i THREE AHAU 133 T u lacal ocsah ob
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í I s & ! Zuyua was the seat of ka
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a even in Mayapan by sacrifices in
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country and the city, even Merida t
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the true prophecy to the world from
Page 157 and 158: I: was the end of the capital God w
Page 159 and 160: Valladolid was the seat of katun 12
Page 161 and 162: . katun ended in the selection of t
Page 163 and 164: . ter as the local books said. For
Page 165 and 166: 10 Ahau was the eighth in the Itza
Page 167 and 168: 'W monies of the four Fathers of th
Page 169 and 170: Katun 8 Ahau was seated at Mayapan,
Page 171 and 172: m Such was the evil power of Kak Mo
Page 173 and 174: 1 1 ! t I state killing village hea
Page 175 and 176: i î I Y i Î I i r \ the water pri
Page 177 and 178: Teabo was the seat of katun 4 Ahau.
Page 179 and 180: every one of them. Such were the lo
Page 181 and 182: and the year and the katun come out
Page 183 and 184: starts over. At the time of the tun
Page 185 and 186: TWO AHAU 173 1764 cabil Cauac 1765
Page 187 and 188: TWO AHAU 175 Ma ix macma lub on i T
Page 189 and 190: This text begins with a table corre
Page 191 and 192: The final lines imply divination fr
Page 193 and 194: THIRTEEN AHAU 183 1758 hunil Kan ti
Page 195 and 196: This is the history of God by the p
Page 197 and 198: end of the faguar priesthood. Like
Page 199 and 200: tribute and the establishment of Ch
Page 201 and 202: against Havana, which was apostate.
Page 203 and 204: tories like those of Ahau Pech, and
Page 205 and 206: Appendix: The Mayan Calendar The Bo
Page 207: THE MAYAN CALENDAR 197 The Tikal Ca
Page 211 and 212: 202 BIBLIOGRAPHY EDMONSON, MUNRO S.
Page 213 and 214: Entries in the index are primarily
Page 215 and 216: Cabil Neb A, 16 cabildo (Sp. 'town
Page 217 and 218: 8 Ahau (1461) to 13 Ahau (1800), 34
Page 219 and 220: God, 119, 198, 412, 517, 541, 645,
Page 221 and 222: 226; day and night, 1372,1734,1776,
Page 223 and 224: Morley, Sylvanus G., 442 mother, 18
Page 225 and 226: lamentation; mourning; pacing; pena
Page 227 and 228: Tozzer, Alfred M., 118, 144, 261, 3
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