Budnal Ceed Centre - the Official Website of Karnataka Forest ...

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Karnataka.
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The CCF-11 Project No.13047 of UNDP on "National Programme on
Promoting Conservation of Medicinal Plants and traditional knowledge for enhancing
Health and Livelihood Security" is being implemented in Karnataka. The following
components of the project are being implemented in the State.
1. Establishment of Sustainable Harvesting and Resource Augmentation.
- -
2. Establishment of State Level Medicinal Plants, Seed Center '
at Budnal.
3. Mainstre'vlling traditional medicine into official Primary Health Care
Centers
The first and the second component are being implemented by Karnataka
Forest Department. The third component is implemented by NGO named Karma
Trust. The project is implemented as per the guidance and fimds issued by FRLHT,
the Project Director being official of FRLHT.
The implementation of the CCF -II Project No.13047 is reviewed by a
departmental State Level Steering Committee constituted vide OiM No.C/CR-
98lFRLHT104-05 dated 24-05-2006 of Principal Chief Conservator of Forests,
Bangalore. Further, the committee was reconstituted vide Official Memorandum
dated 05-11-2007 with Addl.Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, (Evaluation,
Working Plan, Research and Training ) as the Chairman and Chief Conservator of
Forests, (Research & Utilisastion) as the member secretary. The State Level Steering
Committee meeting is being convened regularly. The progress of the works carried
out under the project are being reviewed in the said meetings and decisions regarding
future course of action is being taken and communicates to concerned in the form of
proceedings.
Addl. Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Evaluation, Working Plan,
Research and Training, Bangalore, in his Official Memorandum No.APCCF
(EWPRT)/MP/CR-9/07-08 Dated 10-12-2007 has constituted two sub-committees for
monitoring and providing technical support. Chief Conservator of Forests, Research &
Utilisation, Bangalore chairs the sub-committee for seed center management. The
other sub-committee for sustainable harvesting and resource augmentation is chaired
by Chief Conservator of Forests, Working Plans, Bangalore. The seed centre is
developed at Budnal of Hubli Range of Dharwad Forest Division.
To develop methodologies for sustainable harvest and augmentation of
resource @r adaptive management of NTFP including medicinal plants, two forest
divisions namely Shimoga 'md Honnavar are selected. Details of works carried out in
each division is given below:

I. Sustainable harvesting and Resource augmentation at Shiragunji in
Katgal Range of Honnavar Forest Division:-
\r
',
Identification of the area:-
Shirgunji village in Kathgal Range of Honnavar Division has been selected.
Shiragunji forest area falls in NTFP overlapping working circle. Shirgunji VFC of
Katgal Range is one of the active VFCs in the division. By taking into consideration
the activeness of the VFC and availability of NTFP including medicinal plants
Shirgunji village was selected.
Project Implementation:-
Implementation of the project started fiom 2006-07. It is implemented as per
the guidelines issued by FRLHT, Bangalore. Details of works completed in the area
are as under.
1.Survey and demarcation of the area:-
. Shirgunji village is having a geographical area of 524.40 ha. Out of this, an
area of 430 Ha. is surveyed for implementation of the project. The surveyed area is
demarcated by fixing 175 boundary stones to separate the area of project fiom other
areas.
A team is constituted to identify and enlist the NTFP /medicinal plants
available in the area. Team comprised of forest department official, local folk healers,
NGOs and taxonomists. The team identified totally 74 plant species in the areas by
perambulating the total forest area.
3.Constitution of Task Team:-
As per the guidelines of FRLHT, a task team is constituted by conducting a
meeting in Shiragunji VFC.
4.Identification of medicinal plant species and documentation of local knowledge:-
After discussion with the FRLHT representatives, VFC members, forest
department officials and locals, out of 75 species two medicinal plants species and one
NTFP species works selected for sustainable harvesting and adaptive management.
The species are Surgi (Mammea suriga), Ekanayak (Salacia chinensis) and
Vayuvilanga (Embelia tsjeriam-cottam). Documentation of local traditional
knowledge related to each identified species is completed.
5.Capacity building activity:-
A work;hop was conducted to improve the knowledge of take holders,
meetings are conducted at the village level through local folk healers and NGOs. In %
addition FRLHT Bangalore and also conducted the workshops and CTCT at Agumbe 1
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i/
for departmental staff, NGO and task team members. Several meetings at local level
/ were also conducted.
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The works proposed to be carried out during this year are mainly construction
of storage shed, finalization of methodology for sustainable harvest of above
identified three species. Study of population, trade and associated issues in the site
etc., Conducting of workshop, collection of seeds and product etc. Extension,
communication and outreach activities such as display of boards, printing of
brochures, posters etc., are being carried out. The services of NGO called Canara
Green Academy is utilised for technical support and extension works.
II. Sustainable harvesting and Resource augmentation at Elimane in Agumbe
Range of Shimoga Forest Division:-
Identification of the area:-
Dasanakoodige village in Agumbe Range of Thirthahalli sub-division,
Shimoga Division is selected. The project is being implemented with the support of
Rashtrakavi Kuvempu VFC, Elimane.
I-Survey and demarcation of the area:-
Dasankoodige village is having a geographical area of 635.77 ha. It is an
Evergreen Forest area. Out of this, an area of 250 Ha. is surveyed for implementation
of the project.
2.. Constitution of Task Team:-
As per the guidelines of FRLHT, a task team consisting of 14 members
including the members and the President of Rashtrakavi Kuvempu VFC is constituted.
3. .Identification of medicinal plant species and documentation of local knowledge:-
Since the Minor Forest Produce such as Halrnaddi (Ailanthus malabarica),
Rampathre (Myristica malabarica) and Kalumenasu (Piper Nigrum) are found in
abundance in this area. These species have been selected for sustainable harvesting
and resource augmentation. Documentation of local knowledge relating to the
identified species, preparation of baseline data with area site profile has been done and
are being finalised.
4.Capacity building activity:-
A workshop was conducted to improve the knowledge of take holders,
meetings are conducted at the village level through local folk healers and NGOs.
The works to be camed out during this year are mainly construction of
interpretation cum storage shed, finalization of methodology for sustainable harvest of
above identified three species. Study of population, trade and associated issues in the

site etc., Thematic area representation, issue of identity cards, uniforms, caps have
been completed. 50 Kgs of Halmaddi, 8 Kgs of Rampathre has been collected. 5000
Seedlings of Ailanthus malabarica have been raised. Conducting of workshop,
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collection of seeds and product etc., Extension, communication and outreach activities
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such as printing of brochures, posters etc., have been carried out. The services of NGO
called Center for Rural Development and Environmental action is being utilised for \\
majority of works.
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III. Establishment of State Level Medicinal Plants, Seed Center at Budnal.
Establishment of State Level Medicinal Plants Seed Centre in Budnal, Hubli
Range of Dharwad Forest Division is undertaken in this Project.
1.Design and develop of Protocol for species:-
To develop protocol on study of population status, Regeneration problems,
storage requirement and propagation techniques for species namely Coscinum
fennestratum, Mammea suriga, Symplocos racemosa and Salacia reticulata has been
assigned to Forestry college, Ponnampet and another four species namely, Embelia
tjerriam-cottam, Myristica dactyloides, Nothpodytes nimmoniana and Premna
tornentosa has been assigned to Forestry College, Sirsi.
2. Establishing Seed center with equipment:-
Seed center is being established with infrastructures like storage room, drymg
yard. Some of the scientific instruments have been purchased.
3. Establishing nursery infrastructures:-
Establishment of nursery infrastructures such as construction of watcher shed,
labour shed etc., are under progress. Extents of 2 acres have been developed for the
purpose of medicinal plants nursery. In this nursery site 10 mother beds and 100
transplanted beds have been developed. Demonstration plots have been raised by
planting 3500 Nos of plant species identified earlier through NGO called IDF during
the start of Seed centre.
4. Raising of seedlings for distribution to farmers and departmental use:-
45000 Nos seedlings of medicinal plants namely, Madhunashini (Gymnema
sylvestre) and Makaliberu (Decalepis hamiltonii) have been raised. 5000 seedlings of
Saraca moca and 550 seedlings of other listed medicinal plants have been brought
from Hebri nursery. Efforts are being made to raise more number of seedlings of the
short listed 20 medicinal plants. These seedlings will be distributed to farmers as and
when the demand arises from them. The seedlings will also be used for planting by
department.
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1' 5. Extension programme, communication and outreach activities:-
CORDEA a NGO from Davangere is engaged for providing technical support
to seed center. Brochures, posters and other publication materials have been prepared
for some species namely, Oroxylum indicum, Gymnema sylvestre, Saraca asoca,
Decalepis hemiltonii and Asparagus recmosus.
IV. Mainstreaming traditional medicine into off~cial Primary Health Care
Centers:-
This work component of the above project is being implemented by NGO
named Karun Trust. Karuna Trust has selected 20 Primary Health Care Centers and
5 Government Ayurvedic Dispensaries for the implementation of the project. In all
the PHCs Arogya mithras are selected and trained for delivering the project outputs.
Centralized Orientation workshop to the PHC staff, Arogyamithras and Ayurvedic
Medical College students were conducted. After completion of rapid assessment and
validation programme at level of each PHC and GAD, three major common health
conditions were prioritized. 5 SHGs and 5 schools who are having interest to work in
Home Herbal Gardens and demo gardens have been selected. Creation of Home
Herbal Gardens, distribution of seedlings and educating the children regarding the use
of medicinal plants are being undertaken in this project.

Chapter.
Contents
Particulatrs Page No.
Introduction. 3
1 Species Prioritized for Karnataka State Seed Center 4
2 Propagation protocol of Asparagus racemosus 5-10
3 Propagation protocol of Boerhavia diffusa 11-15
4 Propagation protocol of Boswellia serrata 16-21
5 Propagation protocol of Caesalpinia sappan 22-28
6 Propagation protocol of Cinnamomum sulphuratum 29-31
7 Propagation protocol of Gareinia indica 32-37
8 Propagation protocol of Oroxylum indicum 38-43
9 Propagation protocol of Premna integrifolia 44-46
10 Propagation protocol of Salacia oblanga 47-48
11 Propagation protocol of Saraca asoca 49-54
12 Propagation protocol of Symplocos racemosa 55-57
13 Propagation protocol of Decalepis hamiltonii (Makli
Beru)
58-59
14 Propagation protocol of Gymnema sylvestre
60-61
(Madhunashini)
15 Studies of population status and propagation techniques
of Important Medicinal Plants of Western Ghats – By
Dr.R.Vasudeva, College of Forestry Sirsi.
( Nothapodytes nimmoniana, Premna integrifolia,
Myristica malabarica, Embelia trjeriam-cottam)
16 Studies of population status and propagation techniques
of Important Woody Medicinal plant of Western Ghats
– By Dr.Ramakrishna Hegde, College of Forestry –
Ponnampet
(Coscinum tennestratum, Mammea suriga, Salacia
reticulate, Symplocos racemosa)
2
62-89
90-96

Medicinal Plants Seed Center Budnal,
Hubli Taluk, Dharwad District.
The forest area is alarmingly declining in most tropical countries.
In fact, the scenario in India is relatively better. This has been due to lot
of afforestation initiative our country is pursuing over the years.
Deforestation has great socio-economic impact on lives of people
and community. It also has specific impact on health security. Large
scale dependence on medicinal plant raw material by drug
manufacturers and more so by bulk extractors had led to exploitation of
forest resources from individual species angle.
Medicinal plants are very important non-wood forest resources.
Development of medicinal plant seed center is an effort to make
selected medicinal plant seed/planting material available for planting in
afforestation and social forestry programmes as well as in private
plantings. This requires establishment of proper infrastructure for seed
center. Equally important is development of appropriate methods and
technologies for seed procurement, establishment of seed source, seed
handling, storage and supply.
The seed center at Budnal village is 7 Kms away from Hubli, on
Hubli-Karwar Road. The area is about 25 acres. The center is providing
opportunity to students and traditional medical practioners to visit the
area and avail the facilities provided in the center.
Twenty medicinal plant species were selected for multiplication
at this seed center based on different but relevant criteria and to make
their seedlings/saplings available for afforestation programmes as well
as private planting. Through this an effort is made to reduce the
pressure on natural resources.
The medicinal plants seed centre at Budnal Dharwad has been
established under an UNDP project called “National programme on
Promoting Conservation of Medicinal plants and traditional knowledge
for enhancing Health and livelihood Security (CCF-II Project) State
Karnataka”. With the central assistance trough FRLHT (Foundation for
revitalization of Local Health Traditions), Bangalore.
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Sl.
No.
SPECIES PRIORITIZED FOR KARNATAKA STATE SEED CENTER AND
PROMOTION STRATEGY.
Medicinal Plants Common Habit Distribution details Economi
name
c Part
4
Basis
of
prioriti
sation
1 Garcinia indica Kokum Tree Endemic to Western Ghats Fruits C
2 Salacia oblonga Ekanayakam Climbing Karnataka, fairly common in Bark- FR
Shrub Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Root
3 Saraca asoca Ashoka Tree Chikkamagalur, Uttara & Dakshina
Kannada, Udupi, Shimoga , Hassan
Bark FA
4 Cinnamomum Pinga Tree Endemic to Western Ghats Bark FA
sulphuratum/
malabathrum
dalchini
5 Oroxylum indicum Ane-mungu Tree Chikkamagalur, Uttara & Dakshina Bark & FA
Kannada, Udupi, Kodagu.
root
6 Symplocos Lodhra Tree High altitude of wet forest of Bark FR
racemosa
Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu
7 Asparagus
racemosus
Shathavari Climber Throughout west peninsular India Root FA,C
8 Boerhavia diffusa Punarnava Herb Tropical region Root C
9 Boswellia serrata Salai guggul Tree Throughout India Gum FA
10 Caesalpinia sappan Sappan Tree Southern India Seed FA,C
11 Premna integrifolia Agnimantha Tree Maharastra, Tamil Nadu, Andaman Bark, FR
and Nicobar Islands
Leaves
12 Mucuna pruriens Nasugunni Shrub Widely spread through out India Seed C
13 Mammea suriga Suragi Tree Uttara & Dakshina Kannada Flower
buds
FA
14 Myristica
Rampatre Tree Endemic to Western Ghats of Fruits FA
malabarica
Karnataka and Kerala
15 Decalepis
Makaliberu Climber Dryer part of Eastern and Western Root FA,C
hamiltonii
Ghats
16 Gymnema sylvestre Madhunashin Climber Dryer part of Eastern and Western Leaves FP,C
i
Ghats
17 Commiphora mukul Tree Semi-arid states of Rajasthan, Gum FR
Gujarat and Karnataka
resin
18 Coscinium Maradarishan Climber Semi ever green forest of
Stem FR
fenestratum a
Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu
19 Embelia tsjeriam- Vayu Shrub Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu Fruits & FR
cottam
Vilanga
seeds
20 Nothapodytes Durvasane Tree All along the Western Ghats Bark, FR
nimmoniana mara,
Wood
Pennare
chips,
Root
C = Cultivation by farmers
FA= Augmentation of resources by forest dept. in forest areas
FC= Take up planting of the species for addressing its conservation concern
FP= Develop propagation technique for adopting the species for domestication and cultivation in future
FR= Formulate research projects and initiate research for specific items.

Propagation Protocol of Asparagus racemosus
1. Introduction
Current Name : Rauvolfia serpentina Benth.
Family: Liliaceae
Synonyms: Asparagus racemosus, Asparagus sarmentosus,
Asparagus gonoclados, Asparagus adscendens
Common names: Asparagus, Shatawari,
Vernacular names:
Hindi: Shatawar
Satamati:Sanskrit,
Tamil: Shimaishadavare,
Kannada: Majigegadde
Marathi: Satawarmul
2. Botanic description
A much-branched, tall climbing, spinous under-shrub with annual woody
terrate stems, and tuberous, short rootstock bearing numerous fusiform,
succulent, tuberous roots, Branchlets triquetrous, spines 5-13 mm long
recurved or rarely straight, cladoded 1.3-2.5 cm long, in tufts of 2-6 curved.
The flowers are white, fragment, solitary of fascicited, simple of branched
racemes 2.5-5 cm long, Peicles 5mm long joined in the middle. Perianth
about 3 mm long, stamens as long as the perianth. Berry 5 to 6 mm in
diameter red, globose or more often obscurely 3 lobed; usually one seed in a
berry. White tubers of this plant are available in the market as the market as
shatavar.
3. Ecology and distribution
Slinder, straggling under shrubs with wiry, yellowish stem and falcate,
green, leaf-like cladodes; common along hedges, in scrub jungles and waste
places, as undergrowth in plantation, etc. in the moist and dry deciduous
5

forest tracts. The plant flowers during August to November and by January-
February the green fruits ripen and turn red.
Distributed throughout tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, South Malaysia and
South China. It is common in India, ascending upon an altitude of 4000 ft. in
the Himalayas and. Peninsular India.
4. Agro climatic Requirement
Shathavari is a kharif (fainy) season crop. It requires dry season, and the
roots are fully developed when 1-2 late winter rains are received. The areas
receiving 660-750 mm rainfall are suitable for its cultivation. Shathavari can
grow under climate ranging from tropical to sub tropical to temperate
climate. The crop survives under varied agro-climatic conditions ranging
from temperate to tropical. It can be grown in moderate hills like shevroys,
Kolli and Kalrayan hills and dedium elevations of western ghat hills under
condition where the elevations are between 800 to 1500m above MSL. It
tolerates drought as well as low temperature.
5. Propagation
Shathavari is commonly propagated through suckers and seeds. For
commercial cultivation. Root suckers are preferred over seeds.
5.1. Seed propagation
Sowing seeds as well can successfully be practiced. It flowers two to three
times every year. Each tricarpellary overy produces only one healthy seed.
Seeds can be collected in December-January and can be sown after keeping
for about 40 days
The raised beds are preferred. Fresh seed gives early germination. The seed
should be soacked in water overnight and treated with thiram (at the rate of
3g/kg seeds) before sowing. It should be sown at a distance of 2-3 cm from
each other and at a depth of 1.5-3 cm, in shallow furrows, 10-15 cm apart. It
was observed in an experiment, that seed treatment with cow urine gives
early and better germination percentage compared to soaking in water
overnight. They are covered with mixture of farmyard manure and fine soil.
The beds should be kept moist by watering. Germination starts after 10-15
days and continues upto 40-45 days of sowing.
6

5.2 Vegetative propagation (Suckers)
A plant of about one year growth produces 6-10 suckers. These are removed
by splitting and are planted in polythene bags, kept in shade containing a
mixture of soil, sand and cow dung in 1:1:1 ratio. This process should be
done two months prior to the onset of monsoon. Watering has to be done
dail.
6. Transplanting and aftercare
6.1. Land preparation
The soil is prepared well by digging upto 15cm depth. The field is divided
into convenient sized plots and laid out into ridges at 60 cm apart. The field
should be divided into small areas (plots with size 5.0 x 3.0m) for irrigation,
about 15 cm high ridges should be made at a distance of 45 cm for
transplanting the seedlings and keeping 30 cm spacing between the plants.
Give a light irrigation after transplanting. Well developed root suckers are
planted on the ridges.
6.2. Varieties
Varieties/Types/Clones:local clones
6.3. Irrigation and inter cultivation
The field is irrigated immediately after planting. It is continued at 4-6 days
interval until a month and thereafter at weekly intervals. Frequent weeding is
required during its early period of growth. After the sprouts grow up and
cover the surface area, weed intensity is reduced automatically. Care should
be taken to avoid any damage to growing shoots at the time of weeding.
Totally, about 6-8 hand weeding are needed to keep crop free of weeds. The
crop being a climber requires support for its proper growth. For this purpose,
4-6 feet long stakes are used to support the general growth.. In large –scale
plantation, the plants are trained on brushwood pegged in alternate rows.
Usually the crop is irrigated at an interval of 4-6 days in first month and then
at 10-15 days interval in summer and 20-25 days in winter.
7

6.5. Manures
Usually, the farmers maintain a rich top layer of humus by adding FYM at
the rate of 8 tons/acre,
6.6. Pests and diseases
No serious pest diseases have been noticed in this crop.
7. Harvesting and yield
The roots come to maturity in about 12-14 months after planting depending
upon the soil and climatic conditions. A single plant may yield about 500 to
600 g of fresh root. On an average, 12,000 to 14,000 kg of fresh roots can be
harvested from one hectare area which on drying may reduce to 1000 to
1200 kg of dried roots.
8. Post Harvest Processing
After harvesting, roots (tuberous) are washed and dried in sun for making
powder.
9. Commercial Uses
9.1 Medicinal uses
The roots are emollient, cooling, nervine, tonic, constipating. They are
useful in nervous disorders, dyspepsia, tumors, scalding of urine, throat
infections, antidysenteric, diuretic, demulcent, nutritive tonic, galactagogue
(which stimulates the secretion of breast milk), aphrodisiac, antispasmodic.
Used in consumption, epilepsy, diarrhea and blood dysentery. Due to its
cooling nature, it is used for genital herpes, chronic low-grade fever, chronic
hepatitis, gonorrhea, and to cool and purify the blood. This wonderful plant
is so useful that is considered in Ayurveda to be the Compassionate queen of
herbs. Shatawari is a cooling, calming, nourishing and purifying herb. It is
rich in vitamin A, nutritious starches, and hormone analogues. The root is
largely used in the preparation of medicated oils, prescribed for nervous and
rheumatic complaints.
9.2 Other Uses
8

The roots are also sometimes used as vegetable. The plant is also grown as
an ornamental.
Reference
Farooqi, A.A., M. Vasundhara and Amit Agarwal 2000(4 th edition).
Production Technology of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops. Trust
for
Medicinal Plant Research and Development, Bangalore. P.225.
Kattimani, K.N.,M. Ravikumar, P.M. Gangadarappa, Laxminarayana Hegde
and C.K. Venugopal 2006. Oushadhiya Mattu Sugandhi
Belegala
Utpadana Tantrikate,. University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad P.88.
Nair, K.K.N.,200. Manual of No-wood Forest Produce Plants of Kerala.
Kerala Forest Research institute, Peechi, Kerala, India. P-449.
Oommen, S.,D..K. Ved and R.Krishnan 2000. Tropical Indian Medicinal
Plants: Propagation Methods. FRLHT, Bangalore, P.351.
Ramakrishnappa, K., T.N. Shivananda and G.U. Harish 2006. Vanijya
Oushadiya Sasyagala Savayava Krishi. Krushivikas
Publication, Bangalore..p150.
Ravi Kumar, V.R.2004. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Agro India,
Bangalore.P.255.
9

1. Introduction
Propagation Protocol of Boerhavia diffusa
Current Name: Boerhavia diffusa L.
Family: Nyctaginaceae
Synonyms: Boerhavia repens (L.), Boerhavia coccinea (P.Mill.),
B.procumbens. Roxb.
Common names: Erva tostao
Vernacular Names:
Gujarati: Dhilia- saturdo, Moto-satoda.
Hindi: Snathikari, Ghdahapurna, Saati,
Kannada: Kommegida
Marathi: Tambadivasu
Sanskrit: Punarnava, Raktakanda, Shothaghni, Varshabhu
Bengali: Punurnava
Tamil: Mukaratee-Kirei, Sukuatti
Telgu:Punernava, Athavasa, Midi
2. Botanic description
Boerhavia diffusa is a perennial creeping weed, prostrate or ascending herb,
up to 1 m long or more, having spreading branches. The stem is prostrate,
woody or succulent, cylindrical, often purplish, hairy, and thickened at the
nodes. Leaves are simple, thick, fleshy, and hairy, arranged in unequal pairs,
green and glabrous above and usually white underneath. The shape of the
leaves varies considerably – ovate-oblong, round, or subcordate at the base
and smooth above. Margins of the leaves are smooth, wavy, or undulate. The
upper surface of the leaves is green, smooth and glabrous, whereas is is
pinkish white and hairy beneath. Leaves are up to 5.5 X 3.3 cm2 in area. The
tap root is tuberous, cylindrical to narrowly fusiform to conical or tapering,
light yellow, brown or brownish gray. It is thick, fleshy and very bitter in
taste. Flowers are minute, subcapitate, present 4-10 together in small
bracteolate umbels, forming axillary and terminal panicles. These are
hermaphrodit, pedicellate, and white, pink, or pinkish-red in color. Bracts
11

are deciduous and involucrate. A perianth is present in the place of a calyx
and corolla, which is tubular in shape, the tube being short and narrow at the
base and funnel-shaped at the top and constricted above the ovary. There are
five lobes, which are small and acute. Two or three stamens are present and
are slightly exserted. The stigma is peltate. The achene fruit is detachable,
ovate, oblong, pubescent, five-ribbed and glandular, anthocarpous, and
viscid on the ribs. I has a large root system bearing rootlets.
3. Ecology and distribution
Boerhavia diffusa L. is a wild perennial herb which may be encountered in
different terrestrial habitats, ranging from managed grassland, wastelands,
agroecosystems to large forest gaps. It is widely distributed in the tropics
and subtropics. It has a long history of uses by indigenous and tribal people
and in Ayurvedic or natural herbal medicines. The major active principle
present in the roots is alkaloidal and is known as punarnavine. Natural
assosociates of B. difussa are Euphorbia hirta L. Evolvulus nummularius L.,
Tridax procumbens, Vernonia cinerea (L) Less, Zornia gibbosa Span.
The genus Boerhavia has several species, and is distributed in the tropical,
subtropical, and temperate regions of the world. It is found in Australia,
China, Egypt, Pakistan, Sudan, Sri Lanka, South Africa, And USA and in
several countries of the Middle East. Out of the 40 species of this genus, 6
species are found in India-B, diffusa is also indigenous to India; it is found
throughout the warmer parts of the country up to an altitude of 2000 m in the
Himalayan region. It grows well on wastelands and infields after the rainy
season. The plant is also cultivated to some extent in West Bengal.
4. Agro climatic Requirement
The plat is a pioneer or bare areas usually found on dry sandy soils. The
plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, which are well
drained. The plant grows in acid, neutral as well as in basic (alkaline) soils.
It cannot grow in the shade. It requires dry or moist soil and can tolerate
drought.
5. Propagation
12

The seeds germinate before the onset of the monsoon. The plant grows
profusely in the rainy season, and mature seeds are formed in October-
November, Due to its sticky nature, the plant gets stuck on the clothes of
human beings and on the legs of animals, which helps in its dispersal from
one place to another.
Some workers have studied the regeneration of this plant through tissue
culture. It was reported induction of adventitious shoots using stem explants
of B. diffusa. Roots were also regenerated from the leaf segments of B.
diffusa when cultured in vitro. These roots contained 0.15% alkaloid
punarnavine. Increase in levels of indole-acetic acid (IAA) in MS medium
reduced the number of roots regenerated from the leaf segment, their length
and alkaloid content.
5.1. Seed propagation
Little propagation information is available on this species but suggests
sowing the seed in a greenhouse in the spring. When seedling are large
enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them
on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their
permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected
frosts.
Seed sown directly into the beds or poly bags in May-June, Germination
completes in 6 to7 days, with 70 to 90 per cent or germination. The cardinal
feature of modern cultivation of any plant with impressive uniformity and
high productivity for end product is thus grossly lacking in B. diffusa. The
need, therefore, is to genetically improve the available commercial bulk of
B. diffusa in order to meet the natural requirement of the valuable products.
Improved varieties with enhanced drug yields hold great promise. Mutation
breeding may have an important role in this direction and may improve the
yield and qyality.
Recently, it is reported that a substantial amount of genetic variability in
B.diffusa. Of the genotypes tested, only a few were elite lines and were
found to have desirable material for commercial use. Therefore, commercial
manufacture of active constituents from these improved elite lines would be
useful and profitable.
6 Commercial Uses
13

6.1. Medicinal uses
Parts used are roots, leaves and seeds. According to Ayurveda, Punarnava is
bitter, cooling, astringent to bowels, useful in biliousness, blood impurities,
leucorrhoea, anaemia, inflammations, heart diseases, asthma, etc. The leaves
are useful in dyspepsia, tumours, spleen enlargement, and abdominal pains.
According to Unani system of medicine, the leaves are appetizing, alexiteric
and useful in opthalmia and in joint pains. Seeds are tonic, expectorant,
carminative, useful in lumbago and scabies. The seeds are consklered as
promising blood purifier. The roots are diuretic, emetic, expectorant,
laxative and stomachic. They are used in the treatment of asthma, oedema,
anaemia, jaundice, ascites, anasarca, scanty urine and internal inflammation.
The are also said to be an antidote to snake poisoning. An alkaloid in the
roots has been shown experimentally to produce a distinct and persistent rise
in blood pressure and marked diuresis.
6.2. Other Uses
Most if not all members of this genus have the same edible uses. The entire
plant including the roots is eaten as vegetable, in curries and soups. The
roots and seeds are added to cereals, pancakes, and other foodstuffs. They
are also served as bird feed or poultry feed. The plants are grazed by sheep,
goats, and cows, and in West Bengal. It is believed that the plant enhances
lactation period and also the amount of milk in cattle (CSIR,1988). Leaves
can be cooked, root can be baked. Roots are rich in carbohydrate and
protein, though the flavour is bland and the texture sometimes woody. It can
be ground into a powder and added to cereals when making bread, cakes etc.
Reference
Bhansali, R.R., A. Kumar & H.C. Arya. 1978. “ In vitro induction of
adventitious shoots on stem explants of Boerhavia diffusa L.” Current
Science 47:551-552
Oommen, S., D.K. Ved & R.Krishnan 2000. Tropical Indian Medicinal
14

Plants: propagation methods. FRLHT. Bangalore. P.351
Shrivastava. N. & Padhya. M.A. 1995. “Punarnavine’’ profile in the
regenerated roots of Boerhavia diffusa L. from leaf segments”.
Current Science 68:653-656.
http://www.agri-history.org/pdf/Boerhavia.pdf
http://www.agri-history.org/pdf/Boerhavia.pdf
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/new crop/cropFactSeets/Punanrnava.html
http://www.ibiblio.org/praf/cgi-bin/arr-html?Boerhavia+diffusa
http://www.rain-tree.com/evatostao.html
1. Introduction.
Propagation protocol of Boswellia Serrata
Current Name: Boswellia serrata Roxb.
Family: Burseraceae
15

Synonyms: Boswellia glabra Roxb., Boswellia thurifera Roxb
Common names: Indian frankincense tree, Indian olibanum tree. Salai.
Vernacular Names:
Bengali: luban, salai
Hindi: salai, saler, salga, salhe, Sali
Sanskrit: Kunduru, sallaki
Tamil: guggulu, kundrikam, kungli, morada, parangisambarani
Kannada: salai guggula, Sambranimara, Chitta, and Maddi,
2. Botanic description
Boswellia serrata is a moderate to large sized (6-18m high), deciduous tree
with a light, spreading crown and somewhat drooping branches, It usually
has a short bole, 3-5m in length, sometimes longer if grown in a fully
stocked forest, Ofdinarily, it attains a girth of 1.2-1.8 m and a height of 9-15
m with pubescent branches , swollen at intervals. Bark is very thin, grayishgreen,
ashy or reddish with a chlorophyll layer beneath the thin outer layer,
which peels off in thin, papery flakes. Leaves alternate, exstipulate,
imparipinnate, 20-45 cm in length, crowded towards the ends of the
branches; leaflets 17-31 cm, opposite, 2.5-8cm x0.8-1.5 cm, basal pairs often
smallest, sessile, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, subentire or crenate, thincoriaceous,
glabrous above, rusty beneath, cuneate, subacute or subodblique
at base, tapering or acute at apex, very variable in size. Flowers white or
with a pinkish tinge, in stout racemes, fragrant, 10-20 cm long, shorter that
the leaves, crowded towards the ends of branches, but not terminal.
Auxiliary panicles, pediceles, solitaty or clustered, up to 0.8 cm long. Calyx
persistent, companulate, upto 0.3 cm long, pubescent outside, 5 to7-toothed;
teeth small, deltoid. Corolla with 5-7 petals, erect, free, each upto 0.6 x0.4
cm, ovate, saccate at base. Stamens, 10-16, free, inserted below disc, upto
0.3 cm long with oblong anthers; pistil with sessile, oval 3-loculed ovary,
grooved style and capitate stigma. Fruits 1.3cm long, trigonous, with three
valves and three heart-shaped, 1- seeded pyrenes, winged, along with the
margins. The specific name, serrata, comes from serra (a saw) referring to
the toothed leaf-margins. The trees shed leaves by December and develop
new foliage during January. Flowering and fruiting takes place after that,
i.e., during January to June. The bark of the tree peels off as thin papery
flakes. In India, the white flowers appear in stout racemes at the ends of
16

anches from the end January to March-April; sometimes flowers may
appear before the fall of old leaves or after the appearance of new leaves.
The drupes ripen in May-June. The leaves turn yellowish to light brown
before they nearly all fall in December; the new leaves appear in May-June.
3. Ecology and distribution
B.serrata is a species characteristic of the tropical dry deciduous forests and
occurs in very dry teak forests, northern tropical deciduous forests and sal
forests or in dry mixed deciduous forests, elsewhere in India. Common
associates of the tre include Terminalia sp., Sterculia urenes, Hardwickia
binata, Anogeissus latigolia and Acacia leucophoea and so on, it is
characteristically found gregariousy on the slopes and fidges of hills, as well
as on flat terrain, attaining a larger size on fertile soils. It is resistant to
drought and resists fire better than other species in its zone of occurrence.
The tree is also frost hardy and serves as a nurse tree for other species.
Found in the dry, hilly areas of India.
This tee is native to India, Pakistan, It is spread in Northwest nad Peninsular
India. In Karnataka, it occurs in dry deciduous forests.
4. Agro climatic Requirement
This tree comes up in altitudinal range up to 1150 m, MSL. At mean annual
temperature ranges 0-45 0 c with mean annual rainfall ranges of 500-2000
mm. It typically grows on rocky ridges; does well on neutral soils above
gneiss, schist, quartzite, limestone and sandstone. The species has the ability
to thrive in the poorest and the shallowest soils where most of its associates
remain stunted. It is a strong light-demander, fairly frost-hardy and is
intolerant to shade. The tree regenerates well by coppice shoots, root suckers
and also from seeds. It also pollards well depending on climatic and edaphic
factors. The new planting suffer from prolonged drought during October to
May, which also recover in many cases.
5. Propagation
Natural propagation is usually good, even in the poorest of locations. Some
regeneration is due to coppice and suckers, but the species also reproduces
fairly well from seed. The tree can be regenerated easily from seeds and
branch cuttings. Mature seeds may be collected off the trees to facilitate
artificial propagation. The seeds should be immersed in water before they
17

are sown, to separate out the sterile pyrenes, which float on the surface. Seed
germination takes between 7 and 15 days. B serrata has the remarkable
ability to sprout from large branch or stm cuttings.
5.1. Seed propagation
It flowers during February- March and bears fruits by April-May which
ripen by the end of May. Ripened seeds can be collected off the trees before
the fruits split open. About 14000-15000 seeds weigh one kilogram. Data on
the storage capacity of the seeds is not clearly known and fresh seeds are
suitable for sowing. Germination will be completed within a fortnight.
Rising of seedlings in polythene bags is preferred than nursery beds because
of the tender nature of seedlings. Nursery raised seedlings, 8-19 weeks old,
can be field-planted. Planting of basket or Dona raised seedling and direct
sowing are also successful. The seeds germinate to about 48% and the plant
per cent is about 20 in nursery conditions.
5.2. Vegetative propagation
Branch cutting are also commonly used for the aftifucial regeneration of the
species, and the major requirements for ensuring success by this method are
also known. The cuttings should be from thick shoot ends,90-120 cm long
and 20-25 cm thick, planted in pits of 45-60 cm depth and about 90 cm
actoss, and the best season for planting is April-May.
6. Transplating and aftercare
6.1. Land preparation
The soil should be plughed thoroughly to bring it to a fine tilth.. Then, pits of
45 3 cm in size are dug at a spacing of 4 metres accommodating 2500 plants
per hectare. They are filled with tosoil and organic miox. Direct sowing or
planting or nursery raised or container grown seedlings is practiced for the
artificial regeneration of the plant. The seedlings of 30-40 cm height, raised
in poly bags are transplanted into pits immediately after the receipt of
monsoon rains.
18

6.2. Planting
Limited soil working before planting will improve the survival percentage or
out planted seedlings. Severe drought conditions and eating away of the
roots of seedlings by wild pigs affect the survival of the seedlings to a great
extent in natural conditions. The method of planting with regard to hilly
areas, plains and afforestation sites has been standardized. Such plantings are
often susceptible to injuries by wind and frost conditions and also from
insect pests. Being a slow-growing tree, it attains a diameter of about 9 cm in
10 years and about 30 cm at 65 years of growth.
6.3. Irrigation and intercultivation
The tree is a hardy species. If protective irrigation is provided in critical
moisture stress periods, it can grow and yield better. Control of undergrowth
helps in survival of plant in fire stress conditions.
6.4 Tree Management
The mixed forests in which B. serrata occurs are worked under selectioncum-improvement
or under one of the coppice systems such as the coppice
with standards, with a rotation of 40 years, or the coppices with the same
rotation age. It produces root suckers, coppices and pollards well. The power
to produce vegetative shoots depends upon the climate and edaphic factors.
6.5. Pests and diseases
The back of the felled log has the property of maintaining its green and
healthy condition for some months. During this period, there is little liability
to insect attack; but when decay sets in, larvae of the beetle Atractocerus
reversus bore the wood. The alternative is to debark the logs and free them
from attack by Atractocerus, but the peeled logs are freely attacked by
Platypus, and Xyleborus sp. While the surface is moist and by powder post
beetle, when the surface has dried slightly. White spongy sap rot is known to
attack trees in avenues and forests. The tree is also subject to attack by other
fungi that cause spongy heart rot, mottled sap rot, spongy root and butt rot,
and white fibrous rot.
7. Commercial Uses
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Boswellia serrata is also known as Indian frankincense. When the tree trunk
is tapped, a gummy oleoresin is exuded. A purified extract of this resin is
used in modern herbal preparations. Boswellia was found to improve blood
supply to the joints and restore integrity of vessels weakened by spasm. The
bark is sweet, cooling and tonic is good in vitiated conditions of Pitta, Cough
and Asthama. It is useful in fevers, urethrorrhea, diaphoresis, convulsions,
chronic laryngitis, jaundice and arthritis. The salai guggal gum is used a
diaphoretic, astringent, stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, emmenagogue,
ecolic and antiseptic. It also has anti-bacterial and antifungal properties. The
flowers and seeds of the tree are used in flok medicine.
7.2. Other uses
Fodder
Cattle do not readily browse it, although in India, it is considered a substitute
fodder for buffaloes.
Fuel
The wood is a good fuel. Charcoal made from it is particularly favoured for
iron smelting.
Fibre
B. serrata has recently com into prominence as a raw material for pulp paper
and newsprint. Experiments show that writing and printing papers of suitable
strength can be prepared when 25-40 % long-fibred bamboo pulp is mixed in
the finish. The bark can also be used for cordage.
Tiomber
It is used in cheap furniture, ammunition boxes, mica boxes, packing cases,
cement barrels, well construction, water pipes, matches, plywood and
veneers.
Gum or resin
The tree yields a yellowish-green gum-oleoresin known as ‘salai guggal’
from wounds in the bark. This gum has an agreeable scent when burnt. A
mature tree yields about 1-1.5 kg of gum a year. It is said to be a good
20

substitute for imported Canada balsam. It is also tapped for resin called
‘loban’, which is used as incense.
Other products
B. serrata has been recorded in West Bengal as a new lac host. The gummy
wood as such is burnt like a torck during night. The flowers and seeds of the
tree are edible
Reference
Nair, K.K.N.2000. Manual of Non-wood Forest Produce plants of Kerala.
Kerala Forest Research Institure, Peechi, Kerala, India. P. 449.
Oommen, S., D.K. Ved & R.Krishnan 2000. Tropical Indian Medicinal
Plants: propagation methods. FRLHT. Bangalore. P.70
Ved, D.K. Summy Oommen & Archanakumari Propagation of Indian
Medicinal Plants. FRLHT, Bangalore. P.234
Http://www.worldforestrycentre.org
1. Introduction
Propagation Protocol of Caesalpinia Sappan
Current Name: Caesalpinia sappan L.
Family: Fabaceae Sub family: Caesalpinioideae
Synonyms: Biancaea sappan (L.) Todaro
Common names: sappan, Chappan gum
Vernacular name:
Burmese: teing-nyet
Engligh : false sandalwood, Indian brazilwood, Indian redwood,
sappanwood
21

Filipino: sapang, sibukao
French:sappan
Hindi: vakam, vakum
Kannada: sappan mara
Indonesian: kayu sekang, secang, soga jawa
Loa (Sino-Tibetan): fang, gang deeng
Malay:sepang
Thai:fang, fang som, ngaai
Vietnamese: to moc, Vang nhuom
Malayalam: Chappangam, Sappannam
2. Botanic description
Caesalpinia sappan is a small to medium-sozed. Shrubby tree,4-8(-10) m
tall; trunk up to 14 cm in diameter; bark with distinct ridges and many
prickles, greyish brown; young twigs and buds hairy, browbish. Leaves
stipulate, bipinnate, alternate, 20-45 (-50) cm long, 10-20 cm broad, with 8-
16 pairs of up to 20 cm long pinnae; pinnae with prickles at the base and
with 10-20 pairs of oblong, 10-20 mm x 6-10 mm long, subsessile leaflets,
very oblique at base, rounded to emarginated at apex, Flowers in terminal
panicles, recemes pubescent, primary penducles 30-40 cm long, bracts
ovate-acuminate, about 6 mm long, flowers fragrant, 2-3 cm long, 5-merous;
calyx tube 3 mm long; corolla yellow, uppermost lobes cuneate, other
obovate, all claved and gland-punctate;l stamens 10, filaments densely
tomentose in the lower half; ovary superior, pubescent. Fruit dehiscent pod,
glabrous, thick, flattened, obliqucly oblong, prominently beacked, woody,
polished- brown, 7-10 cm x 3-4 cm, 2-3(-5) seeded ellipsoid, flattened, 18-
20mm x 10-12 mm, brown. Flowering can occur after on year of growth
when plant reaches a height of 3-5 m and usually during the rainy season,
fruiting about 6 months later. Flowers are produced during March to May,
sometimes extednding to August. Flowers are golden yellow in colour and
are cross-pollinated by bees, butterflies and insects. Fruits mature in the
month of November-December. Pods are produced 13 months after planting.
It bears pods of 3-4 seeds, which are ellipsoid, brown to black coloured..
3. Ecology and Distribution
The origin of C. sappan is not certain, but is thought to be in the region from
central and southern India through Indo-China to Peninsular Malaysia. It is
22

cultivated and naturalized in many parts of Malaysia and also in central India
to Hawail.
The trees grow naturally in the moist deciduous forests and is also often
grown along hedges in the non-forest areas of the State. Under natural
conditions, C. sappan grows mostly in hilly areas with clayey soils and
calcareous rocks at low and medium altitudes. In Peninsular Malaysia, it
grows best on sandy riverbanks. It does not tolerate too wet soil conditions.
The tree is native to China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar Islands, Sri Lanka,
Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America. I is either cultivated
or growing wild in South India (Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa
southwards). In India it is cultivated in gardens and nurseries as a live fence
plant in parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West
Bengal and rarely found in the wild. I Karnataka, It is grown in Bagalokote,
Bangalore, Bijapur, Chitradurga, Gulbarga, Koppal, & Udupi districts. In
Kerala, it is grown in Callcut, Trichur & Quilon districts; rarely cultivated
elsewhere.
4. Agro climatic Requirement
The plant is found growing in a wide range of climatic conditions. Thopugh
it withstands the drought, it prefers well-distributed rainfall of 750 mm.
During the drought conditions, it defoliates to adjust the moisture scarcity in
the soil. It grows best in tropical and sub-tropical regions with dry and hot
climatic conditions. Where mean annual temperatures range between 24 and
28 0 c, & mean annual rainfall; range is 700-4300 mm.
Sappan is a hardy tree adopted to different soil types ranging from clay to
loam. The lush growth is obtained in red loamy soil. The soil should be deep
and have adequate drainage facilities. Soil, Which is either saline or alkaline
with poor drainage is not suitable for cultivation of this crop. It can tolerate
sandy and sloppy soils and pH of 5-7.5. Thought it grows well in all kinds of
soils lush growth is obtained in red soil. It withstands any amount or drought
and defoliates onlu for a short period of 10-15 days.
5. Propagation
Caesalpinia sappan is propagated by seeds, coppices and hard wood cutting
5.1. Seed Propagation
23

Seeds retain viability upto two years. Sometimes, seeds may lose viability
withi 3 months of harvest. Seeds collected from ripe pods can be stored
without much loss of viability. One kilogram of seeds contains about 1760 to
2260 numbers. Seeds have poor and delayed germination. Seeds require
scarification or hot water treatment (10 min. at 50-60 0 C) for easy
germination. The germination can be improved by treatment of seeds with
concentrated Sulphuric Acid for 6 minutes followed by soaking in GA at 300
ppm. This treatment has given 71 per cent germination against, 24 per cent
in untreated seeds. The seedlings are raised during April-May months. The
plants are planted into the main field during the months of June-July which
are the best months.
5.5.2 Vegetative propagation
This plant can also be propagated by hard wood cutting. Cuttings should be
2.5 cm in diameter and 10 cm long..
6. Transplanting and aftercare
6.1. Land preparation
The soil should be ploughed thoroughly to bring it to a fine tilth. Then, pits
of 45 3 cm in size are dug at a spacing of 4 metres accommodating 2500
plants per hectare. They are filled with topsoil and organic mix.
6.2. Varieties
As there are no named varieties available in this crop seeds are collected
from healthy and vigorous growing plants of local origin and multiplied.
6.3. Planting
Direct sowing or planting of nursery raised or container grown seedlings is
practiced for the artificial regeneration of the plant. The seedlings of 30-40
cm height, raised in poly bags are transplanted into pits immediately after
the receipt of monsoon rains i.e., during the months of June-July.
24

6.4. Irrigation and inter cultivation
During the dry period, the crop is irrigated at weekly or biweekly interval
depending on the requirement. During the early crop growth, the interspaces
may be planted with short duration vegetables and legumes.
Weeding is done during the second week of September followed by the
application of fertilizers. Manual weeding of basin is recommended once in
four months. Soil should be worked after weeding and the soil around the
basin is loosened.
6.5. Tree Management
Initially Caesalpinia sappan grows straight but at about 205 m heights, the
branches start to droop and entwine with branches of nearby trees to form
thickets, generally free from undergrowth. After the tree is felled, the stump
sprouts profusely within 2 weeks. For use as dyewood the tree is harvested
every 6-8 years and for firewood every 3-4 years, when the trunk has
attained 5-6 cm diameter. The tree is cut about 1 m above the ground to
allow sprouts to grow from the stump.
6.6. Manures
The crop should be given sufficient amount of FYM for good growth and
harvest. One can apply 12-15 tons per acre.
6.7. Pests and diseases
Major insects are pod borer and termites. No serious disease is noticed.
Auricularia auricular-judea and Meliola caesalpiniae fungi sometimes attack
the tree.
7. Harvesting and yield
The seeds can be harvested right from he second year of planting, but the
heart wood is ready only after 10-15 years from fifth year onwards, an yield
of 2000-2500 kgs of pods may be obtained, which in turn may yield 200-250
kg seeds per hectare. The wood dye yield varies which is attributed to
varietal and cultural factors.
8. Commrcial Uses
25

8.1. Mdicinal uses
A decoction of the wood is a powerful emmenagogue and because of its
tannic and gallic acids, is an astringent used in mild cases of dysentery and
diarrhea. I is also given internally for certain skin ailments. The sappan is
given as a tonic to women after confinement and to relieve vomiting of
blood. It is one of the ingredients in a mixture prescribed for malaria. The
dried heartwood is widely used in oriental medicine, particularly against
inflammation. Seeds serve as a sedative.
8.2. Other uses
Fuel
The wood is used for firewood and its energy value is about 25000 kj/kg.
Timber
The tree is source of the commercial redwood or Brazilwood. Sapwood is
white, Heartweed makes up to 90 % of the total volume. It is yellow or deep
orange when fresh turning to dark red. The wood is straight grained with a
fine to moderately fine texture, fairly heavy (600-780 kg/m 3 ), hard and
lustrous. It is difficult to dry and susceptible to warping and collapse, but
moderately easy to work; it takes high finish susceptible to warping and
collapse, but moderately easy to work; it takes high finish & is tough and
resistant to termite attack. It is used for inlaying work, cabinet making,
violin bows and for walking sticks.
Gum or resin
The stem produces a gum.
Tannin or dystuff: The heartweed yeields a valuable red crystalline dye,
brazilin, used on cotton, silk and wool fabrics. Bakam gives bright red and
violet shades, and with garcine produces a chocolate tint. Bark and pods
yield similar dyes, pods contain 40 % tannin used in production of light
leather goods. Roots give a yellow dye.
Essential oil
Leaves contain a pleasant smelling volatile oil.
26

Other products
Seeds are reported to contain trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors.
Protosappanin A isolated from C. sappan heartweed has a mild sedative
effect. Six 3-benzylchroman derivatives (isoflavonoids) were islolated from
Sappan lignum, the dried heartwood of C. sappan Screening showed that the
methonolic extract had significant antihypercholesteraemic activity.
Braziling (7,11b-dihydrobenz[b]indeno-[1,2-d] pyran3,6a,9,10(6H)-tetrol),
the principle component of C. Sappan has found to exhibit hypohlycaemic
properties and to increase glucose metabolism in diabetic rats.
Dye extraction
The dye is extracted by boiling chipped wood pieces in water. While
extracting, few paddy grains are thrown into boiling liquid to check if the
extraction is complete or not if the hust scales off, boiling is considered
sufficient and no otherwise.
Services.
The tree is planted as a hedge and boundary marker in villages. The leaves
are used to hasten ripening of fruits such as bananas and mangoes.
Reference
Aravidaakshan, M. and D. Kannan 2006 “Caesalpinia sappan” A potential
Natural Dye Yielding Medicinal Tree of Tamil Nadu. Medplant
Network News 6(2);11-12.
Farooqi, A.A., M. Vasundhara, & Amit Agarwal 2000 (4 th edition).
Production Technology of Dedicinal & Aromatic Crops. Trust for
Medicinal Plant Research & Development Bangalore.p.225.
Farooqi, A.A., M. Vasundhara, K.S. Srinivasappa & K. Ashok 2005 (2 nd
edition). Oushadhiya Mattu Sugandha Dravya Belegala Tantrikate.
Trust for Medicinal Plant Research & Development. P.304.
Nair, K.K.N., 2000 Manual of Non-wood Forest produce Plants of Kerala.
Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, India. P. 449
Nair, K.K.N., R.C. Pandalai & U.M. Chandrashekara.2000. “ Generatation
& Transfer of Silviculture and Harvesting Technology of selected
Medicinal plants for the sustained utilization of the wastelands of
Kerala’, KFRI.
Research Report. 178.
Ved, D.K, Summy Oomen and Archanakumari, Propagation of Indian
27

Medicinal Plants. FRLHT. Bangalore p. 324.
Http://www/worldforestrycentre.org
Propagation Protocol of Cinnamomum sulphuratum
1. Introduction
Current Name: Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees.
Family: Lauraceae
Synonym: Cinnamomum perrotteti
Venacular names
Kannada: Pinga dalchinni, Matta dalchinni
Malayalam; Kattu karuva
Tamil; Kattu lavangam
2. Botani description
A small to medium sized tree, about 8 tall and about 70 cm girth. Bark
smooth, reddish brown outside, dull red inside, with a strong aromatic smell.
Young branches slender, angular, with dense minute yellowish-brown
adpressed tomentose hairs. Leaves opposite and sub-opposite, 4-12 x 2-4.5
cm, oblong or elliptic-oblong, base rounded or acute, apex acute, slightly
leathery, hairless, glossy, tomentose, bluish grey beneath, with 3 basal
nerves; young leaves with tomentose hairs below, gradually becoming
hairless when old, distinctly stalked. Flowers bisexual about 2-4 mm long,
distinctly stalked, greenish yellow, in terminal and axillary 10-14 cm long
panicles Berries oblong-ellipsoid, 1 x 1.5 cm, smooth, hairless, seated on
28

about 1 cm across cup-shaped fleshy disc. Flowering and fruiting occurs
from December to May.
3. Ecology and distribution
Endemic to Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu. Fairly
common tree in evergreen & shoal forests of Western Ghats at elevations up
to 600-1800 m altitude.
4. Agro climatic Requirement
It comes up well in Western Ghats upto an altitude of 1500 m. It thrives well
in slightly higher rainfall areas (750-1500mm).
5. Propagation
C. sulphuratum can be propagated both by seeds as well as vegetative means
(cuttings & divisions of old roots),. Information is not available on the
propagation methods. No commercial cultivation was practiced.
6 Transplanting and aftercare
As wild collection is main source of supply no special attempt was done on
cultivation of this crop. No information is available on the cultivation of the
species.
7 Harvesting and yield
Benerally, harvesting of Cinnamomum leaves is carried out during
March. Bark and leaves of the plants are harvested after the plant
reaches the mature stage. Only the matured individual leaves are
plucked from tree. Due to rise in demand, collection of
Cinnamomum leaves for commercial purpose gets started from
December. Re leaves.
Quality harvest is hand plucking of individual mature leaves. Such
harvest yields bigger and mature leaves with high quality essential
29

oil content and medicinal properties. While, the quantity oriented
harvest is collection of immature (young) leaves to mature (old)
leaves. In this destructive harvest, the entire branch is cut to save
time and energy in climbing the tree and to increase the quantity of
leaves collected. The improper lopping of branches and twigs
affects the tree growth, development and reproduction. Moreover,
such harvest will yield of very low quality with immatu
Leaves and barks are substituted to/adulterated with Cinnamomum
zeylanicum. Oil is distilled from leaves.
8. Commercial Uses
8.1. Medicinal uses
Bark and leaves are used like that of its relative species, C. sulphuratum,
which is used to cure cough, headache, spider poison and as a mouth
refresher.
Reference
FRLHT. 2006. Fact-sheet No.1 Adaptive Management for Sustainable
Harvesting of NTFPS / Medicinal Plants. Cinnamomum malabatrum
(Burm.f.) Blume, c. sulphuratum Nees. P. 1-2.
Oommen, S., D.K. Vend & R.Krishnan 2000. Tropical Indian
Medicinal Plants; Propagation mothods:. FRLHT, Bangalore. P-
351.
Rameshkumar, B. Koranappally, George and Varughese. 2006.
cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees- a Benzyl Benzoate-Rich New
Chemotype from Southern western Ghats, India. J. Essent. Oil
Res., 9: 194-196
http://www.indian-harbs-exporters.com/Cinnamomum
sulphuratum,htm/#1
30

1. Introduction
Propagation Protocol of Garcinia indica
Current Name : Garcinaia indica L.
Family: Clusiaceae/guttiferae
Synonyms; G.indica Chosy.
Common names: Mangosteen and Kokam butter tree.,
Vernacular names:
Sanskrit: Vrksamla, Amlavetasa
Hindi: Kokam
Kannada: Margala, Muruginahuli mara, devana huli.
Malayalam: Punampuli
Tamil: Murgala, Muruginahuli mara, devana huli.
Telugu: Ratamba, Kokam.
2. Botanic description
Garcinia indica is on of the important indigenous trees spices. Kokum is well
known to counter out the heat. The kernel in the seed contains about 33-44
% oil, which is popularly known as kokum butter. The butter has export
potential and used in ointments, consmetics and some pharmaceutical
preparations. It is evergreen, slender, small tree with drooping branches.
Leaves are dark green, oblong, lanceolate, petiolate and 6.3 – 9cm x 2.5-3.8
cm in size. Flowers are eparate, auxillary or terminal. Fruits are globose and
dark purple, with 4-8 large seeds.
31

This tree can be identified by its drooping branches and thick dark green
leaves which are sour in taste.
3. Ecology and distribution
It is indigenous to the Western Ghats region of India, along the western
coast. It is found in forestlands, riversides, and wasteland, and also gets
cultivated on a small scale, These plants prefer evergreen forests, but some
also thrive in relatively lowrainfall areas.
The genus Gracina belonging to the family Clusiaceae includes some 200
species found in the Old world tropics, especially Asia and Africa. Out of
the 35 species found in India, 17 are endemic. Of these, seven are endemic
to the Western Ghats region (lying along western coastal India), six in the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands and four in the Northeastern region of India.
Tree found in Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, South Gujarat, Assam
and West Bengal. It is common tree in tropical rain forests of Western
Ghats.
4. Agro Climatic Requirement
In its natural habitat, it comes up well in hot humid climate under partial
shade. The optimum temperature ranging from 10-38 0 c with an annual
rainfall of 250 cm is ideal for its cultivation.
Frequent in evergreen and deciduous forests along the coasts on winward
side of Westernm Ghats to 400 m.
The soil should be well drained, deep with good water holding capacity. The
loamy soils rich in organic matter are ideal for its cultivation with soil pH
ranging for 5-6.
5. Propagation
The plant is of deciduous nature where the sex of the plant is confirmed only
after completion of juvenile period of 7 to 10 years. Fifty per cent of the
plants will be male and hence unproductive. Because of seedling progenies,
there is large variation in quality and quantity of fruits and due to late
bearing and harvesting period extends in rainy season leading to loss of
fruits. Grafted plants do not gain normal shape and becomes bushy irregular
and viny. The internodal length is reduced. Their cropping season is
complete before the start of rainy season. The tree flowers from November-
February. The fruits ripen from March-May.
32

5.1 Seed propagation
The seeds can either be dried in coal ash or they can be tied in a cloth bag
and watered for eight days. The pre-treated seeds should be sown in seed
pans and kept in a playhouse, as they fail to germinate outside. Watering
should be done daily. Germination is intiated after 30 days and continues till
60 days. The seedlings can be transferred to polythene bags containing soil,
sand and FYM in the ratio of 2:1:1 after three moths.
G.indica can be regenerated through seeds, grafts and cuttings. The natural
regeneration of this tree is rather poor. The seeds do not germinate readily in
open fields and are susceptible to insect or fungal attack. They require hot
and moist climate for their germination. They do not germinate in
unfavourable conditions.
Seed collection: The fruits turn dark purple when ripe. These are hand
plucked from the trees during May-June. Sometimes shaking of branches is
done to make the fruits fall to the ground. The fruits are collected for seeds
and depulped to separate the seeds. The seeds are mixed with ash and dried
in the shade.
Seed extraction: seeds extracted from fresh fruits during first week of June
Seed weight: 2000-3000 seeds/kg
Viability period: Short –lived
Germination: 80-90% Temperature of 30 to 35 0 C is ideal for germination.
Germination period: 30-60 days
Viability treatments: Wet packing or drying in cola ash for 8 days prior to
sowing is advised.
Season of Planting:June-July
Age at planting: 12-14 months
5.2 Vegetative propagation
5.2.1 Thtough cuttings
Semi-hardwood cuttings, which are 2 x 150 mm with two nodes, are used for
planting. Planting should be done in the poly house.
5.2.2 Through grafts
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The soft wood grafting has been standardized. It is observed that the mature
scion stick of 6 months old can be preferred for soft wood grafting. Prior
defoliation is not a pre-prequisite for this technique in this crop and the age
of rootstock should be more than 22 weeks. October is the best month for
sftweed grafting and the graft could be successfully maintained in poly
house or under open sun after grafting. Until planted in the main field.
Propagation method is soft wood grafting and better planting time is July-
August.
6. Transplanting and aftercare
6.1 Land preparation
The soil should be ploughed thoroughly to bring it to a fine tilth. The pit size
should be 1 m 3 dug and it should be filled with sufficient organic manure.
For field plantation the spacing should be 3m x 3m. Though it is suggested
to plant seedlings at a spacing 10 x 10 m and grafts at a spacing of 5 m x 5
m, it is not advisable to go for seedlings.
6.2 Varieties
Evaluation of local types has lead to a variety ‘Kokan Amrita’ which is
probably the only variety in India. This variety has shortest harvesting period
(78 days) and lowest number of harvest (3). It bears attractive apple shaped
fruits with maximum shelf life 15 days. Some local varieties are used.
6.3 Planting
The seedlings can be transplanted into the fields after 12 months. Grafts are
of compact size and fit as an intercrop and suit for higher density of planting,
both in coconut and arecanut. One-year old plants are best. Another
possibility is in-situgrafting. Seedlings can be planted prior to monsoon or
even in summer under drip irrigation. These can be grafted using elite clones
from bisexual plants during October month.
6.4 Irrigation and inter cultivation
Normally grown as rainfed crop. Hence regular irrigations is not required for
grown up orchards but irrigated during the dry months at an interval of 8-10
days.
34

Weeding and thining of the plant may be done as and when required, usually
at an interval of 15-20 days in case of young plants and in case of mature
plants and tasins have to be kept free of weeds to avoid their competition to
the plants.
6.5 Fertilizer/manures
Manure 20Kg of FYM and 500 gm of N and 250 gm of P 2O 5 fertilizers
applied per plant for better growth and development.
6.6 Pests and diseases
Hardy crop, no serious disease or pest has been reported in this crop apart
from the monkey menace, and is almost a :zero-attention” crop. Leaf minor
and pink disease sometime occurs which can be easily controlled.
As per one estimate, cost of cultivation is Rs.13000/ha and net return is
around Rs.34300/ha.
8. Post Harvest management
The fruit rind is separated from seeds and dried in sun or in a drier till the
colour of the rind turns black. The dried fruits are smeared with salt, coconut
oil and are stored
9. Commercial Uses
9.1 Medicinal uses
It is useful as an infusion or by direct application in skin ailments suck as
rashes caused by a allergies. Kokum butter is an emollient helpful in the
treatment of butns scalds and chaffed skins. The fruit are steeped in sugar
syrup to make amruth kokum, Acid, which is widely used to anti-obesity
drugs. HCA is claimed to have fat-reduced fat, cools the body, purifies the
blood and fights cholesterol. Wines and liquors made from it could attract
the health-conscious. It is an antihelmenthic and cardiotonic. They are also
useful in curing piles, dysentery, and tumors. It is widely used as fish
preservative and a good source of acid for coagulating rubber.
35

Products: Fruit mainly used for preparation of value added product like
Kokum syrup, dried kokum rind etc. that are consumed within the country.
However, kokum seed fat is exported to Netherlands, Italy, Japan,
Singapore, U.K and Malaysia. Good export potential.
Biochemical analysis (active ingredients): Arabin, essential oil, resin,
tartaric, citric and phosphoric acids, Hydroxy citric Acid.
9.2 Other Uses
Food: The kernel in the seed contains about 33-44 % oil, which is popularly
known as kokum butter. The butter has export potential and used in
ointments, cosmetics and some pharmaceutical preparations. The Garcinia
indica seed contains 23-26% oil, which remains solid at room temperature
and is used in the preparations of chocolates, medicine and cosmetics.
Reference
Bhat, D.M., S.S. Vidya and N.H. Ravindranath,, 2003.. Nursery manual for
Forest tree Species. Universities Press Private Limited. India. P-320.
Farooqui, M. Vasundhara, K.S. Srinivasappa and K. Ashok, 2005 ( 2 nd
edition). Oushadhiya Mattu Sugandha Dravya Belegala
Tantrikate. Thust for Medicinal Plant Research and Development. P-
304.
Farooqi, A.A., M. Vasundhara, and Amit Agarwal, 2001 (4 th edition).
Production Technology of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops. Trust for
Medicinal Plant Research and Development . Bangalore. P-225
Ved, D.K., Summy Oommen and Archanakumari. Propagation of Indian
Medicinal Plants. FRLHT. Bangalore.p-324
36

1. Introduction
Propagation Protocol of Oroxylum indicum
Current Name: Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. Ex Kurz.
Family: Bignoniaceae
Synonyms: Bignonia Indica L.
Common names: Midnight Horror, Broken Nones Plant, Indian Trumpet
Flower and Tree of Damocles.
Vernacular name:
Hindi: Arlu, Urru, Sauna
Kannada: Alangi, Bunepaale, Pathagani
Malayalm: Palakappayyani, Vella pathiri
Marathi: Titu, Ulu
Sanskrit : Syonakah
Tamil : Achi, Pana, Pei maram, Venga maram, Peruvaagai
Telugu : Dundilamu, Pampini, Nemali chettu
2. Botanic description
Amedium sized, soft wooded, deciduous tree, growing 5-10 m tall, about 75
cm girth. Bark is about 6 mm thick, rough, surface brownish grey. Blaze
yellowish green. Wood is yellowish white, soft.
Roots: Primary root long, thick, terete, tapering, whitish; lateral roots
fairly numerous, fibrous, distributed down main root. Hypocotyl distinct
from root, 0.9-1.1 in long, somewhat compressed, tapering slightly upward,
green minutely pubescent.
Branchlets robust, with prominent corky loenticels, hairless. Leaves
opposite, 2-3 pinnate, 1-1.8 m long; each pinnae opposite; leaflets 3-9, oddpaired,
each eggshaped-elliptic, 7-15 x 5-8 cm, base unequal, rounded or
sometimes heart-shaped, apex acuminate, margin entire, hairless. Flowers
bisexual, in large erect terminal racemes; peduncle stout, robust, up to 1 m
37

long; calyx up to 3 cm long, dark purple, bell-shaped; corolla reddish purple
outside, pinkish yellow inside, about 5 cm across, tube about 8 cm long.
Capsules large, flat, linear, 50-100 x 8-10 cm, brown, tapering at both ends,
sword-shaped, hairless. Seeds many, 5-7 x 2-4 cm, & rectangular, flat,
winged all around except the base.
This tree can easily be recognized in the field by its 2 to 3-branched large
leaves, strikingly large purplish flowers and huge sword-like flat woody
fruits.
3. Ecology & distribution
Occurs in dry deciduous to mist deciduous forests. Found chiefly in moist
localities, in ravines and moist places but rare in dry regions. The tree stands
moderate but not heavy shade. Its root-system is superficial, & it produces
root-suckers in great profusion, these often forming a dense growth round
the parent stem.
Globally tree is found in India. Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia and Malacca.
In India it occurs throughout the warmer parts of Indi. In Karnataka,
recorded in moist deciduous forests of Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada,
Uttara Kannada, Udupi & coorg districts. In Kerala, recorded in the lower
Ghats of Cannanore, Palakkad and Nilabur. In Tamil Nadu, reported only
from the extreme west of the Thekkady forests.
4. Agro climatic Requirement
Altitude: 75-1000 m. Found chiefly in moist localities, in ravines and moist
places but rare in dry regions. Flowering occurs between September to
November & fruiting takes place between November to May.
5. Propagation
Propagation can be done by seeds and root-suckers.
5.1 Seed propagation
Fruit description: Fruits attain full size by November-December but
becomes ripe & starts dehiscing by Februuary-May. The fruit is large,
conspicuous, two-valved, flat and woody capsule, 30-90 cm long & 5-9 cm
wide, containing a large number of seeds.
38

Seed description : The seeds are flat and surrounded by a thin transparent
white papery wing, about 3.5-5 cm in diameter.
Seed maturity : Takes place between December to July.
Seed/fruit collection: December on wards before pods dehisce.
Seed dispersal: seeds are wind dispersed
Seed processing: Fruits collected by hand picking during December dried
and seeds extracted after drying the pods under sun and dehiscing of the fruit
wall
Seed weight: About 7500-10500 seeds weigh one kilogram
Storage physiology: orthodox
Viability period: If properly stored in airtight containers, the seed retains
viability upto about a year.
Germination : 80 to 90 %.
Plant Percentage: 85 %
Germination period: % to 7 days.
Pre-sowing treatments: Seeds are soaked in the water for 24 hour before
sowing.
Seeds are sown in the nursery in March to April on standard beds of 12 m
long & 1.2 m broad % 30 cm high. Seeds being very light are broadcast
sown on the nursery bed and a very thin layer of clean sieved forest soil
spread over it. Watering with very fine rose can is essential as the light seeds
may get dislodged due to the pressure of water. During the early stages, it is
advantageous to provide shade in the nursery. Germination commences by
the 10 th day and will be completed by 18 th or 19 th day. Seedlings attain
pricking size by 25 to 30 days after sowing and may be potted in 28 cm x 18
cm polythene bags filled with a potting mixture of 5 parts clean sieved forest
soil, 3 parts sand & 1 part dried and powdered farmyard manure. Seedlings
are watered twide-daily upto the establishment phase, whick take about 15
days after potting. Watering is reduced gradually and the seedlings are kept
under shade net. The seedlings are ready for transplanting after 3 months.
Seedlings need protection from frost in winter.
5.2 Vegetative propagation
39

Root suckers, which arise naturally around mature tree, are separated and
planted in the nursery. The root suckers, which have started sprouting well,
are transferred to the field.
6. Transplating & aftercare
6.1. Land preparation
The soil should be ploughed thoroughly to bring it to a fine tilth. Then pits of
45 3 in size are dug at a spacing of 6 m x 6 m accommodating 278 palnts per
hectare. They are filled with topsoil and organic mix. Direct sowing or
planting of nursery raised or container grown seedlings is practiced for the
artificial regeneration of the plant.
6.2. Planting
There-months-old seedlings of O.indicum attain an average height of 29 cm
in the nursery when it is ready for planting in the field. The seedlings of 30-
40 cm height, raised in poly bags are transplanted in to pits immediately
after the receipt of monsoon rains. They are planted in open degraded areas
with low and medium to high rainfall at spacing of 6 m x 6m, in pits of 45
cm 3 size, during July-August, at the commencement of South-West
monsoon. The plants establish well in the field, eventhough, initially the
growth is not appreciable. The root suckers which have sprouted well are
transplanted to the field.
6.3. Tree Mnagemnt
The planted out seedlings establish well in both the planted sites with low
rainfall and moderate to heavy rainfall. The plants show very poor survival
rate in the low rainfall area and the drying up of seedling is mainly due to the
prolonged drought prevalent in such areas.
7. Harvesting and yield
Bark ready by 10 years, can be harvested perpetually through scientific
methods, to attain sustainability in production. The whole tree is often cut
down to take the roots. Attain sustainable method is collecting only the
40

mature side roots and leaving the taproot undisturbed. Leaves can be
harvested 3 times in a year and fruits once in a year.
8.Commercial Uses
8.1 Medicinal uses
Part used are roots, seeds and fruits, Number of preparations in which it is
used are over 70. The roots are one of the ingredients of the well-known
Ayurvedic formulation dasha moola, which is used as anti-inflammatory,
appetizing, digestive, carminative, antiperiodic, tonic, anthelmintic. Also
used for treatment of inflammations, sprains, hiccup, cough, Asthma,
bronchitis, indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery, gout, vomiting, leucoderma,
wounds, rheumatoid arthritis and fever. Leaves are reportedly used for the
treatment of ulcers and headache. Tender fruits are useful in treating cough,
bronchitis, indigestion and leucoderma. Mature fruits are used in the
treatment of intestinal worms, bronchitis and bleeding piles. The seeds are
purgative.
8.2 Other Uses
Young shoots and unripe fruits are edible as vegetable. Flowers and bark of
the tree are also reported to be eaten. The tree is lopped for fodder. The plant
parts are also reported to possess antiseptic properties.
Reference.
Nair, K.K.N., R.C. Pandalai, & U.M. Chandrashekara 2000. Generation and
Transfer of Silviculture and Harvesting Technology of selected
Medicinal plants for the sustained utilization of the wastelands of
Kerala. KFRI. Research Report No. 178.
Nair. K.K.N. 2000. Mnual of Non-wood Forest produce Plants of Kerala,
Kerala Fprest research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, India. P 449.
Oommen, S.,D.K. Vend & R.Krishnan 2000. Tropical Indian Meidicinal
Plants Publications, Delhi. Pp.691-693.
Ved D.K., Summy Oommen and Archanakumari, Propagation of Indian
Medicinal Plants. FRLGT. Bangalore p. 324.
Http:/www.worldforestrycentre.org
41

Propagation Protocolo of Premna Inteqrifolia
1. Introduction
Current Name: Premna serratifolia L.
Family: Verbenaceae
Synonyms: P.integrifolia L.
Common names: Indian Had ache tree, Agnimantha, arni.
Vernacular name:
Sanskrit : Agnimanthah, Ganikarica
Hindi: Arni
Kannada: Thakkile, Eegigida
Malayalm: Apple, Ben-moenja
Tamil : Minnai, Perumunnai
Telugu Gadanelli, Kanika
2. Botanic description
A small tree 20-25 ft height with large branches often spinous, Bark is light
grey in colour with small spines on it. Branchlets unarmed. Leaves have a
peculiar odor on crushing. These turn black on drying. Leaves are 2-7
inches, sub obtuse, very shortly acuminate or obtuse, mature glarous or
minutely hairy on the nerves above or beside the nerves beneath. The flower
bud is 2 to 5 inch in diameter. Flowers are greenish white in colour.
Flowering occurs in April To May. Drupes are spherical, black or violet in
colour and has diameter of 2 to 5 inch. Fruiting occurs in May to June.
Globose, 3-4 seeded.
3. Ecology & distribution
Globally, the species is distributed from the Indo-Malaysian region to
Pacific and also in Srilanka. Within India, it is distributed in Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In Karnataka, it is found in
Uttara Kannada & Dakshina Kannada.
43

4. Agro climatic Requirement
It’s a small tree found in coastal scrub jungles. Thrive well on lateritic soils
and red soils.
5. Propagation
It can be propagated by vegetative means through cuttings: Semi-hardwood
cuttings of 15 to 20 cm length are used as planting material. The cuttings are
planted in polythene bags or on raised beds. Sprout initiation takes place in
about 20 to 25 days & 60 per cent of the cuttings sprout. The sprouted
cuttings can be transferred to the field after 3 months.
6. Transplanting & aftercare
6.1 Land preparation
Land is prepared by tilling or digging. Spacing of 6 m x 6 m given and 45 3
pits are dug.
6.2 Planting
Transplant sprouted cuttings of 3 months age.
6.3 Irrigation & inter cultivation
Irrigate frequently in early stage. Duration is widened to 1 week after plants
establish well. Frequent irrigation necessary in summer.
6.4 Manures
Land may be incorporated with manure of 8-10 tons/acre (FYM).
6.5 Pests and Diseases
No serious pest diseases have been noticed in this crop.
7. Commercial Uses
7.1 Medicinal uses
Parts used are roots and leaves. Roots are reported to be useful in treating
inflammations, cardiac disorders, cough, asthma, bronchitis, leprosy, skin
diseases, flatulence, colic, constipation, fever, diabetes and general debility.
Leaves are carminative and useful in dyspepsia, flatulence, cough, fever,
haemorrhoids and tumours.
44

7.2 Other Uses
Leaves are edible and also used as fodder. Weed is used for making paddles,
knife handles and small cabinets.
Reference
Oommen, S.,D.K. Vend & R.Krishnan 2000. Tropical Indian Meidicinal
Plants : Propagation Methods. FRLHT, Bangalore. P. 351.
Ved D.K., Summy Oommen and Archanakumari, Propagation of Indian
Medicinal Plants. FRLGT. Bangalore p. 324.
Http:/www.hort.purdue/
1. Introduction
Propagation Protocol of Salacia oblanga
45

Current Name: Salacia oblanga Wight,
Family: Celestraceae/Hippocrateaceae
Synonyms: Salacia reticulata
Vernacular name:
Kannada: Ekahayaka
Malayalm: Ponkoraanti
Tamil : Chundan
2. Botanic description
It can climb the tree if it gets shelter of the tree. Otherwise it grows as a
shrub of 6-7 feet height.
3. Ecology & distribution
Salacia occurs in Sri Lanka & India, In Karnataka, it thrives well in Kadogu,
Uttara Karnnada & Shimoga districts.
4. Agro climatic Requirement
It is a shade loving plant grown in forest areas. It can be grown in coconut,
areca and other plantations, which provide higher humidity.
5. Propagation
It can be propagated through seeds, stem cutting and root cuttings.
5.1 Seed propagation
Sow the seeds extracted from well-ripened fruits (peel out the fruit, soak in
water and take out the seeds) in sand. These seeds germinate in 21-30 days
of the sowing. Transplant these seedlings in to poly- bags grown seedlings
can be planted in main field after 2-3 moths.
5.2 Vegetative Propagation
Take the 10-15 cm stem cuttings of little finger size with 3-4 nodes. Dip the
cuttings in cow dung slurry and plant in the sand. Seedlings will be ready to
plant in the main field by 40-50 days.
6. Transplanting and aftercare
46

Seedlings can be planted to the distance of 6-8 feet in the 2ft x 2ft pits filled
with qual quantity of soil, sand and FYM/compost.
7. Havesting and yield
Roots will be ready to harvest after 3 years of transplanting. Maturity of the
root can be decided by yellow/turmeric colored roots, root knots, and
circular rings in cut roots. One kg root and 2 kg upper portion per plant can
be harvested.
8. Commercial uses
8.1 Medicianal uses
In Ayurveda, Stem bark is used to prevent and control obesity, poly urea,
skin diseases, diarhoea, fever and diabetes. Root bark is used in skin
diseases, rheumatism, gonorrhea and nerval diseases. Ayurveda advises that
a person suffering from diabetes should drink water left overnight in a mug
carved out of wood.
Reference
Oommen, S.,D.K. Vend & R.Krishnan 2000. Tropical Indian Meidicinal
Plants : Propagation Methods. FRLHT, Bangalore. P. 351.
Ved D.K., Summy Oommen and Archanakumari, Propagation of Indian
Medicinal Plants. FRLGT. Bangalore p. 324.
1. Introduction
Propagation Protocol of Saraca asoca
Current Name: Saraca asoca (roxb.) Dc Wild.
Family: Leguminosae Sub Family: Caesalpiniaeae
47

Synonyms: Sarca Indica L., Jonesia asoca (Roxb.)
Common names: Ashoka.
Vernacular name:
Sanskrit : Asokah, Gatasokah
Hindi: Ashok
Malayalm: Asokam, Asjogam
Tamil : Asoka and Asogam
Telugu : Ashokamu, Vanjalamu
Kannada: Ashoka mara, Seethe mara, Ashuker, Ahusunkar and
Ashoka.
2. Botanic description
A small evergreen tree 6-12 m. high, found wild along steams or in the shade
of evergreen forests. Trees, with dense crown; branchlets stout, short with
crowded leaves. Bark is almost black and warty. Wood is fort, and light
reddish-brown. Leaves alternate, abruptly paripinnate, upto 30 cm long with
rachis often ending in a subulate appendage; leaflets petiolulate, uppermost
often the largest, 3-22 x 1-8 cm oblong of lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous,
cuneate, rounded or rarely, subcordate at base, acute or shortly acuminate at
apex; petiolules upto 0.5 cm long, eglandular at base. Flowers orange-red in
colour, very fragrant, dense, terminal, upto 15 cm long corymbs, bract and
bracteoled; Calyx petaloid, tubular, 4-lobed, upto 1.5 cm long with ovate of
obovate, rounded lobes; corolla absent; stamens 6-8, with filaments upto 0.2
cm long and anthers yellowish upto 0,2 cm long; pistil upto 2.5 cm long,
with stipe and ovary upto 0.4 cm long, style filiform, durved into a ring and
minute, capitate stigma. Pods upto 18 x 4 cm, oval or oblong, flat, leathery,
pthick, rounded or cuneate at base, shortly beaked at apex, thickened along
the margins; seeds 4-8, 3.5 cm long, ellipsoid-oblong. The tree flowers from
January to April-May and the fruits appear in June- September. This tree can
be identified by its drooping brown young leaves without chlorophyll.
3. EcoloGy and distribution
Graceful, evergreen trees with thick crown, rather rare in semi-evergreen and
moist deciduous forests, especially growing along the sides of hill streams. It
is alsp oftern planted in gardens, along roadsides and in avenues. The tree
48

flowers during January to March and fruits ripen by Mau-June. It occurs
almost throughout India up. To an altitude of 720 m in the Centre and Eastrn
Himalayas & khasi, Garo & Lushai hills. It is also found in the Andaman
Islands.
Distribution : India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar; grown in India,
Malaysia & elsewhere.
4. Propagation
This moisture and shade loving tree regenerates naturally by coppice shoots
& from seeds. Its natural regeneration is noted to be very poor and pods with
seeds are mostly pest-infested by the time they become ripe to disperse
viable seeds. Still several seedlings are often seen growing below the mother
trees in shaded conditions, which later perish due to draught or other adverse
factors affecting their survival.
4.1 Seed propagation
Seed description : Fruit is a pod, oblong, compressed and 12 to 15 x 2.5 cm
size, seeds 3 to 4 per pod, ellipsoid- oblong, & slightly compressed.
Seed maturity : Mature fruits are available in India during August-
September.
Seed maturity index: Ripe fruits are dark puple and black in colur,
pendulous, long & persist on the tree for quite some time.
Seed collection: ripened seeds can be collected by June-July. Ripe pods are
collected from the tree by shaking off the branches. Mature fruits falling on
ground can also be collected.
Transportation: Fruits are transported to the processing centre at the
earliest.
Seed processing: The pods are dried under shad to release the seed. Insect
attacked seeds should be discarded.
Seed dimensions: 4.9 cm length x 2.6 cm width
Seed emptiness: Low
Insect infestation: Moderate
Fungal infection; Low
Storage physiology: Orthodox seeds
Viability period: seeds will remain viable only for about 2 moths. Seeds
retain viability up to six months in sealed tins when store under cold
conditions.
49

Germination type: Hypogeal.
Gemination: Generally 58 to 100 % When fresh, the germination
percentage of helthy and unffected seeds can be almpt 100 %
Germination Period: 15 to 24 days
Seed storage: Seeds can be stored for six moths under low temperature
Viability testing: Cutting test and germination test.
Pre-sowing treatments: Not required
Season of Planting: June-July
Age at planting: 12 moths
4.2 Seedling production
Nursery: Seeds are collected from mature pods, as soon as they are fully
developed and when they are still green i.e., in September, The seeds retain
viability for about 2 moths and so should be sown woon after collection.
Fresh seeds are dibbled into raised nursery beds. Germination takes about 15
to 20 days & varies from 50 to 100 percent. About 80 percent of the
seedlings establish.
Nursery beds: Seeds are sown in germination trays filled with vermiculite
or in nursery beds and watered regularly, the seedlings are most often
damaged by rodents and hence need protection. The seedlings are planted
into polythene bag of size 22.5 x 17.5 cm filled with potting mixture.
In seed pans
• The seeds can be sown in seed pans containing sand, soil and FYM
in the ratio of 1;1;1
• The seed pans should be kept in polyhouses and watered daily
• Germination starts after 30 days and continues till 60 days
• These seedlings can be transplanted after 3-4 months into
polythene bags.
• These polythene bags should be kept in the shade and watered
every day.
4.3. Recommended method of propagation
Transplantation of the seedlings raised in seed pans is the recommended
method, as the saplings cannot withstand direct sunlight and require a humid
atmosphere in the initial six moths of growth.
50

5. Transplanting & aftercare
5.1 Planting
• The seedlings can be transplanted into the fields after they are one
year old, during the monsoons.
• Planting should be done in 60 cm 3 size pits and the spacing should be
8-10 m x 8-10 m
5.2 Tree management
The growth in the field is slow in the first two years, increasing about 30 to
45 cm in height in the meantime. In the third season, there is spurt in growth
and increase in height. Protection should be ensured against frost and insect
pest attacks.
6. Harvesting and yield
Bark is removed and sun dried for use in preparation of various herbal
medicines.
7. Commercial Uses
7.1 Medicinal uses
Part used are stem-bark, wood, leaves and flowers. Main products are
ashokarishta, Ashokaghrita. Actual ingredients are tannin and catechol.
A decoction of the bark is reported to be used in treating uterine affections
and gynaecological problems. The seeds taken with water is supposed to
alleviate suppression of urine and calculus. The flowers are pounded. Mixed
in water and are used for treatment of dysentery.
Astringent, used in menorrhagia and uterine affections, internal bleeding,
bleeding haemorrhoids and haemorrhagic dysentery. The bark is reported to
stimulate the uterus, making the contractions more frequent and prolonged
without producing tonic contraction as in the case of pituitary ergot. It is also
reported to cure biliousness dyspepsia, dysentery, colic, piles and pimples,
leaves possess blood-purifying properties. Flowers used in dysentery and
diabetes. The bark is used in urination and menstruation probles.
51

7.2 Other Uses
In Assam (India,) the fruits are also used as a substitute for arecanuts.
Narayana lyer and Kolammal (1960) had elucidated the pharmacognosy of
the species and its medicinal properties. The wood is used for ploughts and
shafts.
This is one of the most sacred trees of the Hindus. The flowers are sacred
and are used in religious ceremones and temple decorations.
Reference
Bhat, D.M., S.S. Vidya & N.H. Ravindranath 2003. Nursery Manual for
Forest Tree Species. Universities Press Private Limited India. P.320.
Chaco, K.C., R.C. Pandalai, K.K. Seethalakshmi, C. Mohan, Georage
Mathew and N. Sasidharan 2002. Manual of seeds of Forest Trees,
Bamboos and Rattans. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi.
Kerala, India. P. 331.
Nair, K.K.N., 2000 Manual of Non-wood Forest produce Plants Of
Kerala. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi. Kerala, India. P.
449.
Nair, K.K.N., R.C. Pandalai, and U.M. Chandrashekara 2000. Generation
and Transfer of silviculture and Harvesting Technology of
selected Medicinal palnts for the sustained utilization of the
wastelands of Kerala. KFRI. Reasearch Report No. 178.
Oommen, S.,D.K. Vend & R.Krishnan 2000. Tropical Indian Meidicinal
Plants : Propagation Methods. FRLHT, Bangalore. P. 351.
Ved D.K., Summy Oommen and Archanakumari, Propagation of Indian
Medicinal Plants. FRLGT. Bangalore p. 324.
52

Propagation Protocol of Symplocos racemosa
1. Introduction
Current Name: Sysmplocos racemosa L.
Family: Symplocaceae
Synonyms: S. Beddomei C.B. Clarke
Common names: Small bark tree
Vernacular name:
Sanskrit : Lodhra, Rodhara
Hindi: Lodh
Kannada: Baladoddi, Shaabara mara
Malayalm: Pachotti
Marathi : Lodh, Ldhra
Tamil : Vellilottiram, Kacacankai
Telugu : Sapara, Lodduga.
2. Botanic description
This is a medium sized tree, 10-15 m tall with a large canopy, Branclets
glabrous. Leaves alternate elliptic-Oblong, acute-acuminate, cuneate to
rounded, glabrous, distinctly stalked. Flowers bisexual, white fragrant,
cream coloured, dark green and leathery in axillary raceme, Drupe glabrous,
ellipsoid to avoid, dark blue turning yellow when dry, usually 2- celled,
endocarp smooth.
3. Ecology and Distribution
Globally the species is distributed in the Indo-Malaysian region. In India, it
is distributed in the western Peninsula region, North eastern India and Sub-
Himalayan Tracts. The tree is found very commonly in the plains and lower
hills of Bengal, Assam and Burma. In Karnataka it is found in Belgaum,
Chickmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada, Hassan, Kadagu and
54

Shimoga. It is also found in the dry forests of the Chota-Nagpur plateau up
to an altitude of 2500 ft. above the sea level.
4. Agro climatic Reauiremt
It is a tree growing in semi-evergreen and evergreen forests.
5. Propagation
It can be propagated both by seeds as well as vegetative means.
5.1 Seed propagation
Flowering occurs during December- February and fruit and seed setting in
March-May. Seeds are sown in poly houses in seed pans or seed trays and
germinate in 45 days. Germination is poor, about 5 per cent.
5.2 Vegetative propagation
Through cuttings: Semi-soft woodcuttings 1 x 15 to 25 cm are treated with
500 ppm IBA to induce rooting. The cuttings can be planted in poly houses
or poly tents in September-December. Cuttings require 80-90 per cent
humidity and 30 to 35 0 c temperature for establishment. Sprouting is initiated
after 2 to 3 weeks.
6. Commercial Uses
6.1 Medicinal uses
The name Lodhra is descriptive of the property of this plant to cure
ophthalmia. Lodhra has been mentioned in the Charaka Samhita as a
soverign astringent of the Fasayan Dasamoola Kwath. It is also part of the
febrifuge Sarvajwarnashak curna mentioned in the Kashyap Samhita. Bark is
reported to be used to treat diarrhea, Decoction of the bark is reported to stop
bleeding of gums and in combination with sugar, the bark is used for
menorrhagia and other uterine disorders.
External Uses: Its paste is used in skin diseases, swelling, bleeding wounds
and ulcer, It also strengthens the gums.
Internal Uses: It is useful in diarrhea, dysentery and tenesmus.
55

Circulatory system: It is useful inflammation of the uterus and reduceds.
Reproductive system: It is useful in inflammation of the uterus and reduces
leucorrhoea and menorrhagia.
Skin: It is useful in skin diseases requiring purification of the skin.
Pyrexia: Antipyretic, hence useful in fevers origination from Kapha-Pitta
Lodhra tree has been traditionally used as a uterine tone. Numerous
references attest to its value in maintaining optimum women’s health.
Additionally, the plant and its formulations have been effective in healing
wounds and controlling bleeding.
It is highly recommended as a specific in cases of Pradara and other uterine
affections. For its astringent property, it is very much used in cases of
dysentery and haemorrhage. It is recommended as a dusting powder for
wounds. It is also mentioned in Kushta and diseases of the eye. The
decoction is used as a gargle with a little honey in relaxed uvula and
bleeding gums and as wash for ulcers. Applied as a plaster it is said to
promote maturation of boils.
Biochemical analysis (Active ingredients): Contains three alkaloids viz
loturidine and colloturine. It is useful in regulation of menstrual cycle. It is
very useful in post partum conditions as well as non- specific female
infertility treatment.
Reference.
Oommen, S.,D.K. Vend & R.Krishnan 2000. Tropical Indian Meidicinal
Plants : Propagation Methods. FRLHT, Bangalore. P. 351.
Ved D.K., Summy Oommen and Archanakumari, Propagation of Indian
Medicinal Plants. FRLGT. Bangalore p. 324.
http:/www.astrojyoti.com/ayurvedaherbs
Propagation Protocol of Decalepis hamiltonii
1. Introduction
Current Name: Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & arn.
56

Family: Periplocacea (Asclepiadaceae)
Common names: Makali Beru.
57

Propagation Protocol of Gymmema sylvestre
1. Introduction
Current Name: Gymmema sylvestre(Retz)
Family: Asclepiadaceae
Common names: Madhunashini.
59

Studies of population status and propagation techniques of
Important Medicinal Plants of Western Ghats – By
Dr.R.Vasudeva, College of Forestry Sirsi.
Dr.R.Vasudeva Associate Professor, College of Forestry, Sirsi and his team have
conducted studies on population status and propagation of Embelia tjerriam-cottam,
Myristica dactyloides, Nothapodytes nimmoniana and Premma tomentosa. The salient
findings of his study is given here.
Nothapodytes nimmoniana:
(Local Name: Durvasanemara, Pennare)
Distributional pattern: Our survey has shown that the species is found in the following districts:
Uttara Kannada, Shimoga, Chikkamagaluru, Kodagu, Hassan, Udupi, Dakshina Kannada.
Locations of the Natural populations and forest type:
1. Joida forest-Deciduous forest
2. Kalachi forest- Deciduous forest
3. Nilkund forest-Evergreen forest
4. Ekkambi forest- Semi Evergreen forest
5. Anshi forest- Semi Evergreen forest
6. Kemmanagundi forest- Shola forest
7. Chikkamangalore forest(Moodigere road)- -Scrub forest
8. B.B.Hills- Shola forest
Associated species:
Terminallia paniculata,Terminallia tomentosa, Careya arboria, Aporosa lindliana, Embelia-tsjeriumcottam,
Garcinia gummi-gutta, Dipterocarpus indicus, Olea dioca, Lagerstromia lanceolata,
Tabernamontena heyniana.
Seed biology: The phenology was studied in different populations has shown that the flowering
occurs between June to September. The seeds mature during December to January. The
fruits with single seeds are purplish to black in colour.
Germination: The seeds require the following seed pre-germination treatment:
The fruits need to be de-pulped and the kernels are dried in shade for overnight.
These seeds are treated with cow dung slurry for three days with alternating drying the shade.
The seeds could also be treated with 100 ppm GA3 solution for 8 hours and then washed
thoroughly to remove all the traces of GA before sowing in a sand bed. Germination is
epigeal and occurs in about 30 days. Overall germination percentage is about 60 % .
Storage studies are on and results are awaited.
61

Vegetative propagation: Vegetative propagation technique has been standardized. Use of pencil
thick cuttings treated with 3000 ppm IBA in solution form for 60 seconds and planting in
root trainers containing coir pith as a rooting media is ideal for rooting. The percentage
rooting is about 20%. Seasonal variations in this trait is being studied.
Premna ingrefolia
(Local Name: Agnimantha)
Distributional pattern: The species is found in the following districts:
Uttara Kannada, Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Shimoga.
Locations of the Natural populations and forest type:
1. Kumta-Gore forest,
2. Karwar-near coast,
3. Gokarna-Om beach forest,
4. Honnavar-near coast,
5. Bhatkal-near coast,
Associated species:
Salacia chinensis, Morinda citrifolia.
Seed biology: The flowering occurs between May to August. The seeds mature during August
to September. The mature fruits with single seeds are purplish to black in colour.
Germination: Seed pre-germination treatment:
The fruits need to be de-pulped and the kernels are dried in shade for overnight.
These seeds are treated with 100 ppm GA3 solution for 6 hours and then washed thoroughly
to remove all the traces of GA before sowing in a sand bed. Germination is epigeal and
occurs in about 30 days. Overall germination percentage is about 45%.
Vegetative propagation:
Rooting of Cuttings:
Use of thick cuttings (double the size of a pencil) treated with 2000 ppm IBA in powder
form showed 40 % sprouting. Those treated with Quick Root Commercial solution for 60
seconds and planting in root trainers containing coir pith as a rooting media showed 65 %
rooting.
Myristica malabarica /Myristica dactyloides
(Local Name: Ram Patre)
Distributional pattern: The species is found in the following districts:
Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada, Shimoga and Udupi.
62

Locations of the Natural populations and forest type:
1. Katgal forest--Evergreen forest.
2. Nilkund forest- Evergreen forest.
3. Devimane ghat- -Evergreen forest.
4. Vannalli forest- Evergreen forest.
5. Mururu forest-Semi Evergreen forest.
6. Gerusoppa forest- Evergreen forest.
7. Malemane forest- Evergreen forest.
8. Jaddigadde forest-Evergreen forest.
9. Agumbe – Evergreen forest
10. Thirthahalli - Ever green forest
Associated species:
Syzizium gardneri; Knema attinuata, Diosspyrus candolliana, Olea dioca, Sterculia guttata, Aglaia
roxburgi, Nathopegia racemos, Dimocarpus lanzan.
Seed biology:
Myristica malabarica: The flowering occurs between October to December. The seeds mature
during May to June. The mature fruits with single seeds are yellowish grey in colour.
Myristica dactyloides: The flowering occurs between March to June. The seeds mature during
September to December.
Germination: Seeds do not need any pre-germination treatment except that they should not be
dried. Because of recalcitrant nature of the seeds, drying causes total loss of germination.
Seeds could be directly sown in large polybags (6” x 11”). Germination is epigeal and occurs
in about 60 days. Overall germination percentage is about 85% depending on the maturity of
the seed. Most often the seeds are harvested at an early stage to collect the arils.
Vegetative propagation:
Rooting of Cuttings: The cuttings did not respond to different treatments of growth
regulators.
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam:
(Local Name: Vayu Vilinga)
Distributional pattern: Our survey has shown that the species is found in the following districts:
Uttara Kannada, Shimoga, Chikkamangalore, Udupi, Hassan, Dakshina Kannada, Belgaum.
Locations of the Natural populations and forest type:
1. Jamboti forest-Semi evergreen forest,
2. Hosanagar forest--Scrub forest,
63

3. Joida forest-Moist deciduous forest,
4. Ekkambi forest--Semi evergreen forest,
5. Sirsi makki forest--Scrub forest,
6. Nilkund forest-Evergreen forest,
7. Ragi hossalli forest-Semi evergreen forest,
8. Kadur forest--scrub forest,
9. Mattigar forest-scrub forest,
10. Navangere forest-Semi evergreen forest,
11. Mavinakoppa forest-Semi evergreen forest,
12. Marigundi forest-Scrub forest,
13. Akkunji forest- Scrub forest.
14. Pedambali (Sirsi) Scrub forest.
15. Kolgibees (Sirsi) Scrub forest.
16. Hattikeri (Ankola) Dry deciduous forest
17. Targoad (Sirsi) Dry deciduous forest
18. Gokarna Dry deciduous forest
19. Shringeri (Shimoga) Dry deciduous forest
Associated species:
Terminalia tomentosa, Terminallia paniculata, Lagerstromia lanceolata, Careya arboria, Buchanina lanzan,
Zizupus oenopilia, Xantolie tomentosa, Randia deementorum, Tectona grandis.
Seed biology: Flowering occurs between May to June. The seeds mature during September to
October . The fruits with single seeds are reddish in colour.
Germination: The seeds require the following seed pre-germination treatment:
The fruits were subjected to Fifteen different pre-sowing treatments including hot water
treatment, cow-dung slurry treatment, accelerated aging technique, growth regulator
treatment etc. The sowing has been done and the results are awaited.
Vegetative propagation: Vegetative propagation technique has to standardized
Salacia chinensis:
(Local Name: Ekanayakana balli)
Distributional pattern: The species is found in the following districts:
Uttar Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Shimoga, Belgaum.
Locations of the Natural populations and forest type:
1. Balekoppa (Uttar kannada) Scrub forest
2. Kumta (Uttar kannada) Scrub forest
Associated Species:
Apoza lindleiana, Caryea arborea, Canthium parviflorum, Buchnania lanzium
64

Seed biology: The flowering occurs between December to Feburary. The seeds mature during
March to June. The mature fruits with two three seeds are reddish in colour.
Germination: The seeds require the following seed pre-germination treatment:
The fruits need to be de-pulped and the kernels are dried in shade for overnight.
The seeds were subjected to Five different pre-sowing treatments including hot water
treatment, cow-dung slurry treatment, growth regulator treatment etc. The sowing has been
done and the results are awaited.
Vegetative propagation:
Vegetative propagation technique has to be standardized.
65

Studies of population status and propagation techniques of
Important Woody Medicinal plant of Western Ghats – By
Dr.Ramakrishna Hegde, College of Forestry – Ponnampet
Dr.Ramakrishna Hegde, Asst Professor, College of Forestry, Ponnampet and
his team have conducted studies on population status and propagation status
and propagation of Coscinum fennestratum, Mammea suriga, Salacia
reticulate and Symplocos racemosa. The salient findings of his study is given
here,
I. Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Coleb.
Local name: Maradarshina, Arasina balli, Daru haladi, Maramanjal
This is a large woody climber belonging to family Menispermaceae. It is
dioecious in nature and found in semi-evergreen to evergreen forests.. Bark
is thin and greyish and sap of the stem is bright yellow in colour. Leaves are
alternatively arranged, sub-peltate to peltate, broadly egg shaped with
acuminate apex, 12-30 cm X 10 – 25 cm, hairless above with below white
shiny surface. Usually, leaves have 5-7 veins arising at the junction of leaf
stalk. Generally the leaf stalk is swollen at the both the ends with 8-20 cm in
length. Flowers are minute pale yellow in colour appeared in clusters.
Flowers arise on stem in clusters with long racemes. Flowering is observed
during November-December and ripened fruits can be seen during May-
June. The fruits are drupes brownish turning yellow when ripe and seeds are
white.
a. Distribution of the species: The species is found to have distributed
mainly in semi-evergreen to evergreen forests in small pockets along the
Western Ghats. Interestingly the species was observed in small pockets from
Anshi National Park (Near Dnadeli) to Makkutta (near Virajpet). Location
details where the species was found along number of plants observed in the
sample plot were tabulated in Table 1 and distribution of the species along
the Western Ghats of Karnataka is depicted in Fig. 1.
The species is found in the natural forests as liana under the shade of trees
(Plate 1) it is prudent to understand the associate species in its natural
68

condition. Different associate species found in the study are tabulated in
Table 2. Among the different associate species Diospyros microcarpa,
Knema attenuata, Holigarna arnottiana, Artocarpus hirsutus were
prominent associate species. It was interesting to note that at unexploited
sites had adequate population and regeneration (Table 1). Number of new
recruitments in sample plots varied from 0 to 95 (Idagundi, Yellapur ).
During the survey it was revealed that the species might be highly sensitive
to any kind of disturbances in the habitat.
Fig. 1. Distribution of Coscinimum fenestratum in
b. Seed storage and propagation: During previous year we were unable to
get seeds hence research on these issues could not be carried out. However,
69

during the current year some lianas were found to be fruiting (Plate 1). Seeds
from such lianas will be collected and study will be carried out during 2009-
10.
c. Vegetative propagation techniques: In order to propagate the species
through vegetative means air layering and layering experiments were
conducted in association with Dharwad research circle of Karnataka Forest
Department. The experiments on air layering gave very positive response in
the present study. Use of 2500 ppm of IBA was found to be effective in
inducing rooting (Plate 2).
Table 1. Location details of Coscinium fenestratum in Karnataka
Sl. Location Latitude Longitu Altitude Division Plants Regeneratio
No.
de (m)
(#) n
(#)
1 Dehalli 74.6461 14.9892 469.40 Yellapur 10 33
2 Idugundi 74.6522 14.9053 442.70 Yellapur 8 95
3 Sampaje 75.5455 12.5004 Madikeri 3 0
4 Makutta 75.7567 12.0843 403.0 Virajpet 3 0
5 Vatekolli 75.7880 12.1293 328.80 Virajpet 1 2
6 Gundya 75.5886 12.8241 165.70 Mangalore 3 0
7 Anshi 74.3605 14.9343 350 Dandeli WS 3 5
8 Kollur 74.8043 13.8328 248 Kundapur 2 0
Table 2. Associate species of Coscinium fenestratum
Sl.No. Species
1 Alseodaphne semecarpifolia 12 Erythroxylum monogynum
2 Aporusa lindleyana 13 Holigarna arnottiana
3 Artocarpus hirsutus 14 Myristica dactyloides
4 Canarium strictum 15 Schleichera oleosa
5 Carallia brachiata 16 Semecarpus travancorica
6 Dalbergia lanceolaria 17 Sonneratia caseolaris
7 Dalbergia sissoo 18 Knema attenuate
8 Democarpus longana 19 Thottea siliquosa
9 Diospyros microcarpa 20 Tricalysia sphaerocarpa
10 Dipterocarpus alatus 21 Vateria indica
70

11 Dipterocarpus indicus 22 Vitex altissima
The experiments on rooting of cuttings were tried by treating cuttings with
different concentration of IBA. Five cuttings (out of forty) treated with 5000
ppm IBA were rooted at Dharwad nursery and rotting response was yet to be
observed at Ponnampet.
d. Major cause for decline in population: Habitat destruction and
unscrupulous harvesting of liana. Lack of enough quantity of seeds for seed
propagation
71

II. Mammea suriga (Buch- Ham. Ex Roxb.) Kosterm.
Local name: Surige, surangi, suragi, suragan
It is a medium to large ever green tree grows up to 12-20 m height belonging
to family Clusiaceae with a cylindrical trunk, attaining GBH up to 1.8 m,
leaves opposite or whorled at the ends of the branchlets.. Naturally it is
found in semi-evergreen to evergreen forests. Flowers are polygamous,
pedicellate, in axillary or lateral cymes or fascicled in the axils of fallen
leaves. Fruit a berry, 1-4 seeded, 2.5 cm long, obliquely ovoid tipped by the
hard pointed style, stipulate. Male flowers are creamy white in colour
appeared in clusters and some tomes solitary. Female flowers cream white to
pale pink in colour (Plate 3) Flowers arises on stem in clusters or solitary.
Flowering occurs between February to March and fruiting occurs between
May to August. It is endemic to Konkan and Kanara ghats region ascending
to an altitude of 600 m. It is cultivated for its handsome foliage and sweet
scented flowers. Dried male flowers keep their fragrance for a long time and
a perfume can be extracted from them which is known to have medicinal
property. Flower buds yield a dye and possess a soft juicy pulp with the
flavours of rose water.
a. Distribution of the species: The species is found to have distributed
mainly in semi-evergreen to evergreen forests in small pockets along the
Western Ghats. Interestingly the species was observed in small pockets from
Yellapur (Uttara Kannada) to Kollur (Udupi) with altitude less than 600 m.
Location details where the species was found along number of plants
observed in the sample plot were tabulated in Table 3 and distribution of the
species along the Western Ghats of Karnataka is depicted in Fig. 2.
b. Seed storage and propagation: Fruits of the tree attains maturity during
the last week of May and extends up to the end of June which almost
coincides with the monsoon rains in the region. Usually depulped seeds
contain high of moisture which pose serious seed storage problem. In order
to study the seed storage aspect of the species, depulped seeds were dried
under shade for a week and subjected to seed storage studies. Growth of
fungus on untreated seeds was common in all the storage container and it
was more thick on poly pots due to high humidity which could have been
built through respiration of seeds.
73

Sl.
No.
Table 3. Location details of the Mammea suriga in Western ghats of
Karnataka
Location Latitude Longitud
e
Altitude Division Plants
(#)
Regenerati
1 Sondha 74.7836 14.7292 515.70 Sirsi 13 112
2 Sondha 74.7870 14.7271 518.30 Sirsi 11 62
3 Katgal 74.5098 14.4632 35.50 Honnavar 9 12
4 Shirgunji 74.5107 14.4664 40.80 Honnavar 2 0
5 Ikkeri 75.0294 14.1415 543 Sagara 15 50
6 Karangeri 75.0607 14.0607 581.40 Sagara 1 0
7 Kollur 74.8098 13.8611 243 Kundapur 1 1
8 Saranagadd
e
74.7239 14.7724 536 Sirsi 2 3
10 Heggarani 74.7459 14.4132 548 Sirsi 2 3
11 Ramangun
di
74.4095 14.3699 11.50 Honnavar 18 4
12 Malalgam 74.7787 14.8917 508 Yellapur 10 15
Associate species of Mammea suriga in its natural area are tabulated in
Table 4.From the species association, it was revealed that the species could
come in evergreen to moist deciduous forests.
Table 4. Associate species of Mammea suriga
Sl.No. Associate species
1 Aporusa lindleyana 11 Holigarna arnottiana
2 Artocarpus heterophyllus 12 Ichnocarpus frutescens
3 Artocarpus hirsutus 13 Lagerstroemia microcarpa
4 Canthium parviflorum 14 Schleichera oleosa
5 Careya arborea 15 Strychnos nux-vomica
6 Carissa spinarum 16 Syzygium cumini
74
on
(#)

7 Cassia fistula 17 Syzygium malabaricum
8 Catunaregam spinosa 18 Terminalia bellirica
9 Cissus setosa 19 Toona ciliate
10 Gracinia indica 20 Flacourtia Montana
Fig. 2. Distribution of Mammea suriga in Karnataka
However, the growth of fungal mass was not observed in case of treated
seeds. The seed damage due to bruchid beetle was prominent in untreated
seeds (Plate 4). Germination of seeds under different treatments over a
period of time was depicted in Table 5. From the table it is evident that over
period of time the seeds lost their viability and interestingly seeds treated
with bavistin and methyl parathion did not have germination after nine
75

months of collection. The reasons for the same might be obtained by further
investigation. Interestingly untreated healthy seeds were having good
germinability in poly pots even after nine months of collection (60%). Based
on these one can conclude that the seeds of the species could retain the
viability even after nine months if it is free from insect pests attack and
stored in air tight container
Table 5. Seed germination under different storage treatments over a
period of time
Seed treatment Germination(%)
periods
at different
3 months 6 months 9 months
1. Untreated seeds in Polythene bag 100 100 40
2. Seeds treated with bavistin (0.5%)and
methyl parathion (2%) in Polythene bag
100 20 0
3.Untreated seeds in Poly pots 100 100 60
4. Seeds treated with bavistin (0.5%) and
methyl parathion (2%) in poly pots
80 20 0
Studies carried on nursery techniques of Mammea suriga revealed that
species could be propagated easily through seeds. The seeds did not need
any sort of pre-sowing treatment and freshly collected seeds could germinate
up to 72.36 per cent under different potting media (Table 6). Effect of
potting media on seed germination was not evident in the present study.
Among the different potting mixture treatments, dibbling of seeds sown in
Soil:Sand: FYM 1:1:1 + Urea (1%) resulted in higher germination
compared to other treatments. The least germination was observed for the
treatment containing Soil: Paddy Husk: FYM 1:1:1+ Urea (1%) as the
potting media.
Table 6. Seed germination under potting mixture treatments
Sl No. Treatment Germination
(%)
1 Soil: sand: FYM 1:1:1 67.08 (54.99)*
2 Soil:Sand: FYM 1:1:1 + Urea (1%) 72.36 (58.28)
3 Soil: Paddy Husk: FYM 1:1:1 66.31 (54.52)
4 Soil: Paddy Husk: FYM 1:1:1+ Urea 62.91 (52.48)
(1%)
LSD NS
76

* values in the paranthesis are angular transformed value
Studies on effect of plant container and potting mixture on growth of
seedlings M. suriga revealed that plant container did not have any influence
on the seedling growth. However, the effect of potting mixture on seedling
height, shoot mass and root mass was evident in the present study. Use of
potting mixture with paddy husk as a substitute for gave the better shoot
length which was significantly superior over normal potting mixture of Soil:
Sand: FYM in the proportion of 1:1:1. The effect of potting mixture on total
seedling biomass was not revealed in the study and interestingly, the use of
inorganic fertilizer did not influence the seedling growth. It may be too
early to derive conclude just after four months of emergence.
Table 7. Effect of plant container and potting mixture on growth of
seedlings
Sl.
No.
Treatment Seedling
height
Plant container
1 Polythene bag 4” X
6 “
2 Polythene bag 5” X
8 “
(cm)
Root
length
(cm)
Shoot
mass
(g)
Root
mass
(g)
Total
biomass
(g)
77
R:S
ratio
10.50 16.00 1.10 0.49 1.59 0.46
12.02 15.59 0.79 0.35 1.13 0.45
3 Root trainer 150 cc 11.73 20.70 0.79 0.39 1.18 0.50
LSD (0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS
Potting mixture
1 Soil: sand: FYM 10.67 18.63 0.98 0.35 1.33 0.36
1:1:1
2 Soil:Sand: FYM
1:1:1 + Urea (1%)
3 Soil: Paddy Husk:
FYM 1:1:1
4 Soil: Paddy Husk:
FYM 1:1:1+ Urea
10.69 17.48 0.99 0.39 1.38 0.39
12.49 16.60 0.83 0.45 1.28 0.54
12.85 17.02 0.85 0.46 1.31 0.54

(1%)
LSD (0.05) 1.31 NS 0.13 0.06 NS 0.07
c. Vegetative propagation techniques: In order to propagate the species
through vegetative means cutting and air layering experiments were
conducted. The species did not respond to air layering and use of different
concentration of Indole Butric Acid resulted in just callus formation.
d. Major cause for decline in population: Unscrupulous harvesting of the
flowers lead to lack of reproductive material for natural regeneration. It was
observed that the trees which were under the custody of the people had large
amount of fruits.
78

III. Salacia reticulate Wight.
Local name : Ekanayaka
Salacia reticulata is a climbing woody shrub with dichotomous branches
found distributed in Sri Lanka and Indian forests. In Karnataka, it is rare in
semi-ever green forests. It is belonging to family Hippocrateacae. Bark
smooth, greenish grey, thin, white inside. Leaves are opposite, elliptic
oblong, 6-12 cm X 3-6 cm, base acute , apex abruptly acuminate, margin
toothed with minute rounded teeth, leathery, hairless, lateral nerves about
seven pairs, prominent beneath. Flowers bisexual, 2-8 clustered in leaf axils.
Furits are drupes pinkish orange when ripe. Salacia reticulata contains
Salaretin and Mangiferin which reduces the sugar level and protects body
from any secondary side effect of diabetes. Mangiferin in Salacia reticulata
inhibits the formation of LDL and thus maintain the blood liquid profile. It
has been used as a supplementary food in Japan to prevent obesity and
diabetes. Root is mainly used for medicinal purpose. It has Salanisol as
active principle for diabetic treatment. It is very effective in case of
rheumatism, menstrual disorders, skin diseases, inflammations and
spermatorrhoea. It shows hepatoprotective effects and also used as liver
tonic. The polyphenolic compounds extracted from it could inhibit fat
metabolism and enhances lipolysis.
a. Distribution of the species: The species is found to have distributed
mainly in degraded semi-evergreen to moist deciduous forests in small
pockets along the Western Ghats. Location details of the sample sites where
it was observed during the study is tabulated in Table 8 along with number
of plants and regeneration. In our study the species was located in Uttara
Kannada and Shimoga district mainly in Sirsi and Honnavar forest division
(Table 8 and Fig. 3). The plants produce red pink fruits which were eaten by
birds (Plate 5). The plants were found to be bushes and most of the time
regeneration was not observed in such bushes. The regeneration was good if
the density of the bushes was sparse. Data presented in Table 8 revealed that
total number of matured individuals per sample plot varied from 2 to 15 in a
sample of 20 m X 20 m and the number of new recruitments per sample plot
was ranging from 0 to 28.
Table 8 . Location details of Salacia reticulata in Karnataka
80

Sl.No. Location Latitude Longitude Altitude
(m)
Division Plants
(#)
Regeneration
1 Kurse 74.6821 14.5403 551.0 Sirsi 2 20
2 Manjuguni 74.6663 14.6640 560.0 Sirsi 15 25
3 Manjuguni
Kallahole
74.6771 14.5572 541.10 Sirsi 3 28
4 Shiragunji 74.5142 14.4659 21.90 Honnavar 3 0
5 Shiragunji 74.5148 14.4660 13.40 Honnavar 2 0
6 Manamane 75.5345 12.3836 561 Sagar 2 20
7 Heggarni 74.7879 14.4300 549 Sirsi 8 15
8 Muski 74.6478 14.7529 659 Sirsi 5 4
Fig. 3. Distribution of Salacia reticulata in Karnataka
81
(#)

Data presented in Table 9 elucidates the associate species of Salacia
reticulata and it was found be associated with both ever green and
deciduous species. Some of important
Table 9. Associate species of Salacia reticulata.
Sl.No. Associated species
1 Acacia concinna 16 Grewia tillifolia
2 Ailanthus triphysa 17 Holigarna arnottiana
3 Anisochilus carnosus 18 Mangifera indica
4 Aporusa lindleyana 19 Memecylon umbellatum
5 Butea monosperma 20 Mimusops elengi
6 Canthium parviflorum 21 Pongamia pinnata
7 Careya arborea 22 Santalum album
8 Cassia fistula 23 Semecarpus anacardium
9 Cinnamomum malabatrum 24 Syzygium cumini
10 Callophyllum inophyllum 25 Syzygium hemisphericum
11 Emblica officinalis 26 Carallia brachiata
12 Ervatamia heyneana 27 Terminalia alata
13 Flacourtia Montana 28 Mammea suriga
14 Garcinia indica 29 Terminalia paniculata
15 Garuga pinnata 30 Alseodaphne semicarpifolia
associates were Santalum album, Terminalia paniculata, Aporosa lidleyana,
Careya arborea, Memecylon umbellatum, Holigarna arnottiana etc. Based
on the nature of associated species one can conclude that the species can
come in disturbed semi-evergreen to moist deciduous forests especially in
opened areas.
b. Seed storage and propagation
Seed is one of the important propagating material in most of the tropical
species. Seed storage is also equally important for a nursery manager.
Studies on seed storage of Salacia revealed that the seeds stored were
affected by bruchid beetle. Untreated seeds would be damaged in two or
three months. Studies on seed storage container revealed that the un treated
seeds stored in the polythene bag lost their viability within six months and
treated seeds stored in poly pots showed 50 per cent germination (Table 10.).
82

After nine months of collection most of the seed lost the viability except
seeds treated and stored in poly pots where germination was low (10%). It
can be concluded that the seeds of Salacia reticulata could be stored up to
six months in poly pots by treating seeds with bavistin (0.5%) and methyl
parathion (2%).
Table 10 . Seed germination under different storage treatments over a
period of time
Seed treatment Germination(%) at different
periods
3 months 6 months 9 months
1. Untreated seeds in Polythene bag 20% 0 % 0%
2. Seeds treated with bavistin (0.5%)and
methyl parathion (2%) in Polythene bag
60 % 10% 0
3.Untreated seeds in Poly pots 30% 0% 0%
4. Seeds treated with bavistin (0.5%) and
methyl parathion (2%) in poly pots
80% 50% 10%
Experiment conducted on nursery technique of Salacia revealed that sowing
of freshly collected seeds without any pre-sowing seed treatment could
germinate well. In the present study it was revealed that the seed
germination varied with potting mixture (Table 11. Maximum germination
(85.99%) was observed in Soil:Sand: FYM 1:1:1 + Urea (1%) and least
germination (64.61%) was observed in Soil: Paddy Husk: FYM 1:1:1+ Urea
(1%). It is evident that traditional potting mixture is ideal potting mixture for
better germination of seeds in Salacia reticulata.
83

Table 11 Effect of potting mixture on germination of Salacia
reticulata
Sl.No. Potting mixture Germination
(%)
1 Soil: sand: FYM 1:1:1 77.23
2 Soil:Sand: FYM 1:1:1 + Urea (1%) 85.99
3 Soil: Paddy Husk: FYM 1:1:1 74.53
4 Soil: Paddy Husk: FYM 1:1:1+ Urea
(1%)
64.61
C.D.(0.05) 0.25
Effect of plant container and potting mixture on the growth of seedlings of
Salacia reticulata was studied and data pertaining to the study is Tabulated
in Table 12. Data presented in Table 12. It was evident from the data that
neither the plant contaner nor the potting mixture had the influence on the
seedling growth . Interestingly use of traditional potting mixture resulted in
slightly higher biomass compared to a potting mixture with paddy husk. Use
of urea to supplement the growth did not influenced the growth after four
months of emergence.
Table 12 Effect of potting mixture on seedling biomass production in
S. reticulata
Sl.
No. Treatments
Shoot
weight
(g)
Root
weight
(g)
Biomass
(g)
RS
ratio
1
Plant container
Polythene bag 4” X 6 “ 0.114 0.016 0.130 0.166
2 Polythene bag 5” X 8 “ 0.100 0.023 0.123 0.322
3 Root trainer 150 cc 0.074 0.016 0.090 0.218
SED 0.014 0.007 0.015 0.131
LSD (0.05) NS NS NS NS
Potting mixture
84

1 Soil: sand: FYM 1:1:1 0.108 0.018 0.126 0.176
2
Soil:Sand: FYM 1:1:1 + Urea
(1%)
0.109 0.019 0.128 0.295
3 Soil: Paddy Husk: FYM 1:1:1 0.084 0.019 0.103 0.295
4
Soil: Paddy Husk: FYM 1:1:1+
Urea (1%)
0.085 0.019 0.104 0.295
LSD (0.05) NS NS NS NS
c. Vegetative propagation techniques: In order to propagate the species
through vegetative means cutting and air layering experiments were
conducted. The species did respond very well to air layering and results from
the cutting experiments are yet to be observed. It was found that the rooting
was successful in all the tried concentration and maximum number of roots
were seen for air layers treated with 1000 ppm of Indole Butyric Acid.
(Table 13 and Plate 6) followed by IBA 500 ppm.
Table 13. Rooting of Salacia reticulata through air layering
Sl Treatment Average Number of
No
roots
1 IBA 500 ppm 9
2 IBA 1000 ppm 13
3 IBA 1500 ppm 4
4 IBA 2000 ppm 8
d. Major cause for decline in population: Unscruplous harvesting of the
roots lead to destruction of whole plant and albinisum in seedlings
might have lead to natural death of new recruits.
85

IV. Symplocos racemosa
Local name : Lodhra mara, Chungina mara
This is medium sized tree 10-15 m tall with a large canopy. Branchlets
glabrous, leaves alternate, elliptic-oblong, acute-acuminate, cuneate to
rounded, glabrous, distinctly stalked. Flower bisexual, white fragrant, green
colour , dark green, and lathery in axillary racemes, drupe is glabrous,
ellipsoid to ovoid, dark blue turning yellow when dry, usually two celled and
an smooth endocarp (Plate 7). The bark of the plant has medicinal use
The species is distributed in the Indo-Malaysian region. In India, it is
distributed in the western peninsular region, North eastern India and sub
Himalayan tracts the tree is found very commonly in the plains and lower
hills of Bengal, Assam and Burma. In Karnataka it is found along the higher
mountains of Western Ghats.
a. Distribution of the species: The species is found to be distributed in the
semi ever green to evergreen forests of Chikkamagalur and Kodagu (above
400 m MSL ). Location of the study site along with number of plants found
and the regeneration is provided in Table 14. Locations of distribution is
mapped in Fig.4.
Table 14. Location details of Symplocos racemosa in Karnataka
Sl.No. Location Latitude Longitude Altitude
(m)
Division No of
plants
Regeneration
1 Shringeri 75.2363 13.4054 676.40 Koppa 1 0
2 Agumbe 75.0890 13.5021 661.20 Koppa 3 0
3 Vatekolli 75.7807 12.1291 416.20 Virajpet 1 0
4 Vatekolli 75.7816 12.1291 416.20 Virajpet 1 0
5 Talacauvery 75.4935 12.3836 902.00 Madikeri 3 138
6 Kakkabe 75.6259 12.2517 708.70 Madikeri 1 0
7 Kerekatte 75.1485 13.3003 712.00 Koppa 1 0
88

8 Kerekatte 75.1471 13.2937 720 Koppa 1 0
Most of our study plots had single tree with associate species. It is
interesting to know that the regeneration of the species was observed only in
one study site which is a matter to be considered for conservation and
management.
Fig.4. Distribution of Symplocos racemosa in Karnataka
Associate species of Symplocos racemosa in its natural habitat are tabulated
in Table 15. Some of the important associate species of Symplocos racemosa
are Litsea floribunda, Wendlandia thyrsoidea , Holigarna sp.
89

. Seed storage and propagation : In order to understand the seed storage
on Symplocos racemosa efforts were made to develop appropriate seed
storage method. It was observed that the fruits were severely infested with
larvae of beetles and the emergence was observed one day after the
collection (Plate 8). Untreated seeds would be damaged in week or so.
Table 15. Associate species of Symplocos racemosa.
Sl.No. Associated species
1 Aporusa lindleyana 16 Holigarna arnottiana
2 Artocarpus hirsutus 17 Holigarna grahamii
3 Callicarpa tomentosa 18 Knema attenuata
4 Canthium dicoccum 19 Lagerstroemia microcarpa
5 Careya arborea 20 Syzygium sp
6 Catunaregam spinosa 21 Litsea flouribunda
7 Cinnamomum malabatrum 22 Memecylon umbellatum
8 Croton tiglium 23 Myristica dactyloides
9 Dillenia pentagyna 24 Ophiorrhiza harririana
10 Eurya japonica 25 Pandanus fascicularis
11 Fahrenheitia zeylanica 26 Persea macrantha
12 Ficus exasperate 27 Symplocos coorgensis
13 Garcinia gummi-gutta 28 Syzygium cumini
14 Glochidion zeylanicum 29 Syzygium hemisphericum
15 Gmelina arborea 30 Wendlandia thyrsoidea
Studies on seed storage container revealed that the untreated seeds stored in
the polythene bag lost their viability within three months and treated seeds
stored in poly pots showed 10 per cent germination after three months (Table
16.).
Table 16. Seed germination of S. racemosa over a period of time
90

Seed treatment Germination(%) at different
periods
3 months 6 months 9 months
1. Untreated seeds in Polythene bag 0 0 0
2. Seeds treated with bavistin (0.5%)and
methyl parathion (2%) in Polythene bag
10 0 0
3.Untreated seeds in Poly pots 0 0 0
4. Seeds treated with bavistin (0.5%) and
methyl parathion (2%) in poly pots
10 0 0
Untreated seeds stored in un sealed polythene bags and air tight container
had the problem of fungus growth and infestation by seed borne pests. Seeds
treated with Bavistin and Methyl Parathion did not have the problem of
fungus growth as well seed borne pests. However, the seeds could retain the
viability only for three months (Table 16). Based on this observation one
colud conclude that the seeds of Symplocos racemosa can be stored up to
three months only.
Data presented in Tale 17 revealed that the germination of Symplocs
racemosa varied from 16.71 per cent to 22.43 per cent under different
potting mixture treatment. Among the different treatment maximum
germination was observed for the treatment having potting mixture Soil:
Paddy Husk: FYM 1:1:1.follwoed by Soil: Paddy Husk: FYM 1:1:1+urea
(1%).
Table 17. Effect of potting mixture on seed germination
Sl.No. Potting mixture Germination
(%)
1 Soil: sand: FYM 1:1:1 18.13 (25.20)*
2 Soil:Sand: FYM 1:1:1 + Urea (1%) 16.71 (24.13)
3 Soil: Paddy Husk: FYM 1:1:1 22.43 (28.27)
4 Soil: Paddy Husk: FYM 1:1:1+ Urea
(1%) 18.59 (25.54)
C.D.(0.05) NS
* Values in parenthesis are angular transformed
91

Data pertaining to observation on growth performance was not taken due to
lack of enough number of seedlings for sampling. It is prudent to mention
that the seedlings emerged from the seeds gradually became weakened and
resulted in ultimate death of seedlings. One of the probable cause for such
death of seedlings could be inbreeding depression because even in the
natural population most of population studied were represented by single
tree and incidentally the seeds were also collected from isolated single tree.
92

C. Vegetative propagation: Attempts were made to propagate through
rooting of cuttings and air layering . The results of cuttings are awaited and
the species responded to air layering. It was observed that the among the
different concentration of Indole Butyric Acid paste of 1000 ppm was found
to be successful in inducing rooting.
List of Seedlings of Medicinal plants available at Budnal Seed Center
Nusery.
94

S.No. Name of Medicinal Plant No.of Seedlings
in 5”x8”
Polythene bags
No.of
Seedlings in
8x12”
Polythene
bags
1 Decalepis hamiltonii (Makaliberu) 23590 3385
2 Mucuna pruriens (Nasugunni) 440 -
3 Myristica malabarica (Rampatre) 17 1468
4 Gymnema sylvestre (Madhumashini) 1365 2352
5 Garcinia indica (Kokum) 33 800
6 Salacia oblonga (EkNayakana balli) - 110
7 Cinnamomum sulphuratum/malabathrum
(Pinga Dalchini)
110 48
8 Premna integrifolia (Agnimantha) 17 44
9 Caesalpinia sappan (Sappan) 10 190
10 Saraca asoca (Asoca) 110 5237
11 Boerhavia diffusa (Punarnava) - 13
12 Boswellia serrata (Salai guggal) - 392
13 Mammea suriga (Suragi) - 248
14 Asparagus racemosus (Shathavari) - 106
15 Symplocos racemosa (Lodra) 110 20
16 Coscinium fenestratum (Maradarishina) 44 10
17 Oroxylum indicum Anemungu) 44 -
18 Nothapodytes nimmoniana
(Durvasanemara)
17 -
19 Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Vayu vilanga) - 105
Tentative Rate.
Seedlings raised in 5”x8” PBS Rs. 10/- Seedlings
Seedlings raised in 8”x12” PBS Rs. 20/- Seedlings
95