new insights into the prevention and treatment of bulimia nervosa

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166 New Insights into the Prevention and Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa [25] Higgins, T. Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 1987,(3), 319-340. [26] Żechowski, C. Polska wersja Kwestionariusza Zaburzeń Odżywiania (EDI) – adaptacja i normalizacja. Psychiatria Polska, 2008, 2, pp.179 – 193. [27] Hornowska, E., Paluchowski, W. J. Rysunek postaci ludzkiej według Goodenough – Harrisa. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu,1987 [28] Oster G.D., GouldP. Rysunek w psychoterapii. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne,2005 [29] Thompson, J. K. Assessing body image disturbance: measures, methodology and implementation. In: J.K. Thompson (ed.), Body image, eating disorders, and obesity. An integrative guide for assessment and treatment (pp. 49-83). Washington: American Psychological Association DC.1996 [30] Thompson, J. K., Altabe, M. N. Psychometric qualities of the figure rating scale. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 1991, 5, pp.615-619. [31] Thompson, J. K., Berg, P. (2002). Measuring body image attitudes among adolescents and adults. In: T.F.Cash, T. Pruzinsky (eds.), Body image. A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp.142- 153). New York, London: The Guilford Press 2002 [32] Tiggemann, M. Media Influences on Body Image Development. In: T.F.Cash, T. Pruzinsky (eds.), Body image. A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 91-98). New York, London: The Guilford Press.2002 [33] Tiggemann, M. Media exposure, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: television and magazines are not the same. European Eating Disorders Review, 200311, 418-430. [34] Garner, D.M., Olmsted, M.P., Bohr, Y., Garfinkel, P.E. The Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 1982, 12, pp.871- 878. http://www.river-centre.org/abouteat26.html [35] Cash, T. R., Pruzinsky, T. Future challenges for body image theory, research and clinical practice. In: T.F.Cash, T. Pruzinsky (eds.), Body image. A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 509-516). New York, London: The Guilford Press, 2002. [36] Cash, T. F. (2002). Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives on Body Image. In: T.F. Cash, T. Pruzinsky (eds.), Body image. A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. 2002 [37] Wilson C.P. Fear of Being Fat. The Treatment of Anorexia And Bulimia. New York: Jason Aronson Inc; 1985 [38] Rorty M., Yager J., Rossotto E. Childhood sexual, physical and psychological abuse in bulimia nervosa. Am J.Psychiatry.1994, Vol. 151, 8 pp.401-12. [39] Kent A., Waller G., Childhood emotional abuse and eating psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Rev.2000.Vol. 20, 7, pp.887-903 [40] Waller G. Sexual abuse as a factor in eating disorders .Br J Psychiatry.Nov.1991, 159, pp. 664-71 [41] Kent A., Waller G.M, Dagnan D., A greater role of emotional than physical or sexual abuse in predicting disordered eating attitudes: the role of mediating variables. Int. J Eating Disorders 1999, Vol. 25, 2, pp.159- 67 [42] HarttJ., Waller G., Child abuse, dissociation and core beliefs in bulimic disorders. Child Abuse $ Neglect.Sep.2002, Vol. 26, 9, pp.923-38 [43] Wonderlich SA, et al. Eating disturbance and sexual trauma in childhood and adulthood. Int.J.Eat.Disorders2001,Vol. 30,4,pp. 4010-12] [44] Stanisz A. (2007) Przystępny kurs statystyki z zastosowaniem STATISTICA PL
11 Physical Activity and Exercise in Bulimia Nervosa: The Two-Edged Sword Solfrid Bratland-Sanda 1,2 1 Department of Sport and Outdoor life sciences, Telemark University College, Bø in Telemark, 2 Research Institute, Modum Bad Psychiatric Centre, Vikersund, Norway 1. Introduction Physical activity and exercise has a widely known positive effect on various physiological and psychological variables, and lack of physical activity has been shown as an independent factor for obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, certain types of cancer and other diseases (Pedersen & Saltin, 2006). However, in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders version four (DSM-IV) (APA, 1994) excessive amounts of exercise is listed as one possible weight compensatory behavior among patients with bulimia nervosa (BN). In this chapter I will describe the effects of physical activity, and the motives for physical activity among patients with BN. Furthermore, the two-edged sword aspect of physical activity among patients with BN will be explored. This duality comes to show on one hand because of the excessiveness and the abuse of physical activity, and on the other hand the beneficial and therapeutic effects of correctly dosed physical activity in treatment of BN. 1.1 Definition of physical activity and exercise Physical activity is defined as any type of bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles which results in an increased metabolism above resting level (Caspersen, Powell, & Christenson, 1985). Exercise is the planned, structured and repeated physical activity performed with the aim to improve performance, fitness and/or health (Bouchard, Blair, & Haskell, 2007). The term physical activity includes occupational physical activity, transport physical activity, housework and leisure time physical activity, whereas exercise refers to leisure time physical activity. Physical activity therefore includes all the terms exercise, work out and sports. In this chapter, the terms physical activity and exercise will be used interchangeably. 1.2 General effects of physical activity Effects of physical activity can be divided into acute effects and long term effects. The acute effects include physical responses such as increased ventilation and breathing frequency, increased heart rate, stroke volume, systolic blood pressure, body temperature, and reduction in blood lipoproteins and glucose (Bouchard, et al., 2007). The immediate elevations in levels of endorphins, serotonin and dopamine are suggested as a reason why many report a positive impact of physical activity on mood, positive and negative affects
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