URBANA GENEZA - Ilibo

Mr.sci. Boris Ilijanić, arh. 

URBANA GENEZA 

Rektifikacija starih planova 

Herceg Novi-Stari grad 

Crna Gora, Istočna obala Jadranskog mora 

istraživački rezime 

Herceg Novi, Chieti, Wellington, 1985-1998

„OMNIA QUAE CERNIS MAGNO CONSTRUCTA LABORE: 

MOENIA,TEMPLA,DOMUS,FONTES,STABULA, ATRIA THERMES” 

„Sve što ti oko motri veljim je izgrađeno trudom: 

zidine, crkve, kuće, česme, staje dvori i kupatila” 

1

1.- Kanli Kula, 

2.- Potkovičasta kula, 

3.- Izvor Karadža, 

4.- Zapadna vrata, 

5.- Sv.Arhanđel Mihailo, 

6.- Kula Sv.Jeronima, 

7.- Peraška vrata, 

8.- Upravni objekat, 

9.- Sv.Jeronim, 

10.- Sv.Frano/Sv.Leopold/, 

11.- Zvonik Sv.Jeronim, 

12.- Forte Mare, 

13.- Kula Sv.Anta, 

14.- Tvrđava Mezaluna 

/polumjeseca/ 

3

Boris Ilijanić 

URBANA GENEZA 

Herceg Novi – Stari grad 

(istraživački rezime) 

5

Ovaj rad je izrađen kao dio magistarske teze u okviru 

postdiplomskog studija Arhitektonskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu: 

„Urbanizam i Prostorno planiranje“ pod voditeljstvom prof.dr. Bruna 

Milića. 

Glavni konsultanti na terenu, kojima dugujem veliku zahvalnost bili 

su prof.dr. Jerko Marasović iz Splita, prof Svetislav Vučenović iz 

Beograda, mr Ilija Pušić arheolog iz Herceg Novog, mr. Gligo Odalović 

iz Herceg Novog, zatim ustanovama: 

Republički Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture Crne Gore, 

Hercegnovski Arhiv. 

Arhitektonsko snimanje i izradu dokumentacije uradili su saradnici 

Zavoda za projektovanje i urbanizam Herceg Novi. 

Istovremeno se zahvaljujem osoblju institucija: Muzej Correr u 

Veneciji, Biblioteka Marciana u Veneciji, Biblioteka San Marco u 

Veneciji, Državnom Arhivu Venecije, Ratnom Arhivu u Beču na usluzi 

prilikom pretraživanja arhivskih dokumenata. 

Zahvaljujem za korišćenje privatnih dokumenata mr. Jovici 

Martinoviću arheologu iz Kotora i fotografu gospodinu Stevu Lepetiću iz 

Herceg Novog, a prof.dr. Radmili Benderać na pomoći pri sređivanju i 

organizovanju teksta. 

autor 

7

Sadržaj 

Predgovor ......................................................................................................7 

Osnovni motivi, ideje i problematika ........................................................15 

Terminologija i istraživački metod............................................................17 

Urbani razvoj kroz rektifikaciju starih planova .......................................25 

Nulta faza(KOD 010) ..........................................................................27 

Uslovi za razvoj grada/do 1382/(K0D 020)........................................ 31 

Srednjovijekovni grad/1382 do 1482/(K0D 030)................................ 35 

Herceg Novi pod Turcima/1482 do 1687/(KOD 040 i 050) ................39 

Venecijanski Castel Novo/1687 do 1797/(KOD 060)..........................61 

Stari grad Herceg Novi pod Austrijskom upravom/1797 do 1918/ 

(KOD070) .............................................................................................85 

Savremeni Stari grad Herceg Novi/1918 do 1982/(KOD 080)...........95 

Zaključci i sugestije ..................................................................................113 

Bibliografija ............................................................................................. 117 

Spisak fotografija..................................................................................... 118 

13

I Osnovni motivi, ideje i problematika 

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16 

Poglavlje I

Osnovni motivi, ideje i problematika 


Shvatajuci aglomeraciju starog urbanog jezgra Herceg Novog, 

kulturnom, estetskom, umjetničkom i turističkom vrijednošću, a obzirom 

na vremensku distancu, kao istorijsko kontinuirani urbani kvalitet, 

postavio se do voljno motivisan zadatak za istraživanje u oblasti urbane 

geneze.Veća pažnja, koju ovaj prostor zaslužuje aktuelizirana je naročito 

nakon poznatih destrukcija u pogledu urbanog života jezgra, i u fizičkom 

i u duhovnom smislu. Znano je da je zemljotres od 15.04.1979. godine 

samo ubrzao jedan proces umiranja istorijskog jezgra Herceg Novog, jer 

je i ranije ovaj prostor već bio predodređen za formiranje „slum“ 

aglomeracije, kako su na to ukazivali životni tokovi, a naročito stihija u 

planiranju. 

Motivi za ovaj rad jos su vise potencirani saznanjem da ranije nije 

bilo aktivnosti u ovoj urbanoj aglomeraciji u pravcu plansko istraživačkih 

radova, te da nas u budućnosti, očekuje značajno osjetljiv i delikatan 

posao i u planiranju obnove i revitalizacije Starog Grada. Zbog toga ovaj 

rad ima pretenziju da obrađuje urbanu genezu istorijskog jezgra Herceg 

Novog u cilju boljeg sagledavanja njegove današnje situacije u prostoru 

i da pomogne istraživačkim i planerskim ekipama u cilju pravilnijeg 

pristupanja rješavanju problema. 

Terminologija i istraživački metod 

Kad se govori o istraživanju urbane geneze starog gradskog urbanog 

jezgra neosporno je da moramo bar djelomično obratiti pažnju na 

terminologiju, koja je u tom domenu prisutna. 

Svaki od pojmova, koji su ovdje zastupljeni imaju specifično značenje, 

zato su vjerovatno i teže razumljivi. Sa dodatnim opisom, koji bolje 

označava njegovo značenje i obuhvatijivost možemo ga lako i pravilno 

upotrebiti. U praksi, mnogi pojmovi među sobom se zamjenjuju, dijelom 

radi jezičkih nasljednosti, ali češće radi nepoznavanja pravog značenja. 

Istorijski prostor označava prostor posebnog istorijskog događaja i 

posve napadno se upotrebljava u imenu nekog mjesta 

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Poglavlje I 

Istorijska mjesto označava dio mjesta ili cijelo mjesto, kao istorijsko 

urbanu cjelinu 

Istorijski kompleks, jezgro označava sveobuhvatni urbani 

spomenik sa ambijentom 

Ambijent urbane cjeline označava bitan kvalitet nekog prostora u 

istorijskom, kulturnom, likovnooblikovnom smislu, što se odražava na 

urbanu cjelinu. 

Sanacija (asanacija) označava „zdravljenje“ materijala i 

konstrukcija, ali i urbanog života. 

Revitalizacija označava funkciju omogućavanja opstanka urbanog 

života 

Integralna rekonstrukcija označava ponovnu izgradnju 

Restauracija označava djelomičnu obnovu prvobitnosti 

Rektifikacija (lat.rectificatio) označava ispravljanje, 

poprav1janje, mat.pretvaranje krive linije u pravu, određivanje dužine 

krivih linija 

Rektifikovati (lat.rectificare od rectus) ispravljati, ispraviti, 

popravljati, poboljšati, dotjerati, mat.odrediti dužinu krive. 

Proučavanje paleogeneze, urbanizacije i samog urbanizma Herceg 

Novog temelji se na izvornoj građi, kao i svako drugo istorijsko 

istraživanje. Ti izvori su pisani, crpljeni iz djela raznih pisaca, 

savremenika prošlih vremena i današnjih, ali i iz tekstova na 

epigrafskim spomenicima. Za ta razmatranja su od velike važnosti i 

materijalni ostaci ranijih naselja i elemenata arhitekture, do sada 

otkriveni i obrađeni arheološkim istraživanjima na istom lokalitetu i u 

blizoj i daljoj okolini. 

U rješavanju mnogih problema iz domena urbanizma i urbanizacije 

konkuriše više disciplina, od kojih svaka ima svoje područje istraživanja 

i svoje metode naučnog rada.Takav interdisciplinarni pristup 

istraživanju u urbanoj probematicii preporučili su jos stari klasični pisci: 

Aristotel kod Grka i Vitruvije u Rimu. 

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Savremene urbaniste često i život prisiljava da se okrenu problemu 

istorijskog urbanizma, da se upoznaju sa rezultatima istraživanja do 

kojih su došli arheolozi, istoričari, istoričari umjetnosti; uvijek kada 

prionu na zadatak da traže nova rješenja za gradove ili njihove dijelove 

sa dužom urbanom tradicijom. Jezgro tih gradova, kada su u pitanju 

gradovi istočne obale Jadrana, veoma često imaju svoje početke u 

antičkom razdoblju i isto tako mnogi od tih gradova formiranih u 

srednjem vijeku, izgradili su svoja urbana jezgra na osnovu jedne 

apstraktne, ali uvijek prisutne ideje mediteranskog tipa grada, koji je 

ovdje doživio autonomni organski razvoj od protourbanog do danas. 

Izrada rektifikacija starih crteža u domenu proučavanja urbane 

geneze gradova je veoma značajna, jer kao istraživački metod, koji nije 

primjenjivan ranije, omogućava otkrivanje niza novih činjenica i baca 

novu svijetlost na nepoznanice urbanog razvoja. 

Iako je, u narednim podglavljima urbani razvoj grada Herceg Novog, 

kao primjera za primjenu navedenog istraživačkog metoda, prikazan, 

kao i obično, hronološki prema redosljedu nastanka pojedinih faza, u 

procesu istraživanja, kroz rektifikacije, išlo se obrnutim putem, od 

poznatih činjenica kakve su danas, pa prema nepoznatim u prošlost i to 

po pojedinim fazama. 

Ove faze su podjeljene u osam (8) osnovnih kodova, gdje pojedini 

imaju i podkodove. 

Svaki kod, bilo osnovni ili pomoćni, a koji karakteriše određeni stari 

crtež, ima niz jedinica (listova) i sve zajedno ga objašnjavaju. Svi kodovi 

i njihov međusobni položaj jasno se sagledavaju prikazom u priloženoj 

tabeli. 

Može se pouzdano tvrditi da najranije prilično istinite informacije o 

gradskim naseljima na obali istočnog Jadrana, daju katastarski planovi 

sa kraja 19. vijeka. Na primjeru Herceg Novog to je Austrijski 

katastarski plan iz 1890.godine. Ako se zna da su pomenuti gradovi u 

svom razvoju stagnirali do početka 20. vijeka, onda su pojedini dijelovi 

ovog plana dokumenti i ranijih faza, oblika urbane aglomeracije. 

Rektifikacije starih crteža rađene su precrtavanjem istih preko 

ažuriranih geodetskih podloga iz današnjeg doba, u razmjeri 1:1000 uz 

korištenje svih savremenih pomagala i uređaja. Ovakve rektifikovane 

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Poglavlje I 

crteže možemo direktno koristiti u daljim obradama. 

Detaljnije rečeno, rađeno je po sledećoj metodi: Stari plan; čiji negativ 

posjedujemo, geodetskim metodama, reambulacije, je doveden u 

razmjeru 1:1000 i preklopijen preko savremene ažurirane geodetske 

situacije, plana 1:1000 na astralon foliji, da bi se izbjegle deformacije 

papira i time postigla što veća vijernost sa stvarnim dimenzijama. Zatim 

je preko ova dva plana iscrtavana rektifikacija starog plana oslanjajući 

se na prave dimenzije iz današnjeg plana i na poznate podatke za 

obrađivani period iz arhivske građe.Na taj način dobili smo rektifikovan 

stari plan. 

Ako je uz taj stari plan bila prikazana i perspektiva, onda je njena 

rektifikacija rađena na isti način. 

Kao krajnji rezultat i jedne i druge rektifikacije crteža, imamo novu 

interpretaciju, koja je proizišla iz novootkrivanih činjenica kroz samo 

rektifikovanje. 

Godine 1982, a u skladu sa zaključcima Stalne Konferencije gradova, 

a u pogledu izučavanja urbanog razvoja gradova jadranske obale, 

utvrđen je ovaj jasan metod, koji se primjenjuje i na izučavanje urbanog 

razvoja Splita. U tom smislu ovaj gore navedeni metod je razrađivan i u 

saradnji sa istraživačima iz Splita, Arhitektonskim fakultetom iz 

Zagreba, odsjek Split, „Centar za Arhitekturu i Urbanizam” korištena je 

naprava za crtanje konstruisanih perspektiva sa zadatim elementima, 

kako je to dato u prilogu položaja Starog grada Herceg Novog. 

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21

22 

Poglavlje I 

001


002 

23

24 

Poglavlje II

II Urbani razvoj 

kroz rektifikaciju starih planova 

25

26 

Poglavlje II

Nulta faza(KOD 010) 

Urbani razvoj kroz rektifikaciju starih planova 

Nulta faza (KOD 010) 

Za što svestraniju i cjelokupniju sliku i obuhvat svih činjenica, koje 

utiču i koje bi mogle uticati na urbanu problematiku starog gradskog 

jezgra Herceg Novog osvrnimo se dakle, na istorijske uslove nastanka i 

razvoja Herceg Novog. 

Župa Dračevića spada u red srednjovjekovnih pokrajina, koje su 

osnovali naši preci, doselivsi se u primorske krajeve. Naseljeno slavensko 

stanovništvo brzo je počelo osnivati svoje društveno upravne organizacije 

po uzoru na one koje je imalo u staroj domovini. Istina ove organizacije, 

ugledale su se, u mnogome, na slične ustanove kod starosjedilaca. 

Mnogobrojne tekovine ilirske i rimske civilizacije uticale su na 

društveno formiranje naših predaka, ne samo u organizacionom pogledu 

već i u kulturnom, urbanom i sl. Znatni arheološki i epitafski spomenici 

nađeni na ovoj teritoriji jasno i nedvosmisleno govore o tome. 

Dolaskom na obale jadranskog mora Slaveni naseljavaju obradive 

površine, koje su bile aktivne i sposobne za poljoprivrednu delatnost još 

iz rimskog doba. Ovi predjeli bili su povezani glavnom komunikacijom, 

arterijom „via Adriatica“. Tu spadaju župe: Stonska, Zrnovica (kod 

Epidaura), Grbalj, Konavle i Dračevica. 

„Orbini veli, da su Boku, trojanski bjegunci, posle dugog lutanja, 

naselili, a drugi, da je Sicilija njena mati, jer je Dionisie, sirakuški 

tiranin, poslao naseobine onamo; neki je i starijom smatraju. Pleme 

ilirsko Enhelei (jeguljari) stanovaše, gdje su danas općine hercegnovska 

i risanska, a Adrijeri, gdje su danas općine grbaljska, budvanska, 

pastrovska i na poluotocima Lustica i Vrmac. Livije i Plinije vele, da 

bijahu 'Labeates' ilirski ogranci, gdje je danas Crna Gora i Krivošije.“ 1 

Glavna primorska cesta rimskog vremena, koja je išla od Salone, 

preko Ad Movas (kod Imotskog) na Bigeste (Humac kod Ljubuškog), 

Naronu i odatle primorjem na Epidaurum (Cavtat). 

1Savo Nakićenović: „Boka“, Antropogeografska studija; Srpska akademija 

Beograd.1913.god. 

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Od Epidaura iđaše na Sutorinu, a odatle kroz Boku i to najprije kroz 

Hercegnovsku krajinu (Stolium), pokraj mora na Risan, Perast, 

Orahovac i Dobrotu (Duleidia) za Kotor. Od Kotora iđaše na Škaljare, 

preko Troice i Grblja na Budvu, Lastvu itd. Ovim vojničkim putem Boka 

je došla u neposredan dodir sa Dalmacijom, Epirom, Enheleima, 

Travuljanima i Dukljanima, te im bez dvojbe donosaše velike koristi.“ 2 

„U Sutorini pak, bila je rimska tvrđava: zato se valjda i zove 

Sutorina/Sub turris/.Tu se vojničke i trgovačke promjenjivale i 

odmarale.“ 3 

„Godine 395. po Hr., pošto se Rimsko carstvo podjelilo u istočno i 

zapadno, Boka pripada zapadnom. Poslije biva seoba naroda uslijed koje 

Boka postrada. Teodorih, kralj Ist.Gota, osvaja Boku 489.god. te pod njim 

ostaje do 535.god. kad je Justinian ote Ist. Gotima, te da bi je osigurao 

od navale divljih naroda, godine 532. gradi tvrđavu Kotor (Cattaro). Zna 

se da je Kotor primio hrišćanstvo u to doba, jer se spominje god. 451. 

Paulus Episcopus Cathari civitalis Histor coucil. p. 597.), a isto tako 

jedan drugi (Johannes) iz 649.god. (Hist.conc. 603). Iz ovog doba su 

vizantijski gradovi Stole (Stolium), Porto Rose, gradovi koje porušiše u 

IX v. Saraceni ili usred potresa propadoše.” 4 

Oko 1018. godine Dračevica spada pod zetsku državu, a godine 1197. 

potpada pod Nemanjiće. Posle Nemanjića Dračevica dolazi pod bosansku 

državu i konačno krajem maja 1382.god. bosanski kralj Tvrtko I 

Kotromanić, polaže temelje za izgradnju grada u sredini župe Dračevice, 

u romantičnom Topljanskom zalivu Boke kotorske. 

28 

2 Ibidem 

3 Ibidem 

4 Ibidem 

Poglavlje II

Nulta faza(KOD 010) 

29

30 

Poglavlje II

Uslovi za razvoj grada/do 1382 

Uslovi za razvoj grada /do 1382.god./(KOD 020) 

Sigurno je veoma interesantno potražiti odgovor na pitanje šta su to 

prvi graditelji vidjeli na lokaciji današnjeg Starog grada Herceg Novog? 

To je veoma značajno pitanje sa stanovišta proučavanja urbane 

geneze svake pa i ove urbane aglomeracije. Zašto je grad nikao i zadržao 

se do danas na ovoj lokaciji? U procesu izrade rektifikacija starih planova 

obrađena je faza (KOD 010), koja jasno stvara sliku topografije terena i 

njegov reljef, istaknute tačke i izvore kvalitetne vode. 

Jasno se vidi da je teren, naročito prema zapadu strmih litica, koje 

se pružaju od mora prema kopnu cca 380m dužine. One počinju sa 

morske strane, prirodnim uzvišenjem (gdje je danas tvrđava Forte Mare) 

i završavaju se istaknutim brežuljkom na kopnu sa kotom 85m (gdje je 

danas tvrđava Kanli Kula) 

Pored ovoga, niz stijena i hridi, ostavljalo je mogućnost, sa 

minimalnim građevinskim intervencijama izradu solidne odbrambene 

linije. U podnožju oba pomenuta brežuljka su izvori pitke vode od kojih 

je gornji aktivan i kvalitetan i danas. Drugi je vremenom zatrpan kao 

zagađen. 

Nije potrebno, naročito ukazivati na ostale geografske, topografske i 

klimatske uslove.Već sam prokaz (KOD 010) govori sam za sebe. 

Jasno je onda da su stari graditelji, koristeći pogodnost terena, 

izgradili grad prema njegovoj funkciji i kroz sve ostale periode građenja. 

Ako posmatramo period od Nulte faze (KOD 010) do 1382.god. (KOD 

020), ostaje velika nepoznanica prisutnosti objekata na ovoj lokaciji. 

Dozvoljava se mogućnost postojanja određenih gradnji na visovima zbog 

naročite topografsko strateške pogodnosti. Zbog tih pogodnosti, prosto je 

nevjerovatno da ovdje nije postojala stražarnica, osmatračnica ili nešto 

slično, iz ranijih perioda. 

31

32 

Poglavlje II

Uslovi za razvoj grada/do 1382 

33

34 

Poglavlje II

Srednjovijekovni grad/1382 do 1482/ 

Srednjovijekovni grad /1382 do 1482/ (KOD 030) 

„Poznato je da je Tvrtko izlaskom na more i krunisanjem 1377.god. 

za kralja Bosne i ostalih Srpskih zemalja došao u stalan sukob sa 

ondašnjim svijetom, koji ga je okruživao.Na morskoj obali zatekao je luke 

, koje su usljed velike konkurencije Dubrovnika izgubile svoj raniji 

značaj, ili se uopšte nisu pojavljivale kao značajan trgovački faktor u 

srednjem vijeku.U takvoj situaciji, koja nije nosila nikakva dobra 

predviđanja, Tvrtko je planirao da podigne grad na dijelu svog slobodnog 

mora i obale. Izabrao je vrlo atraktivno podneblje Župu Dračevicu, staru 

travunjsku oblast, koja ima svoje pogodnosti da primami i zadrži 

populaciju, ali ne u tolikoj mjeri da bi se urbano konsolidovale na pitanje 

kojoj njenoj lokaciji u srednjem vijeku. Jedina perspektiva takvom gradu 

je bila trgovina i tranzit. Tvrtko je to dobro znao pa je cijenio sve 

vrijednosti koje bi takav grad donio. Znači, grad će izgraditi po planu i 

budućnost mu prilagoditi sledećim uslovima: prvo grad je otvoren prema 

moru i moći ce da primi transporte roba koje dolaze sa svih obala 

Jadranskog mora: drugo grad je Sutorinskom dolinom povezan sa 

dubrovačkim putem, koji ga spaja sa karavanskim putevima 

Hercegovina i Bosne; a treće po našem mišljenju najvažnije , da je Tvrtko 

čuo, a i mogao vidjeti da je na obali Sutorine nekada bila solana, 

industrija za koju je Tvrtko imao naglašenu potrebu. Literatura je 

usvojila podatak da je Tvrtko sagradio grad da bi se oslobodio velikog 

nameta, što su ga dubrovčani nanosili u prevozu i prodaji soli kroz 

bosansku zemlju, a i da bi se oslobodio carine, koja je za ovu vrstu artikla 

bila vrlo velika. Tvrtko izričito kaže, da je grad sagrađen da u njemu 

bude trg soli, „i tuzi bes reklo kraljevstvo postaviti slanicu i da budet trg 

soli i prodavanija.“ I, zaista, prva dokumenta iz prepiske između Tvrtka 

i Dubrovnika pominju samo trg soli „kumer soli“; a ne nikako da se tu 

proizvodi so, kako to govore mnogo kasnija dokumenta.“ 5 

Na osnovu dostupnih pisanih izvora i arhivskog materijala tačno se 

može utvrditi period i godina osnivanja grada po nalogu bosanskog kralja 

Tvrtka I Kotromanića, iako ne i njegov precizan položaj, obim i struktura. 

5 Ilija Pušić: „Srednjovijekovni Herceg Novi,Urbanistička razmatranja do 

pada pod Turke 1482.god.“ 

35

Otkrivenih planova iz ovog vremena nemamo. Kroz arhivsku građu 

postoje određeni opisi grada, ali iz vremena Herceg Stjepana Vukšića 

Kosače. 

Određena naučna mišljenja dislociraju prvobitni Tvrtkov grad (Sveti 

Stefan) sa današnjeg lokaliteta „Stari grad“, bliže solanama u Sutorini. 

Međutim, materijalnih ostataka za potvrdu ovih mišljenja nema ili nisu 

dovoljno istražena. Sigurno je da je najraniji period Herceg Novog (Sveti 

Stefan) nerazjašnjen i zahtijeva strpljiv istraživački rad. 

Ako govorimo o urbanoj genezi gradske aglomeracije, koja se danas 

naziva Stari grad, tada ona ovdje, po arhivskoj građi egzistira od 15. 

vijeka, za čiji je razvoj velike zasluge, prije svih, imao Herceg Stjepan 

Vukšić Kosača, koji je grad obnovio, utvrdio, dao mu ekonomsku snagu 

otvaranjem zanatskih radionica i novom trgovinom soli, nakon Tvrtkovog 

zapostavljanja grada, krunisanjem za kralja Bosne i Srbije. 

36 

Poglavlje II 

Vladavinom Hercega Stjepana grad je stekao uslove za brzi razvoj.

Srednjovijekovni grad/1382 do 1482/ 

37

Poglavlje II 

Rektifikacijom crteža (KOD 040), došlo se do saznanja, koja rasvjetljavaju 

raniji period (KOD 030). Po grafikama Angela delli Oddi 

Padovano (KOD 040A) iz djela „Viaggio della provincia di mare della 

signoria Venetia...“, objavljenog u Veneciji 1584.god., a koja se smatra 

za jednu od najstarijih poznatih za Herceg Novi; jer proučavanjem 

urbanog razvoja nekih drugih jadranskih gradova, predstavljenim u 

ovom djelu, posebno Splita, utvrđen je period nastanka te serije grafika 

između 1435 i 1539.godine zatim po grafici (KOD 041A) od Camotio 

Francesco iz djela „Isole famose porti, fortezze e terre maritime sotto 

posto alla...“ objav-ljenog u Veneciji 1587.godine, po grafici Giacomo 

Rossacio iz djela „Viaggio da Venetia a Constantinopoli“, objavljenog u 

Veneciji (KOD 042A), i po grafici nepoznatog autora iz istog perioda 

(KOD 043A), kao i po nekim drugim kasnijim planovima i njihovim 

opisima i legendama, brežuljak koji dominira nad područjem današnje 

Starog grada („Kanli Kula“), bio je označen kao gradska utvrda, stari 

bedem („vechio recinto“), citadela, zadnje uporište i sl. 

Ovo upućuje na razmišljanja da je taj dio grada najstariji branjeni 

položaj. 

Taj branjeni položaj je fortifikacija četvorougaonog oblika sa 

sjeverozapadnom pravougaonom kulom i tri okrugle kule na uglovima i 

petom u sredini južnog zida, prema moru i donjem gradu, uz koju je i 

gradska kapija.Okrugle kule su novijeg perioda, fortifikacije, koje lakše 

podnose udare topova. 

Unutar bedema su objekti malih gabarita i usitnjene strukture beznačajne 

arhitekture, sa krovovima na dvije vode. Uz sjeverozapadnu 

kulu locirana su dva veća objekta pravougaone osnove, velike visine i 

krovovima u vidu kubeta. Ovi objekti imaju dominantan položaj u 

fortifikaciji i na najvisočijoj su koti Starog grada. 

Analizirajući grafiku A.delli Oddia (KOD 040A) dolazimo do novih 

činjenica u mogućoj rekonstrukciji i interpretaciji grada ovog perioda 

(KOD 030). Ispod pomenute fortifikacije (Citadella) je zidom opasan 

četvorougaon grad sa okruglim kulama. Značajno je uporediti distancu 

od južnog zida grada do mora, koju određuje predstavljen put, staza, 

serpentina, od gradske kapije. Može se zaključiti da južni bedem grada 

u ovom periodu nije bio na obali mora kako je to danas. 

38

Herceg Novi pod Turcima/1482 do 1687/ 

Herceg Novi pod Turcima /1482 do 1687/ (KOD 040 i 050) 

Turci su Novi zauzeli prvi put 1482.godine, dakle 100 godina od 

Tvrtkove povelje o osnivanju grada. Period od 100 godina je je sigurno 

dovoljan da bi se zaokružio određeni obim srednjovijekovnog utvrđenog 

grada. O tome nam podatke daje sačuvana arhivska građa (Dubrovački 

arhiv i dr.), tako da za vrijeme vladavine Tvrtkovih naslijednika, 

Sandalja Hranića, a pogotovo Hercega Stjepana Vukšića Kosače tokom 

15. vijeka, možemo pratiti razvoj Novoga. 

Međutim, dosta je nejasan njegov urbani i arhitektonski i graditeljski 

razvoj i izgled. Ostaje pitanje kakav su grad po obimu i strukturi Turci 

zauzeli 1482. godine. 

Po arhivskoj građi Herceg Stjepan je u svom dvoru u Novom primao 

u audienciju, sklapao ugovore, odmarao se, držao stalnu vojsku i tu je i 

umro. Za života je započeo crkvu Sv.Stefana sa dubrovačkim majstorima 

klesarima crkve Male Braće. 

Iz svega ovoga jasno je da se radilo o naselju gradskog karaktera, 

rezidencijalne i strateške svrhe. 

Prilikom studiranja crteža (KOD 040), otkrivamo nove činjenice koje 

idu u prilog tumačenja oblika i strukture grada. 

/040A/003 

39

Poglavlje II 

Po djelimično vec razmatranoj grafici A. delli Oddia iz 1584.godine (KOD 

040A), u gornjem dijelu dominantne fortifikacije grada na visokom 

kubetu vudljiv je znak moseje. Dakle, turci su već u gradu, što navodi na 

zaključak da grafika predstavlja stanje grada najranije 1482.godine., 

kada su turci zauzeli Novi. Grafika ne pokazuje srednji bedem u gradu. 

Znači ona odražava stanje najkasnije iz 1538.godine, po Camotio F., gdje 

se prikazuje ovaj zid ili iz 1606.godine po Rossacio Giacomo. 

/041A/004 

Jasno je izdiferenciran grad. Na brežuljku je utvrda pravougaonog 

oblika sa pet kula od kojih je sjeverozapadna pravougaonog oblika, što 

navodi na zaključak da je ona možda iz ranijeg perioda. Uz 

sjeverozapadnu kulu su podignuta dva visoka objekta. Sve ove 

konstatacije se jasno potvrđuju na terenu kroz materijalne ostatke. 

Unutar zida je usitnjena struktura objekata za stanovanje i smještaj 

(„magazini“). 

40


/042A/005 

Ispod tvrđave je gradska aglomeracija sa takođje usitnjenom i 

gustom stambenom arhitekturom, objekata od kojih neki imaju i sprat. 

Krovovi su kosi na dvije vode. Ističe se zvonik ili munare u donjem dijelu 

grada. 

U zapadnom bedemu su tri okrugle kule, južnom jedna okrugla uz 

kapiju i u istočnom takođe jedna okrugla. Dakle, u gradskom perimetru 

je glavnu odbrambenu funkciju grada vršila fortifikacija na brežuljku 

(„Citadella“) sa svojih pet kula i gradskim bedemom i pet kula na 

njemu. 

Kroz gradsku kapiju u južnom zidu, koja brani zapadnu kulu vodi 

staza do mora. 

Nameću se na kraju određeni zaključci i to da grafika A. delli Oddia 

odražava stanje grada između 1482. i 1538.godine, a južni bedem, koji je 

prikazan, predstavlja srednji zid u današnjem gradu, što potvrđuju i 

materijalni ostaci pomenute kapije, a gradski perimetar je bio branjen 

sa pet okruglih kula. 

Grafika od Camotio F.(K0D 041A) iz 1587.godine, predstavlja napad 

hrišćanske vojske pod komandom Andrea Doria na Turski Novi 

1538.god. Vidi se da je gradskim bedemima dodan današnji južni zid i 

jos dvije kule tako da ih sada ima ukupno sedam. Možemo zaključiti da 

su južni bedem gradili Turci između 1482 i 1538.god. 

41

Poglavlje II 

/043A/006 

Grafike od Rossacio G.(KOD 042A) i od nepoznatog autora iz istog 

perioda (KOD 043A) potvrđuju ove konstatacije. 

Proučavajući dalji urbani razvoj rektifikacijom starih planova i 

crteža, ulazimo u period do 1687.godine(KOD 050), kada Turci gube vlast 

nad gradom od strane Venecije. 

Rektifikacijom starog plana od Cornellia iz 1687.godine (KOD 050), 

dolazimo do sledećih podataka: 

42


Grad je podjeljen u dva dijela i nad gornjim, visočijim dijelom, 

dominira fortifikacija Kanli Kula („Krvava Kula“). U zapadnom zidu 

su tri kule, uključujuću i južnu kulu Abaz paše (današnja Forte Mare). 

Perimetar koji opasava donji, niži dio grada je prilično izlomljen, manje 

naglašen i uglavnom se oslanja na fortifikaciju na morskoj obali 

(„Mezaluna“). 

U srednjem zidu grada su dvije poluokrugle kule i objekat, koji je 

naslonjen na bedem na mjestu današnjeg zvonika crkve Sv.Jeronima. 

Iako je orginalni plan prilično proizvoljan, ipak važno je ovdje 

napomenuti određenu odbrambenu arhitekturu u gornjem desnom uglu 

crteža van zone Starog grada, a približno, na lokalitetu Modra ploča.Ovo 

je jedini od svih planova koji detaljnije prikazuje ovaj objekat. (?) Da li 

su to ostaci neke ranije fortifikacije, sigurno treba prostudirati i istražiti. 

Stari planovi Herceg Novog, često nisu prikazivali ostatke stare 

arhitekture van zidina, u što se možemo uvjeriti po materijalnim 

ostacima na terenu u bližoj okolini samog grada. (lokalitet Vojničke banje 

i sl.) 

43

44 

Poglavlje II


Proučavajući pomoćnu fazu (K0D 051), a posebno rektifikovani plan 

od Coring.B. (?) (KOD 051 A, B, C), koji možemo datirati oko 1687.godine 

jer u podgrađu „borgo“ nema ucrtanog starog lazareta na Toploj, (prvi 

put se javlja na planovima iz 1700.godine), možemo zaključiti da je to 

jedan od prvih planova, koji identifikuje gradsko tkivo unutar bedema 

pa i u podgrađu. 

Odmah je vidljiv značajan položaj zapadnih gradskih vrata, prilično 

naglašen u odnosu na burg. Istočna vrata su na poziciji „Peraških vrata” 

(1538.godina), koji E.Čelebija, turski putopisac onog vremena, naziva 

Trnovica („Tarnovisce“), a nalaze se u vrtu kuće „Spalatina“ i štitila 

je Begova kula („Fortezza di St.Girolamo“). Zapadna vrata, koja 

vode na jugozapad, na pristan („Porta di Marina“) su uz samu južnu 

kulu Abaz paše(„Forte Mare“). 

Na ovom planu se u perimetru mogu jasno uočiti ostaci nekadašnjih 

utvrđenja u zapadnom zidu, zatim kule pravougaonog oblika iza kule 

Abaz paše, po E.Čelebiji, „Donja ravna kula“, a donji istočni zid poprima 

oblik sa pet toriona poligonalne osnove. Prema moru je istaknut položaj 

tvrđave „Mezaluna“ i kule St.Antona. 

U samom gradu je prilično jasna regulacija ulica i trgova, koja se u 

velikoj mjeri poklapa sa današnjim stanjem. Ipak, neke od ulica su 

vremenom nestale i namjesto njih formirali su se vrtovi i bašte. To je 

slučaj sa komunikacijom uz istočni bedem, sa njegove gradska strane, sa 

prolazom (kapijom?) kroz srednji bedem i silazak u donji niži dio grada 

(„Citta bassa“), zatim djelovi ulice u zapadnom dijelu nižeg grada. Na 

donjem trgu (Sv.Jeronim) je iskrivljena regulaciona linija objekata u 

odnosu na današnje stanje i ima pravac sjeverozapad, jugoistok (objekat 

mošeje, a ranije crkve na istom mjestu). Isti je slučaj i na gornjem trgu 

(„Belavista“), opet kod sakralnih objekata. 

Iako crtež prilično detaljno obrađuje ulica, trgove i blokove objekata, 

nije naznačio položaj istočnog zida sa kapijom, a koji se pruža od 

Peraških vrata do Kanli Kule. 

Možemo zaključiti da se ovaj plan u priličnoj mjeri podudara sa 

opisom turskog putopisca E.Čelebije u djelu „Putovanje iz Ljubinja u 

Dubrovnik“ iz 1664.godine pod naslovom „Čvrsta tvrđava i jaki bedem 

grad Novi“ i „Oblik i položaj grada Novatejna“ (Novatejn je arapski dual, 

od Nova što znaci dva Nova). 

45

U korelaciju ovih konstatacija potrebno je ukazati na tri jaka 

zemljotresa i to iz 1608.godine od 9° MCS, poslije kojeg E.Čelebija piše 

svoj putopis(1664.GOD.), zatim zemljotres iz 1667.godine od 9° MCS. 

Posto je E.Čelebija pisao 1664.godine da je južni bedem od hrastovih 

greda, možemo zaključiti da je u kamenu izgrađen tek poslije zemljotresa 

iz 1667.godine, jer ga u planu iz 1687.godine možemo identifikovati kao 

kameni bedem. Za potvrdu ovih konstatacija, podatke nam daje i grafika 

od G.G.Rossia (K0D 051A) iz 1687.god. 

Ovdje treba pomenuti i zemljotres iz 1563.godine od 9° do 10° MCS, 

koji je razrušio grad, a koji po arhivskim podacima Turci popravljaju. 

Na planu grada sa pogledima iz 1688.godine, nepoznatog autora 

(K0D 052A), daje se plan buduće gradnje u gradu i oko njega, ali isto 

tako pogledi, fasade i opisi, legende otkrivaju neke činjenice iz starijeg 

perioda. 

Jasno se vide munare mošeje na gornjem i donjem trgu. Na gornjem 

trgu je „Moshea maggiore hora Chiesa da S.Girolamo“, dakle prva crkva 

Sv.Jeronima, nije bila na donjem trgu gdje je danas, već na gornjem trgu 

„Belavista“. Na približnoj lokaciji današnje crkve S.Jeronima bila je 

crkva S.Frana („Altra Chiesa di padre Cappucini... St.Frano“), koja 

se kasnije premješta ispod srednjeg zida grada uz objekat „Spedale“. Uz 

ovu crkvu nalazilo se i manje groblje, gdje su sahranjivani sveštenici, sto 

je potvrđeno materijalnim ostacima grobova i grobnica, a cijeli plato je 

bio niži u odnosu na današnji prosječno cea 100 cm. 

Rektifikacijom je ustanovljeno da se oblik i položaj gradskog bedema 

poklapa sa današnjim stanjem. Veoma je značajno da ovaj plan pokazuje 

ucrtanom linijom stari bedem u ostacima sa dvije okrugle kule van 

istočnog, aktuelnog bedema („Vojničke banje“). 

Plan grada i okoline iz 1687.godine od Calergi Zorzia (KOD 053A) 

opet prikazuje objekat koji smo pomenuli u planu Cornellia kao lokalitet 

„Modra ploča“. 

Pier Mortier je grafikom predstavio stanje grada za vrijeme Turaka 

i to poslije zemljotresa 1667.godine, jer se vidu južni bedem izgrađen od 

kamena. 

46 

Poglavlje II 

Čitav niz venecijanskih planova oko 1687.godine predstavlja stanje


grada za vrijeme vladavine Turaka ili odmah neposredno nakon 

zauzimanja od strane Venecije. Tumačeći naredne planove iz kasnijeg 

perioda (KOD 060) ukazaćemo na neke činjenice, koje će još više 

osvijetliti ovaj period. 

Uopšte za turski period možemo reći sledeće: 

007 

Dva su perioda pod njihovom vladavinom. Prvi između 1482. i 

1538.godine, i drugi od 1539. do 1687.godine. 

Turci su prvi put zauzeli grad sa utvrđenom kulom na brijegu i 

gradskim zidom sa pet kula u njemu unutar kojeg je bila smještena 

varoš, bez borbe, znači bez razaranja odbrambenog sistema. 

Gornja fortifikacija „Kanli Kula“ je bila manjeg obima nego danas i 

imala je pet kula od kojih dvije pravougaone. Ostale kule su bile okrugle 

sa kordon vijencem(potvrda u materijalnim ostacima, arheološkim 

iskopavanjem).Vjerovatni rezidencijalni dio unutar tvrđave je u 

sjeverozapadnim visokim objektima. 

Gradsko tkivo su usitnjeni, prizemni, rijetko spratni objekti sa kosim 

krovovima na dvije vode, gdje se ističe u donjem dijelu grada jedan 

zvonik ili minaret. 

Do godine 1538. Turci bedemom opasavaju i donji, niži dio grada i 

grade juzni bedem sa fortifikacijom „Mezaluna“, koji teško oštećuje 

hrišćanska vojska i flota A. Dorije 1538.godine prilikom osvajanja. 

Hairedin Barbarosa turski admiral je 1539.godine vratio Turcima grad 

poslije teških borbi i rušenja. 

47

Godine 1563. zemljotres od 9° do 10° MCS je razrusio grad, a konačno 

se gube dijelovi južnog bedema.Godine 1632 zemljotres od 9° MCS 

pogodio je grad nakon čega 1664.godine E.Čelebija daje svoj opis grada 

(južni bedem od hrastovih greda). 

Do 1664.godine Turci su proširili grad na istok po liniji Kanli Kula, 

Begova Kula (tvrđava St.Girolamo), kapija Trnovica (Peraška vrata). 

Dakle, ovaj dio grada je dodat između 1606.godine (po Rossaciu) i 1664, 

godine (po E.Čelebiji). 

Godine 1667. zemljotres od 9° MCS je teško oštetio grad. Juzni zid u 

današnjem obliku je podignut između 1667 i 1687.godine kada grad 

zauzimaju venecijanci. (KOD 051B). 

Gradsko tkivo pa i podgrađe je prilično razvijeno. Ističu se dva trga 

(„Belavista“ i kod crkve Sv.Jeronima) sa sakralnim objektima na 

istaknutim mjestima. Tu su još gradska uprava, škole, kupatila, pekara, 

zanatske radnje, ekonomski objekti i dr. Funkcioniše gradski vodovod i 

kanalizacija. Jasno je postavljena regulacija ulica i izgrađenih blokova. 

Objekti su usitnjene i niske arhitekture. Tri su gradske kapije koje se 

zatvaraju. 

Na osnovu ovih konstatacija, dobijamo jasniju sliku urbanog razvoja 

i kontinuiteta grada za 200 godina Turske vladavine. 

48 

Poglavlje II 

008


/052A/009 i /052B/010 

49

50 

Poglavlje II 

/050A/011 i /050B/012


51

52 

Poglavlje II


/051A/ 013 

53

54 

Poglavlje II


55

56 

Poglavlje II


57

58 

Poglavlje II 

/053A/ 014 i /053B/ 015


59

60 

Poglavlje II

Venecijancki Castel Novo /1687 do 1797/ (KOD 060) 

Kako se više približavamo našem vremenu, tako su dokumenti, 

planovi, crteži sve brojniji i daju obilje realnih podataka, što je i za 

očekivati. Međutim, te podatke; ipak, treba dobro provjeriti i potvrditi, 

jer su improvizacije česte i nikada nismo sigurni da li u rukama imamo 

orginal ili neku njegovu interpretaciju. 

Osnovni period (K0D 060), za ovaj period, ima najviše podkodova, 

koji ga upotpunjuju podacima. 

Venecijanci, Mlečani su 1687.godine pod vodstvom G.Cornera osvojili 

grad poslije teških borbi i razaranja. O tom događaju su ostavili niz 

planova, koji ipak odražavaju i staro zatečeno stanje. 

Proučavajući KOD 061, koji za osnov ima stari plan grada: 

„M.DCC.8.MARZ0 CASTEL NOVO“, koji sadrži i pogled, perspektivu 

sa južne strane, izradom rektifikacija ovog crteža, može se konstatovati 

da je urbani kompleks grada dobio današnju fizionomiju, gdje se ističe 

gradski perimetar sa dominantnom fortifikacijom na brežuljku 

(„Castello“), gdje se po osnovi objekta primjećuje veliki broj 

intervencija. Na jugozapadu je fortifikacija „Castel di Mare“. U planu 

016 

Venecijanski Castel Novo/1687 do 1797/ 

61

se uočava predstavljeni zid kroz sredinu grada, gdje se gornji dio naziva 

„Citta di Castel Novo“, a donji „Citta Bassa“. U visočijem dijelu grada 

ističe se trg ili piaceta sa crkvom i cisternom za pitku vodu na današnjoj 

„Belavisti“; centralni rezidencijalni dio i sakralni objekat na današnjem 

trgu kod crkve Sv.Jeronima, koji se jednom stranom uklapa u srednji 

gradski bedem. Ispod tog bedema, gradskog zida, nalaze se objekti 

samostana Sv.Frana i u zapadnom dijelu nedefinisani objekti iznad 

tvrđave „Castel di Mare“. 

Prvi put se ističu stvarne odlike i karakteristike terena Starog grada, 

odnosno, klizište sa istočne strane bedema i ponovo su predstavljeni stari 

zidovi: „Vestiggi mura antica“, sa dvije okrugle kule od kojih južnu 

definisemo kao „Vojničke banje“. 

62 

Poglavlje II 

017


63

Poglavlje II 

Plan KOD 062A, možemo datirati oko 1700.godine, jer se već vidi 

prikazan Lazaret na Toploj („Lazarine cadente“), koji se opisuje kao 

razvalina ili objekat u ruševnom stanju. Prikazuje već ustaljeni oblik 

perimetra grada i njegovu osnovu sa pomenutim punktovima.Važno je 

pomenuti da je u istočnom bedemu grada na potezu od „Castello“ do 

tvrđave „St.Girolamo“ u gornjem dijelu naznačen objekat ili ruševina, 

ostatak sakralnog objekta „St.Chiara“, sto može ukazati, da je taj objekat 

bio lociran tu i prije izgrade istočnog bedema. 

/062A/ 018 

Jasno se ističe i odbrambeni sistem, bedemi gornjeg grada, 

„Spagnola“ van grada na dominantnom brežuljku, a koji nije predmet 

našeg razmatranja. 

64


/063A/ 019 

Rektifikacijom plana KOD 063A, „PIANTA DI CASTEL NOVO“ iz 

1700.godine, od Nicolo Ercholominia (?,nečitak potpis), konstatuje se 

cijelokupan obim i struktura gradskog tkiva. 

Odbrambeni perimetar, gotovo u potpunosti se poklapa sa današnjim 

stanjem. Bedem od fortifikacije „Castello“ (Forte di Terra), prema kuli 

St.Girolamo je prestavljen u cijelosti sa objektom „St.Chiara“. 

Karakteristični su i položaji troja gradskih vrata u bedemu. 

65

66 

Poglavlje II


67

Oni se poklapaju sa opisom E.Čelebije iz turskog perioda. Nisu 

predstavljena vrata u unutrašnjem istočnom bedemu, kod izvora 

„Karadža“, a koja možemo danas identifikovati, jer još služe svojoj svrsi. 

U srednjem gradskom bedemu prikazane su dvije kapije za komunikaciju 

sa donjim, nižim dijelom grada („Citadella“). Na zapadnom bedemu na 

dva mjesta vidljiva su ispupčenja, udubljenja (tanglije, kliješta), koja 

mogu biti naslijeđena od ostataka neke ranije gradnje, sto se djelimično 

potvrđuje i materijalnim ostacima na terenu. 

U ovom periodu su u mnogim gradovima pod Venecijom, vršene 

adaptacije i utvrđivanje starih fortifikacija, radi veće otpornosti na 

dejstvo topovskih zrna. U pravilu, su se, što se potvrđuje na terenu, stare 

fortifikacije punile zemljom ili su stari bedemi služili kao pomoćni 

odbrambeni perimetri za odbranu („terrapiente“). 

Struktura gradske aglomeracije je organizovana oko dva trga, koji 

su povezani sa dvije paralelne ulice (sjever/jug). Na gornjrm trgu 

(„PIAZZA“), identifikuje se objekat „Domo“ sa zvonikom (ranije mošeja 

sa minaretom), uz koji je gradska cistjerna za pitku vodu. Sa trga prema 

„Borgo“ vodi „Porta di Borgo“. Sa trga se gradski vodovod razdvaja kroz 

dvije paralelne ulice. Niže ovog trga, omeđena pomenutim ulicama, u 

centralnom dijelu grada je „Palazzo dell Providur“, vjerovatno 

naslijeđeni rezidencijalni dio iz turskog vremena. Istočno uz ovaj objekat 

je objekat „Bagno“, tursko kupatilo a što je potvrđeno arheološkim 

iskopavanjima. Uz ovaj objekat nastavlja se donji trg sa objektom 

„Moshea“ (naslijeđena ruševina) i zvonikom uz unutrašnji bedem grada. 

Odmah niže ovog bedema, južno, je objekat „Spedale“ uz koji je 

samostan „P.P.Cappucini“. 

Vodovodna mreža se gravitaciono spuštala u niži dio grada i 

snabdjevala je sve važnije objekte kao sto su „Moshea Vechia“, „Forno“, 

„Castel di Marina“, „Bastione di Mare“... 

Regulaciono riješenje ulica je približno današnjoj regulaciji. 

Vremenom se izgubila funkcija istočne ulice, uz bedeme. Postojeći objekti 

na trgovima su srušeni, a novi su dobili novu regulaciju (sjever – jug). 

Rektifikacija ovog plana i njegovi podaci daju obilje novih saznanja 

o gradu i u velikoj mjeri potvrđuje činjenično stanje na terenu. 

68 

Poglavlje II 

Rektifikacijom plana „PIANTA DI CASTEL NOVO nella


PROUINCIA d'ALBANIA“, (KOD 064A), iz 1708. od G.Justera, 

konstatujemo detaljno predstavljen odbrambeni gradski bedem sa 

kulama. 

Van grada konstatujemo „Lazaretto“ na Toploj, kao popravljen, 

rekonstruisan, proširen stari („Lazarine Cadente“), samostan „San 

Antonio“ sa „Casa dal k.Burouich“, kao i „Fortezza Superiore“ 

(„Spagnola“). U području podgrađa („Borgo“), naznačen je položaj 

starog jevrejskog groblja („Cimiterio“). 

Gradski odbrambeni perimetar se poklapa sa današnjim stanjem, 

sem opet u potezu od „Castel Superiore della Citta“ do „Bastione 

S.Girolamo“, gdje ga danas nema, odnosno srušen je u periodu izmzđu 

I i II svjetskog rata. Srednji zid u gradu se naziva „Vechio recinto“, što 

upućuje da je to ranije bio krajnji južni bedem, a o čemu je bilo riječi 

ranije. 

Planovi (KOD 065A i 066A) iz 1708.godine predstavljaju već ranije 

iznijete konstatacije. 

69

70 

Poglavlje II 

/064A/ 020 i /064B/ 021


71

72 

Poglavlje II


U procesu rektifikacije plana nepoznatog autora (K0D 067A), a koji 

nije precizno datiran, konstatujemo, potvrđuje se obim gradskog bedema, 

a i struktura gradskog tkiva, gdje se predstavljanje približava stanju i 

vjernosti iz katastarskog plana od 1890.godine. Nedostaje pozicija 

„Carskog puta“ i željezničke trase, koji definitivno dijele grad na dva 

dijela i ruše važne dijelove gradskog bedema, naročito na obali mora. 

Ističu se objekti sakralnog karaktera na oba trga, koji su kasnije srušeni, 

zatim objekat na na donjem trgu koji je isto tako kasnije srušen. U dijelu 

iznad tvrđave Forte Mare, vidi se niz objekata, najvjerovatnije 

ekonomskog karaktera na mjestu nekadašnjeg Doma Jugoslovenske 

narodne armije. 

/065A/ 022 

Na osnovu materijalnih ostataka može se zaključiti da je na ovom 

mjestu bila „Donja ravna kula“ (E.Čelebija) za vrijeme Turaka, a i 

kasnije. U nižem dijelu grada je bio veći broj objekata, koji su kasnije 

srušeni zbog novih radova ili uslijed zemljotresa. 

Rektifikacijom crteža „DISEGNO DELLA PIANTA E VEDVTA Dl 

CASTELNOVO“ (KOD 060), konačno zatvaramo sliku urbanog razvoja 

73

74 

Poglavlje II


objekat sa dvovodnim krovom i arkadnim otvorima na bočnim fasadama. 

Iznad ovog objekta ističe se zvonik, koji može biti ostatak minareta 

mošeje. Ostala struktura grada sastoji se od prizemnih ili spratnih 

objekata sa krovovima na dvije ili četiri vode. 

Možemo zaključiti da je Castel Novo posle dolaska Venecije još jače 

utvrđen. Fortifikacija „Forte Mare“ u sistemu sa „Mezalunom“, dobija 

glavni odbrambeni karakter. Ove dvije tvrđave se šire u svom obimu. 

„Forte Mare“ se nadograđuje. Utvrđuje se i preziđuje bedem od Peraških 

vrata do tvrđave S.Girolamo. Grad dobija današnji izgled. Preziđuju se 

dijelovi Kanli Kule („Castello“) i utvrđuje se zapadni bedem. 

/067A/ 024 

75

76 

Poglavlje II


Stambeni objekti su prizemni ili spratni i u blokovima formiraju 

pomenute ulice. Uz ove objekte su vrtovi, bašte, ograđene u pravilu 

visokim kamenim zidovima. 

Funkciju glavne kapije grada imaju vrata prema podgrađu („Borgo“) 

i vode na zapad. Istočna kapija je na mjestu Peraških vrata. Uz Forte 

Mare su vrata koja vode na Pristan („Porta di Marina“), u čijim zidovima 

nalazimo niz kamenih spolija iz ranijih perioda i građevina, sekundarno 

ugrađenih. Ističe se kameni blok sa grbovnikom bosanskih velmoža. Sve 

kapije su imale vrata i mehanizme za zatvaranje.Krajem venecijanske 

vladavine grad se polako otvara i izlazi iz svojih zidova, najprije u 

podgrađe („Borgo“), a zatim dalje prema Toploj i Meljinama (Novi 

Lazaret). 

/060A/ 025 

77

78 

Poglavlje II


79

Poglavlje II 

grada u vrijeme vladavine Venecije. Crtež možemo, a na osnovu činjenica 

na terenu (kapija P.A. Magno), datirati između 1708 i 1724.godine. 

Prilično je vjerno i faktički prikazana perspektiva ondašnjeg stanja 

grada; možemo konstatovati stanje gradskog bedema, a i strukturu 

grada i oblik objekata unutar zidina. 

Konstatujemo objekte: „Fortezza Superiore“, „Castel da mar“, 

„Mezaluna“, „Torion di S.Gerol.0“, „Porta di Borgo“, „Porta di 

Mare“, „Porta di Perasto“, „Torion di S.Ant.0“, „Forte.a 

Spagnola“, centralni prostor na mjestu današnjeg trga „Belavista“ 

označen kao „Citta“, što ukazuje da je centar grada bio na gornjem trgu. 

/066A/ 023 

Uz zapadne zidove grada sa vanjske strane, predstavljena je 

struktura podgrađa („Borgo“). Kroz srednji zid je probijen prolaz u niži 

dio grada (prefectus P.A.Magno). 

Struktura gradskog tkiva je onakva kako smo već ranije napomenuli, 

u prijašnjim mletačkim planovima. Objekat crkve Sv.Frana/sada 

Sv.Leopolda/, se poklapa i po osnovi i po izgledu sa današnjim stanjem. 

Kod objekta stare crkve Sv.Jeronim primjećuje se u izgledu da je to bio 

80


Na ruševinama moseja, grade se, u početku adaptacijom, a kasnije 

nanovo sakralni objekti. Prva crkva Sv.Jeronima bila je na trgu 

„Belavista“ u adaptiranoj mošeji. Isto tako i stara crkva Sv.Frana. 

Kasnije crkva Sv.Frana/sada Sv.Leopolda/, prelazi u objekat ispod 

srednjeg gradskog bedema uz samostan P.P.Kapucini. Gradi se prva 

crkva Sv.Jeronima na temeljima nikad završene crkva Sv.Stefana, iz 

doba Hercega Stjepana Vukšića Kosače. Veliki broj kamenih spolija sa 

ove stare crkve ugrađuju se u zidove u crkvu Sv.Jeronima. Na trgu 

„Belavista“ zadržava se sakralni objekat, međutim nije jasno kome je 

posvećen. U istočnom bedemu na potezu od Kanli Kule („Castello“) do 

tvrđave St.Girolamo je kapelica St.Chiara, koja polako gubi svoju 

funkciju. 

Grad je organizovan oko gornjeg („Belavista“) i donjeg trga, koji su 

povezani sa dvije paralelne ulice. Ove dvije ulice su povezane sa pet 

poprečnih veza od Kanli Kule sve do srednjeg gradskog bedema. U 

centralnom dijelu je rezidencijalni dio, palata Providura. Uz ovaj objekat 

su objekti skladišta, administracije, kasarne i dr. 

81

82 

Poglavlje II


/060B/ 026 

83

84 

Poglavlje II

Herceg Novi pod Austrijskom upravom /1797 do 1918/ 

Stari grad Herceg Novi pod austrijskom upravom 

/1797 do 1918/ (KOD 070) 

027 

Stanje grada iz ovog perioda, možda, najbolje oslikava opis Sava 

Nakićenovića u „Boki“, antropoloskogeografskoj studiji, iz 1913.godine. 

„Varoš je sagrađena na uzbrdici i zalivu Topaljskom, odakle je vrlo 

lijep pogled, a udaljena je od mora, jedno 5 minuta, polako idući. Varoš 

je na slabu zemljištu, koje se neprimjetno, danomice roni; varoš je 

uzdignuta nad morem jedno 40 m. Ima samo jednu živu vodu „Karaču“, 

koju su Turci ogradili. Voda je zdrava ali nije dovoljna ni za pola varoši, 

zato su prisiljeni mnogi bili za ograditi cistjerne, a ljeti donositi vodu sa 

izvora iz Tople i Savine. Prije tri godine se ovoj velikoj potrebi udovoljilo, 

jer se u varoš dovela vodovodom Crnica, izvor sa Poda. Ovdje snijeg ne 

pada, izuzev rijetke slučajeve, a najviše duva jug, majestro, (zapadnjak) 

i bura (istočnjak). 

85

86 

Poglavlje II 

028 

Mnoge kuće u varoši imaju svoje vrtove (14ha), a prema Toploj ima 

nešto i oranice (2,34), vinograda (3,14) i pašnjaka (2,88). Svega je zemlje 

podvrgnute porezu 22 a u površini ima 31 hektar. Ove zemlje nemaju 

imena. Varoš je na hrpe prosuta sa množinom lijepih kuća, a dijeli se na 

samu varoš, grad i citadelu i na more.


029 

Grad to je stari Herceg Novi, ima ulice srednjovijekovne, strme i 

uske, a glavna ulica, koja vodi kroz grad, zove se „niz grad“. Ona ide od 

Kanli kule i mesarnice (sjeverno) preko općinskog trga niz grad, do „Forte 

mar“, a druga, njoj paralelna, od „kafe bellavista“ (sjeverno), pokraj crkve 

sv.Jeronima do državnog puta, i citadela (južno). Ove su dvije ulice 

ispresjecane sa 3 uske, manje ulice, od kojih najsjevernija vodi, s jedne 

strane (istočno), prema Karači, za selo Savinu, a s druge strane 

(zapadno), ispod tore, za varoš. Kuće su u gradu, većim dijelom stare, sa 

niskim plafonima malim prozorima i vratima, a mnoge su opkoljene 

lijepim vrtovima (s leđa), sto je Turski ostatak. U gradu su dva trga: 

općinski, gdje je općinski dom, srpska čitaonica, hrvatska čitaonica, i 

pravoslavna crkva sv.Arh.Mihaila, i trg kod sv.Jeronima, gdje je 

istoimeni samostan milosrdnih sestara, kotarski sud, poerzni ured, 

odbrambeno zapovjedništvo, vojničko skladište za zivez, 2 kasarne, 

zapovjedništvo domobranskog dopunitbenog oružja br.37, i 

zapovjedništvo oružničkog dijela br.7.U gradu je jos: vojnički arsenal, 

vojnička pec, poštanski i brzojavni ured, a glavne su jos mjesnosti: Kanli 

kula, Karaca, i Forte Mar. Glavne su mjesnosti za vrijeme mlečića u 

ovom građu bile: Forta marina, Castol da Mare, Gasa del Governador 

dell'armi, Chiesa ed Uffico de R.R.P.P.Capucini, Ospital delle Milizie, 

Gasa dell ospitale, Chiesa Parocchiale di San Girolamo;, Casa assegnata 

al Parroco, Muracea diroccata, Palazzo(za providnike), Prigone, Camera 

Fiscale, Gasa del Cancelier Pretorio, Munizion da Polvere, Guartiere par 

87

Poglavlje II 

Soldati, Castel da Terra, Porta Borgo,' Ferraforma a Munizion del 

Biscotto.Varoš i nove hercegnovske kuće prema Toploj, počinju od 

općinskog tornja,(tore), gdje, gdje hrpom, a gdje gdje osamljene, posred 

perivoja, a s jedne i druge strane državnoga kolnog puta, protezu se sve 

do Sv.Antuna, gdje počinje granica sela Tople. U hrpi su ispod tornja, a 

pored njih je trg, gdje se vrši svakovrsna prodaja. 

88


U Novom, kao i u mnogim drugim primorskim gradovima 

srednjovijekovnog porijekla, tokom 19. vijeka nastajale su prostorne i 

strukturalne promjene, koje su dovodile do razaranja tradicionalnih 

graditeljskih sklopova. 

Gubljenjem odbrambenog značaja rušeni su pojedini sektori bedema 

da bi se na njihovim mjestima podizale poslovne ili stambene višespratne 

zgrade. To se u Novome dogodilo tokom prošlog vijeka, duž trase 

zapadnog bedema, prema predgrađu. Ova topografski isturena pozicija 

u najužem centru nudila je funkcionalne povoljnosti. Tako je 

viševijekovno pročelje grada, srednjovijekovni bedem, bio postepeno 

zamijenjivan fasadama novih kuća, koje su dominirale u panorami, što 

se može pratiti na starim fotografijama. 

030 

89

90 

Poglavlje II


Unutar gradskog sklopa, izvođene su nadogradnje starih kuća, 

njihovo povezivanje u veće cjeline stambenih blokova i višespratnice za 

rentu.Na mnogim drugim zgradama vršene su manje ili veće pregradnje 

u granicama naslijeđenih gabarita, ne remeteći staru parcelaciju i mrežu 

ulica. 

031 i 032 

91

Poglavlje II 

Stari planovi i vedute s kraja 18.vijeka ili s početka 19. pokazuju 

stanje grada, kakav su za sobom ostavili Mlečani, uz manje promjene 

nastale pod novom upravom. Na položaju nekadašnje palate Providura 

tada je postojala kasarna. Na trgu je nacrtana osnova nekadašnje 

džamije preuređene za vrijeme Mlečana u crkvu. Godine 1858. kraj 

njenih ostataka podignuta je crkva Sv.Jeronima u današnjem obliku. 

Krajem prošlog vijeka je srušen sakralni objekat („Domo“) na 

gornjem trgu, da bi pokraj ostataka te građevina bila podignuta sadašnja 

crkva Sv.Arhanđela Mihajila, ali sa novom regulacijom u smijeru istok 

zapad. 

033 

U ovo vrijeme došlo je do realizacije i izgradnje „Carskog puta“ i 

željezničke pruge. Pomenuti put je razdvojio grad na dva dijela u nivou 

ulaza u Forte Mare. Kao posljedica ovoga polako dolazi do urbanog 

odumiranja prostora ispod puta, gdje se broj objekata drastično smanjio. 

Trasa željzničke pruge uz morsku obalu razrušila je dio južnog 

gradskog bedema i dio Mezalune. Ostaci su vidljivi na terenu. 

Pomenimo još da je crkva Sv.Arhanđela Mihajila sagrađena na gornjem 

trgu 1912.godine u neogotičkom stilu, a crkva Sv.Jeronim na 

do-njem trgu 1835.godine u neoromaničkom. 

92


034 

93

94 

Poglavlje II

Savremeni Stari grad Herceg Novi/1918 do 1982/ 

Savremeni Stari grad Herceg Novi /1918 do 1982/ 

(KOD 080) 

Nakon 1918.godine, dakle, formiranjem kraljevine Jugoslavije, 

urbani razvoj Starog grada stagnira. Stanovnici, koji su do tada svojim 

djelatnostima predstavljali okosnicu ekonomske stabilnosti polako 

napuštaju ovu urbanu aglomeraciju i nasljavaju se van nje (Topla, Igalo, 

Savina i si.), gdje su uslovi za savremeni život, stanovanje većeg 

standarda, a što je sve donijela industriska revolucija, mnogo povoljniji. 

Dakle, stanovništvo polako napušta stare ljušture objekata u Starom 

gradu, prepuštajući ih gradskoj sirotinji i silazi, gradeći nove objekte u 

podgrađe (Burg) i dalje. 

U Starom gradu rade se manji zahvati na objektima, prije svega na 

fasadama i krovnom pokrivaču. Nastavija se moda, iz Austrougarskog 

perioda, malterisanje kamenih fasada. 

Nakon Drugog svijetskog rata poslije 1945.godine Stari grad se 

zatekao u još lošijem stanju. „Dom Kasarne“ je razrušen 

bombardovanjem; hotel „Savina“ napušten. 

Polako su se izgubile sve javne funkcije, koje su bile prisutne u ovoj 

urbanoj sredini. 

Konačno je zemljotres od 15.04.1979.godine, svojim destruktivnim 

djelovanjem od 9°MCS, ponovo ukazao na problem Starog grada Herceg 

Novog, kao njegovog istorijskog jezgra i centra. Shvatilo se da se ova 

značajna aglomeracija ne može izostaviti iz savremenih zbivanja u 

opštini, sigurno bar iz činjenice da se nalazi u centru današnjeg 

cjelokupnog gradskog tkiva. 

Vjerovatno je to povoljna situacija trenutka, za ovaj Stari grad, jer 

je sigurno da bi konačno bio zaboravljen u stogodišnjem korovu ovog 

suptropskog podneblja, da se interesi današnjeg vremena nisu poklopili 

sa ovom starom, veoma atraktivnom lokacijom. 

Nadajmo se da se neće ponoviti slučaj Starog Bara i sličnih starih 

gradova, koji su nestali u vremenu. 

95

96 

Poglavlje II 

Nakon zemljotresa od 15.04.1979. u Starom gradu je podignuto 

nekoliko objekata na slobodnim parcelama, koje su se teško uklopili u 

ambijent postojeće strukture. 

Vjerovatno ce neki budući hroničar moći reci nešto više za Stari grad 

našeg doba, jer se očekuju značajna sredstva za njegovu sanaciju i 

revitalizaciju. 

Stari grad, kako ga posmatramo danas, posjeduje i značajne i 

vrijedne kulturno istorijske spomenike. Kulturno istorijska vrijednost 

pojedinačnih objekata nije toliko izražena, koliko je izražena vrijednost 

objekata u ambijentu i urbanom sklopu. To što su pojedini objekti iskočili 

iz kulturno istorijske vrijedonosne slike Starog grada svojim bonitetom, 

ne može biti isključiva i odlučujuća činjenica prilikom utvrđivanja 

kulturno istorijskih kvaliteta cjelokupnog prostora Starog grada. Ovakva 

jedinstvena prostorno funkcionalna i estetsko oblikovna cjelina je 

stvorena u kontinuiranom međusobnom razvoju pojedinih struktura 

namjene. 

Stari grad je urbana aglomeracija, koja se razvijala po određenoj 

logici vezano za niz istorijskih i materijalnih uslova, a kako je to već 

ranije rečeno. 

Sigurno je da su geomorfološke odlike terena, uz zahtjeve življenja 

kroz razne periode, uticale na specifičnost urbanog sklopa Starog grada. 

Kao posljedicu tih uslova, gradska saobraćajna mreža ima specifičan 

karakter. Ulice su uglavnom, zadržale svoje osnovne pravce pružanja, 

mada na pojedinim mjestima ima i određeni devijacija. Analizirajući 

nalaze arheoloških sondi na donjem trgu kod crkve Sv.Jeronima, možemo 

konstatovati da je ranija mreža ulica u tom dijelu grada bila orijentisana 

u pravcu sjeveroistok jugozapad, za razliku od današnjeg stanja koji je u 

pravcu sjever/jug. Uzrok ovome možemo tražiti u zahtijevima za 

orijentacijom starih vjerskih objekata. Džamije su bile orijentisane 

prema Meki, a pravci pružanja njihovih arhitektonskih elemenata 

određivali su smjerove ulica.


97

98 

Poglavlje II 

035 i 036


037 

99

100 

Poglavlje II


Dvije važne paralelne ulice (M.Vojnovića i M.Cara), koje se pružaju 

po pravcu sjever/jug, povezuju donji i gornji gradski trg. Pomenute ulice 

su krivudave što je poslijedica vremenske neplanske gradnje, a možda 

kao i opšte poznate doktrine srednjeg vijeka, da se ulice čine 

nepreglednim radi lakše odbrane, što u određenom trenutku svaku kuću 

čini odbrambenim položajem. Tradicionalnom gradskom trgu može se 

pripisati prostor kod crkve Sv.Arhanđel Mihajilo, odnosno Trg Hercega 

Stjepana, dok Trg M.Pavlovića, oko crkve Sv.Jeronima ima sekundarnu 

ulogu u gradu. U sklopu arhitektonskih objekata nalazi se par 

autohtonih iz prošlih vremena karakterističnih za stanovanje, sa 

konobom ili magazinom u prizemlju i stambenim spratom, sve zajedno 

riješeno po tipologiji i organizaciji bokeških primorskih kuća. Prisutni 

su stambeni objekti na dva sprata, često nadoziđivani, pregrađivani tako 

da ih u izvornom obliku ima vrlo malo. Arhitektura je, ona stambena 

koja ima lokalne, autohtone uzore iz 19. i 20. vijeka. Kao vrtne i 

baštenske prizemne kuće, bliže gradskim bedemima, građeni su 

slobodnostojeći objekti. Za gradnju masovno se koristi kamen, kao 

autohtoni materijal, često i za popločavanje ulica i trgova, a posebno onaj 

u crvenoj boji iz majdana Kamenari. Plemenitije vrste kamena, kao onaj 

korčulanski, korištene su za izradu kamenih pregova oko otvora, kao i 

za plastiku na čeonoj fasadi, kotali, kordon vijenci i si. Mnogi od ovih 

kamenih objekata su kasnije malterisani zbog zaštite od vlage, ali djelom 

i mode austrijskog perioda. Mnogi krovovi su sačuvali izvorni oblik sa 

mansardama i karakterističnim otvorima u njima. Krovni pokrivač je 

često kupa kanalica svijetlocrvene i oker boje, a zatupljen je i noviji 

„mediteran“ crijep. 

Suptropsko zelenilo i bilje, koje je zastupljeno u gradu i oko njega 

daje posebnu karakteristiku Starom gradu. Zastupljeni su slikoviti vrtovi 

i baštenska riješenja sa širokim spektrom mediteranskog bilja, agruma, 

palmi, juka, dracena, agava, akacija... Gradski bedem sa tvrđavama je 

zarastao u korov i tako postao nevidljiv. Taj korov, divlje smokve, divlji 

orah... posebno razarajuće djeluje na kamene zidove, koji se polako ruše 

i rastaču. 

Karakteristično stezanje Starog grada, njegovim suburbima, kao 

poslijedica građevinskog buma, veoma je izraženo, tako da nekada 

dominantni objekat Kanli Kula, gubi svoju dominantnost nad 

panoramom. Novi turistički objekti u bližoj okolini, nadvisuju svojim 

gabaritima vedute Starog grada. Na tijelo ambijentalne i autohtone 

urbane aglomeracije Strog grada nakalemile su se razne velike i male 

prirasline, koje prijete da ga uguše. 

101

102 

Poglavlje II

103

104 

Poglavlje II

105

106 

Poglavlje II

107

108 

Poglavlje II

109

110 

Poglavlje II

111

112

III Zaključci i sugestije 

113

114

Zaključci i sugestije 

Ovaj rad je imao ambiciju da objasni jedan novi metod za 

proučavanje urbane geneze gradova. Kao primjer za primjenu tog metoda 

korišten je obimni arhivski materijal za grad Herceg Novi u Crnoj Gori. 

Možemo zaključiti da je metod izuzetno primjenljiv za proučavanje 

urbane geneze gradova. Ova metoda može se uspješno koristiti za 

proučavanje istorijskog razvoja ne samo urbanog sklopa, nego 

istovremeno svakog interesantnog urbanog objekta ponaosob. To može 

da se odnosi na specifičan objekat, koji se istražuje, ulicu, trg i sl. 

Na taj način dolazi se po prvi put, do novih činjenica, koje se doslovo 

same, grafičkom predstavom, otkrivaju i daju prilog ukupnom znanju o 

urbanoj genezi grada. 

Ovaj metod veoma često nam može dati odgovor i gdje se nalazi sami 

začetak grada. Ovo nam omogućava analiza „nulte faze“, odnosno, 

prirodno topografske i antropološke odlike, „genius loci“. 

U smislu daljeg usavršavanja ovog metoda, istraživačima se sugeriše 

primjena savremenih pomagala, kao sto je kompjuterska tehnologija rad 

sa grafičkim stanicama, CAD sistemima, primjenom skenera za unošenje 

grafičkih podataka sa starih planova i konačno izrada trodimenzionalnih 

interpretacija urbane strukture sa mogućim animacijama. 

Na ovaj način ulazimo u jednu novu tehniku istraživanja urbane 

geneze gradova, uvijek bazirano na metodu rektifikacije. 

115

116

BIBLIOGRAFIJA 

1.-Cornelli “CITTA, FORTEZZE, ED ALTRI LUOGNI PRINCI 

PALI DELL’ ALBANIA, EPIRO E LIVADIA”, 

Venezia 1687. 

2. -Čelebija Evlia “PUTOPISI”, Sarajevo 1957. 

3.-Reiger Giuseppe “PANORAMA DELLE COSTA E DELLE ISOLE DI 

DALMAZIA” nei viaggi dei piroscafi del Lloyd Aus 

troungarico - Trieste. Arhiv, Herceg Novi 

4.-Bosković Đurđe “STARI GRAD BAR”, Zavod za zaštitu spomenika 

kulture, Beograd,1962 

5.Istraživački radovi prilikom izrade Urbanističkog projekta Revitalizacija 

Starog Grada, Herceg Novi: 

Knjiga I Izvori i bibliografija 

Knjiga II Stare karte i fotografije 

Knjiga III Fotografska dokumrntacija 

KnjigaIV Postojeće stanje građevinskog fonda 

KnjigaV Grafičke analize - mape 

KnjigaVI Spomenički fond i valorizacija 

KnjigaVII Arheološka istraživanja 

Zavod za projektovanje i urbanizam, Herceg Novi, 1983 

6.- F.Camotio “Isole famose, porti, fortezze e terre maritime sotto 

poste”, Venetia, Libraria di S.Marco, 1587, NSB 

sign.R-VI-8-90 

7.- Rossacio Giuseppe “Viaggio da Venetia a Constantinopoli per mare e per 

terra et insieme quello di Terra santa”, Venetia, 1606, 

NSB sign.R-VI-16-32 

8.-Angelo delli Oddi-Padovano 

“Viaggio della provincia di mare della Signoria 

Venetia...”, Venetia,1584 

9.-Gligor Stanojević “Popis građevina Boke Kotorske iz 1788god.”, 

Spomenik SAN CXXVII, Beograd, 1986 

117

POPIS FOTOGRAFIJA 

001 Topografija bokokotorskog zaliva po Cornelli-u, 1688.god. 

002 Topografija bokokotorskog zaliva po A. Zambella, 1687.god. 

003 Angelo delli Odi, Padovano, Castel Novo, 1584.god 

004 Francesco Camotio, Castel Novo, Bakrorez 21x15,5cm, 1587god. 

Libreria San Marco, Venezia,/Sveučilišna biblioteka Zagreb, R-VI-8/ 

005 Giuseppe Rosacio, Castel Novo, Bakrorez 17,5x 10cm. 1606 god. 

Arhiv Herceg Novog NSB sign. R-VI-16-32 

006 N.A. autor, Herceg Novi, kraj 16vj. zbirka – Stevo Lepetić, Herceg Novi 

007 N.A. autor, Herceg Novi, 17vj. zbirka – Stevo Lepetić, Herceg Novi 

008 N.A. autor, Kanli Kula,Herceg Novi,19vj. zbirka – Stevo Lepetić, Herceg 

Novi 

009 N.A. autor, Castel Nuovo, plan, 1689.god. Biblioteca Marciana, Venezia, 

cod.it. VII-94/10051/ pg.23. zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

010 N.A. autor, Castel Nuovo, veduta, 1689.god. Biblioteca Marciana, 

Venezia, cod.it. VII-94/10051/ pg.23. zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, 

Kotor 

011 Cornelli, Castel Nuovo, plan sa okolinom, 1687.god. zbirka – Stevo 

Lepetić, Herceg Novi 

012 Cornelli, Castel Nuovo, aksonometrija, 1687.god. zbirka – Stevo Lepetić, 

Herceg Novi 

013 Bertolo Coring/?/, Castel Nuovo, plan, 1687.god. Biblioteca Marciana, 

Venezia, cod.it. VII-94, zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

014 Calergi Zorzi, Castel Nuovo, plan, 1687.god. Biblioteca Marciana, 


015 Pier Mortier, Castel Novo, bakrorez, 1600god. zbirka – Stevo Lepetić, 

Herceg Novi 

016 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, plan, 8. mart. 1700.god. Museo Correr, Venezia, 

MSS Morsini Grimani, zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

017 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, veduta, 8. mart. 1700.god. Museo Correr, 

Venezia, MSS Morsini Grimani, zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

018 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, plan, 1700.god. Museo Correr, Venezia, MSS 

Morsini Grimani, zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

019 Nicolo Ercholomini/?/, Castel Novo, plan, 1700.god. Museo Correr, 

Venezia, P.D.-C.845/9, zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

020 Giuseppe Juster, Castel Novo, plan, 1708.god. zbirka – Stevo Lepetić, 

Herceg Novi 

021 N.A. autor, Castel Nuovo, opsada 1687.god. zbirka – Zavičajni muzej, 

Herceg Novi 

022 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, plan, 1700.god. Museo Correr, Venezia, , zbirka 

– mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

023 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, plan, 1708.god. Museo Correr, Venezia,P.D.-C 

848/23, zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

118

024 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, plan, 1708.god. Archivio statale, Venezia, zbirka 


025 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, plan, 1724.god. Zadarski arhiv, 221A, Zadar 

026 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, aksonometrija, 1724.god. Zadarski arhiv, 221A, 

Zadar 

027 Fedor Karascay, Castel Nuovo, prva polovina 19 vj. Cvito Fisković, Boka 

kotorska u akvarelima F.Karascay, SPOMENIK CXXVII, Beograd, 

1986.god., str. 203-241 

028 N.A. autor, Plan der Stadt Castelnuovo, 1876 god. Kriegs archiv Viena 

029 N.A. autor, Situationsskizze der stadt Castelnuovo, 1904 god. Kriegs 

archiv Viena 



1986.god., str. 203-241 



1986.god., str. 203-241 



1986.god., str. 203-241 



1986.god., str. 203-241 



1986.god., str. 203-241 

035 Panorama Herceg Novog, 2008, god. 


037 Kanli kula, Herceg Novi, 1996.god. rekonstrukcija 1987.god., autor 

119

120

M.A. Boris Ilijanic architect 

URBAN GENESIS 

Rectification old plans methodology 

Herceg Novi Old Town 

Montenegro, Eastern Adriatic Coast 

Research summary 

Herceg Novi, Chieti, Wellington, 1985-1998 

121

122 

Omnia quae cernis magno constructa 

labore: 

moenia, templa,domus,fontes,stabula 

atria thermes

Boris Ilijanic 

URBAN GENESIS 

The Herceg Novi Old Town Nucleus 

- research summary - 

Herceg Novi, Chieti, Wellington,1985-1996 

123

This presentation has been done as researching thesis of 

postgraduate studies of the Faculty of Architecture of the University of 

Zagreb, Croatia,(former Yugoslavia).The studies were titled “Urbanism 

and Physical Planning”, and were conducted by Prof.Dr.Bruno Milic. 

The main advisers on the field to whom I express my gratitude were 

Prof. Svetislav Vucenovic, architect, from Belgrade, who processes 

preservation of building and monuments heritage, and M.A. Ilija Pusic, 

archaeologist, M.A. Gligo Odalovic manager of Herceg Novi city archive, 

then to the Institute for Preservation of Cultural and Monument 

Heritage of the Republic of Montenegro, and finally to the Archive of 

Herceg Novi. 

The architectonic photographing and the compilation of 

documentation is done by collaborators of the Institute for Town 

Planning in Herceg Novi. 

I also thank to M.A. Jovica Marinovic, archaeologist from Kotor for 

using his private documents, to Mr. Stevo Lepetic, the archive 

photographer and Prof.Dr. Radmila, Benderac, lector, who helped in 

arranging and organising of the written material. 

I am also grateful for help at theese institutions: Correr Museum at 

Venice, The Marciana Library at Venice, The San Marco Library at 

Venice, The State Archive of Venice and The War Archive at Vienna. 

124 

the author

Contests 

Subscript ...................................................................................................124 

I Fundamental motives, ideas, problems ................................................127 

Terminology and method of researching.................................................128 

II Urban genesis through rectification of the old plans 

Zero phase(CODE 010) .....................................................................133 

Possibilities for urban development, until 1382(CODE 020)..........137 

From 1382 to 1482(CODE 030) ........................................................139 

From 1482 to 1687(CODE 040 and 050) ..........................................143 

From 1687 to 1797(CODE 060) ........................................................151 

From 1797 to 1918(CODE 070) ........................................................157 

From 1918 to 1982(CODE 080) ........................................................161 

III Conclusions and suggestions..............................................................167 

Bibliography .............................................................................................169 

List of photographs...................................................................................170 

125

126 

Chapter I

I Fundamental Motives, Ideas, Problems 

127

128 

Chapter I 

Terminology and Methodology 

Study of Urban Development of Old Towns By Method of 

Rectification of Old Historical Plans and Drawings on the example of 

Herceg Novi Old Town. 

Rectification (lat.rectificatio) - to adjust, as in movement or 

balance; to adjust by calculation. 

To rectify (lat. rectus/right + facare/to make) - to make right, to 

correct that which is wrong erroneous or false, to amend as to rectify 

errors, to rectify an opinion. 

Making of rectification of the old historical plans and drawings for 

the sake of studding urban genesis of Herceg Novi is very important 

because this researching method has never been used before for this 

area, thus it enables us discovering of the new facts.Many unknown 

details about urban development of this town agglomeration have been 

brought to light. 

The urban development of Herceg Novi has been represented as it 

should be, chronologically; phase after phase, unlike researching of 

urban development by method of rectification where we had to take 

opposite way; from known facts and from the present time, situation, 

towards unknown phases in the past. 

These facts are represented in eight fundamental codes some of 

which have subcodes.Every code (fundamental or assisting) which 

characterises a certain old historical old historical plan, drawing has 

many units(sheets) and all of them are here present for it`s better 

explanation.All codes and their mutual position can be clearly seen from 

the present chart.

Terminology and method of researching 

The oldest quite true information about urban and settlements 

agglomeration in this area are obtained from Cadastre plans from the 

end of 19th century.In the case of Herceg Novi Austrian Cadastre plan 

from early 20th century 

As we know, by history, that there was stagnation in this area in the 

general development of towns, until the beginning of 20th century, that 

means, that some relevant parts in of this cadastral plan are, at same 

time, the document of near earlier phases and forms of urban 

agglomeration. 

Rectification of all old plans and drawings is worked out by copping 

them out from the plans of present situation.All helping devices and 

appliances are used and plans have been done on geodesic, backing in 

scale 1:1000.These rectified drawings can be used directly in our further 

processing. 

To put it pricelessly this was done by the following met 

The old historical plan of which we posses the film negative, was by 

geodesic known method, brought to stabile transparent sheet/astralone/ 

in scale 1:1000.Than it was overlapped on contemporary geodesic map, 

scale 1:1000 which was also drawn on astralon sheet..What was done 

later is that over those two plans rectification of the old one was done 

taking real dimensions from today`s maps.If, in addition, the perspective 

was also represented than it`s rectification was done in the same way. 

As a final result of both rectification we have a conclusion, a new 

interpretation which resulted from newly founded facts brought to light 

by rectification itself. 

In the year 1982 on the initiative of Prof.Dr. Bruno Milic from the 

Faculty 

of Architecture of the University of Zagreb, a clear method 

concerning the studies of urban development of Adriatic /Mediterranean 

old towns was estabilished.The first experiment was done on Split, old 

Dioclesian Emperor palace - town, but complete research with full 

resultates was done on Old Town Herceg Novi.This method was in 

accordance with conclusions brought on Mediterranean Permanent 

Town’s Conference. 

129

130 

Chapter I 

Year Main code Subcode Units Period 

A B C D E F 

1982 080 080 X X 1982 

1890 070 070 X X X 1890 

1724 060 060 X X X X X X 1724 

067 X X X ? 

066 X 1708 

065 X 1708 

064 X 1708 

063 X X X 1700 

062 X 1700 

061 X X X X 1700 

1687 050 053 X X 1687 

052 X X X X 1688 

051 X X X X 1687 

050 X X X X X X 1687 

1584 040 043 X ? 

042 X 1606 

041 X 1587 

040 X X 1584 

1482 030 030 X 1482 

1382 020 020 X 1382 

0000 010 010 X X 0000 

Units: 

A. Original old map, plan; B. Orginal old perspective; C. Original old plan 1:1000 

D.Rectification/plan/ 1:1000; E. Rectification/persp./1:1000; F. New interpretation 

1:1000

Terminology and method of researching 

The mentioned method performed on the example of Split for the 

first time (the studies still continue) was borrowed for this work. 

In the first case the studies were collaborated by Faculty of 

Architecture in Zagreb, department of Split, “Centre for Architecture and 

Urbanism”.The mechanical device for drawing of constructed 

perspectives with given elements was used. 

Having in mind possibility for processing these rectification by 

computer, if we obtain corresponding software, these plans are ready for 

this kind of animation.In that case perspective representation of urban 

agglomeration from different view point (3D) as well as working out of 

space model for every single phase, become apparent. 

131

132 

Chapter II 

II Urban Genesis 

Through Rectification of the Old Plans

Zero phase(CODE 010) 

Zero Phase CODE 010 

133

134 

Chapter II 

If we want to have an entire and versatile picture with all facts which 

influence or could influence the urban problem of the Old Town of Herceg 

Novi let`s consider historical conditions for beginning and development 

of this town. 

The Country of Dracevica belongs to those medieval provinces which 

were established by our ancestors upon their arrival to coastal towns.The 

settleties, the ancient Slavs started very soon the establishing of those 

social units they had in their old homeland.To tell the truth these 

organisations followed the example of many similar autochton units. 

Numerous inheritances of Iliric and Roman civilisation influenced 

social maturing of our ancestors, not only in the sense of organisation 

but also culture, urbanism etc.A great number of archaeological and 

epitaph monuments found on this territory show it clearly. 

Coming to the Adriatic coast, Slavs settle cultivable soil; ready and 

active from Roman times. 

These parts were connected with the main communication road 

named “Via Adriatica”.It went trough districts of Ston, Zrnovica (near 

Epidaurus), Konavli, Dracevica, Grbalj... 

Roman writer “Orbini says that Boka was settled by refugees from 

Troy, who wandered for a long time.He also says that Boka`s mother is 

Sicily, because Dionisius, the tyrant from Siracusa, sent settles 

there.Some think Boka is even older.Iliric tribe Enheleis (eel catchers) 

lived on the place of today`s regions of Risan and Herceg Novi”. *1 

“The main road from Roman times, went along Adriatic coast 

, from Salona, near today`s Split and nucleus of emperor Diocletian`s 

palace, trough Ad Movis near Imotski, Dalmacia, to Bigeaste, near 

Ljubuski in Herczegovina, then to Narona and then by seaside to 

Epidaurum (Cavtat).From Epidaurus it went to Sutorina and then 

trough Boka , first trough district of Stolium (Herceg Novi), then by 

seaside to Rihzon (Risan, Perast, Orahovac and Duledia (Dobrota) to 

Kotor.From Kotor it went to Skaljari, through Troica and Grbalj to Butua 

(Budva) etc.By this military road Boka got in close touch with Dalmatia, 

1Savo Nakicenovic:”Boka”, Antropological studies,Serbian Academy 

1913,Belgrade

Zero phase(CODE 010) 

Epir, and Enheleis, people of Travunia and Doclea(Duklja) distict, so 

undoubtedly it was useful to them”. *2 

“In the year 395 A.C. as Roman Empire was divided to eastern and 

western parts, Boka got under the domination of Western Empire.Then 

there was a big migration of people and Boka suffered a lot.Teodorih the 

King of Eastern Goths conquered Boka in 489.It remained under their 

rule until 535 when Justinian sized it from them and in order to make it 

safe from the attacks of wild tribes, he built the tower Cattaro(Kotor) in 

532.It is known that Kotor was christianised at that time, because 

Paulus, Episcopus Cathari civitalis Histor Council p.567, was mentioned 

in the year 451; and also another (Johannes) from the year 649 

(Hist.Conc.603).From this period there are visantine cities 

Stole(Stolium), Porto Rose and they were demolished by Saracenes in 

9th century or they despaired in an earthquake.” *3 

Around 1018 belonged to the Slav`s state Zeta, Dracevica went in 

to new period. In 1197 it was under the domination of the Nemanic 

Dinasty of Serb Kingdom. After Nemanjics it become a part of Bosnian 

state and finally by the end of 1382 Bosnian King Tvrtko I 

Kotromanic laid foundations for building of town in the middle of 

country Dracevica situated in the romantic western part of the Boka 

bay. 

2* ibidem 

3* ibidem 

135

136 

Poglavlje II

Possibilities for urban development, until 1382 

Possibilities for Urban Development, 

until 1382 CODE 020 

137

Chapter II 

Possibilities for Urban Development, until 1382 

It could be interesting to find an answer to the question what have 

the first builders seen on location of the Old Town of Herceg Novi. 

It is very important question from standpoint of urban genesis of this 

agglomeration. Why has the town grown up and stayed on the same 

location up today? In the process of making act of rectification of old 

historical plans the zero phase (CODE 010) was processed which gives 

us the picture of the topography of the ground, its relief, outstanding 

points and sources of drinking water. 

It can be clearly seen that the ground is sloppy cliffs, especially 

towards the west. They stretch from the sea to mainland with the length 

of 380m.The cliffs rise from the sea forming a rise (where there is a 

fortress “Forte Mare”), and then with remarkable hill on the mainland 

with the height of 85m.(where is so called fortress Kanli Kula-”Bloody 

Tower”).Besides, the sequence cliffs and rocks with some minor 

reconstruction’s offered possibilities for natural defence. 

At the foot of both mentioned hills are the sources of running water 

of which the one in the upper part works and is unable even today.The 

other is disappeared by time. 

It is not necessary to point out other geographic, topographic and 

climatic conditions. The drawings of CODE 010 tells enough by itself. 

So, it is clear, therefore, that the old builders, using conveniences of 

the ground and land topography, build the town according to its need 

through all phases in the past. 

If we analyse the period from the Zero phase (CODE 010) to 1382 

(CODE 020) the existence of buildings on this location remains 

unknown. It could be that there were some buildings on heights because 

of special topographic and strategic conveniences. It`s unbelievable that 

watchtower, lookout tower or something similar did not exist here before. 

138

From 1382 to 1482(CODE 030) 

From 1382 to 1482 CODE 030 

139

Chapter II 

From 1382 to 1482 

It is known that the Bosnian King Tvrtko The First Kotromanic 

coming out to the sea and having been crowned for the King of Bosnia 

and the rest of Serbian states was in constant conflict with states that 

surrounded him. On the coast he found ports, which having Dubrovnik 

as a too big competitor, lost their importance or were not at all important 

concerning trade. In such situation, not very promising one, King Tvrtko 

planned to build a town on the part of his free sea and coast. He chose a 

very attractive area, country Dracevica, an old district in his Travunia 

region. It had conveniences to receive and keep inhabitants but no so 

many of them to make an urban community in the middle age. The only 

life perspective for such a town was transit and trade. King Tvrtko knew 

it very well, so he appreciated all values that a town would bring. That 

meant the town would be built by plan and its future would be adapted 

for these conditions: 

The town is opened to the sea and would be able to receive 

transportation of commodities from all coast of Adriatic sea, than 

through the valley of Sutorina it was connected with caravan roads of 

Herzegovina and Bosnia. 

The most important thing King Tvrtko heard and was able to see, 

was that on the coast, of valley Sutorina there used to be saltwork for 

which King Tvrtko had an urgent need. 

There is an adapted information in literature that King Tvrtko has 

built the town to release himself of the big taxation for salt which 

government of Dubrovnik imposed on his state. 

King Tvrtko explicitly said that the town was built in order to have 

a square of salt:”...and there, he said, was going to be saltworks 

established and square of salt and trade”. *1 

“And really the first documents of correspondence between King 

Tvrtko and Republic of Dubrovnik authorities, mention only square of 

1* Ilija Pusic: “Medieval Herceg Novi, Urbanistic Discusses Until its Fall 

Under the Turks in 1482" separate, Country Museum of Herceg Novi, 1979. 

140

From 1382 to 1482(CODE 030) 

salt “kumer soli” and not all production of salt, as later documents tell.” 

*2 

According to available written sources and historic, archives material 

we can establish the period and the year of the town foundation by order 

of the Bosnian King Tvrtko, but we do not find details about the city’s 

exact position, size and structure. 

There are no plans found from this period. In the archives we find 

some description of the town but it is from later time of Herceg Novi, 

time of ruler Herzeg Stefan Vuksic Kosaca. 

There are some scientific discussions which dislocate the original 

King Tvrtko`s town (named St.Stefan) from its today`s locality, closer 

to saltworks in valley of Sutorina. 

However, there are neither material evidences to prove these 

suppositions not sufficient research about the matter. What we can say 

for sure is that the earliest period of Herceg Novi (St.Stefan) is 

inexplicable out it requires a patient researching. 

When we talk about urban genesis of an organizated settlement on 

the site of the present Old Town of Herceg Novi then it by evidence we 

have , exists form from the 15th century. The special merritis for that 

belong to person of Herceg Stefan Vuksic Kosaca who fortified and 

restaurated the town, brought it to economic power by opening of 

workshops for different handicraft and by building another salt market 

as King Tvrtko, having been crowned neglected his affairs here. 

By efforts of Herceg Stefan the town has got the conditions for faster 

development. 

Rectification of old historical plans (CODE 040) shows some details 

which bring to light earlier period (CODE 030). 

According to the graphics’ presentation of Angelo delli Oddi (040A) 

from his work “Viaggio dalla Provincia di Mare della Signioria 

Venetia...”, published in Venice 1584 and which. is the oldest one in 

2* Ibidem 

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Chapter II 

about Herceg Novi, because by studding of the urban development of 

some other towns printed in this work, especially Split , we can establish 

the period of the origin of the graphic presentation from 1435 to 

1539.Then according to the graphic (041A) of Camotio F. from his work 

“Isole famose, porti, fortezze e terre maritime sotto posto alla...”, 

published in Venice 1587, according graphic (042A) by Rossacio G. from 

his work “Viaggio da Venetia a Constantinopoli”, published in 

Venice 1606, then graphic (043A) by unknown author from the same, as 

well as according to some plans and headlines from latter periods the 

hill which dominates the area of today’s Old Town (“Kanli Kula” - Bloddy 

Tower) was marked as fort, old rampart (“vechio recinto”), the Citadel 

fortification and similar. 

This indicates that , that part of Old Town was the oldest defended 

position. 

That defended position is a fortification of quadrangle shape with 

three quadrangle and one round towers on the corners and there is a 

gate with round tower in the south wall.Insade the ramparts are 

buildings of small volume and some small houses with roofs of two slopes. 

Next to Northwest tower there are two big buildings with quadrangle 

base, of big height and with and with roof in the shape of dome. These 

buildings have a dominating position in fortification and are on the 

highest peak elevation of the Old Town. 

By analysing of the graphic (040A) by A.delli Oddi, we find some 

new facts about the possible reconstruction also of this period (CODE 

030).Below the mentioned fortification (Citadella) is quadrangle shaped 

town surrounded by the walls with the round fortresses. It is important 

to compare the distance from the southern wall of the town to the sea 

which can be measured by the length of a road and paths, and a 

serpentine leading form from town gate. We can conclude that southern 

rampart of the town on that time was not on seaside, how it is in today’s 

time. Also, we can conclude that quadrangle towers are from former 

period, because when was coming cannon war strategy the tower 

construction became round base, because of defence strategy. 

142

From 1482 to 1687(CODE 040 and 050) 

From 1482 to 1687 (CODE 040 and CODE 050) 

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Chapter II 

From 1482 to 1687 

The Turks conquered Herceg Novi for the first time in 1482, and it 

means 100 years later from the time of King Tvrtko`s Charter which was 

about foundation of the town. The period of 100 years was sufficient to 

finish a building up of a medieval town of certain size. We have the data 

about this in Dubrovnik archives. 

These data enable us to trace the development of Herceg Novi from 

the 15th century when King Tvrtko`s heirs were on power; first Sandalj 

Hranic and especially Stefan Vuksic Kosaca. 

However, the urban and architectonic development and outline of 

the town is vague. The size and the structure of the town are 

questionable. 

According to the material from the archives, Herceg Stefan had 

audiences, made contracts, rested, had permanent army and died in 

Herceg Novi. During his lifetime he had stonemasons from Dubrovnik 

monastery “Mala braca” to begin building of the church St.Stephen. 

From all this is clear that the settlement was meant to be urban, 

residential and military harbour. 

By studding of drawing (CODE 040) we can reveal new facts which 

contribute to explanation of the shape and the structure of the town. 

According to partly studied graphic (040A) by A.delli Oddi from 

1584, in the upper part of dominating fortification of the town on a high 

dome, signs of mosque can be seen. This means that Herceg Novi had 

already come under the Turks and the graphic shows the structure of 

the town as early as 1482. 

The middle rampart is not shown on the graphic.It means that it 

represents the state of the town from 1538 the latest, according to 

Camotio, where this wall is shown , or could be from 1606 according 

Rossacio Giacomo. 

144


The town is clearly represented. Up the hill there is fortification of 

rectangular shape, with five towers from which is one on the Northwest 

is highest. There are two buildings next tower. 

All these statements can be clearly confirmed on the place through 

material remains “on site”,. Inside of the walls the residential buildings 

and storehouses are petty and dense. Bellow the fortification there are 

also petty and densely situated facilities some of which have the upper 

floor. The roofs are with two slopes. 

We can identify the belfry or minaret in lower town. On the western 

rampart there is a round tower; on the south part there is also round one 

next to the gate.. All others are rentagular base type of tower. 

So, in the city walls the main defence fortress was refuge tower, later 

called Citadella, with five small defence towers and five towers in the 

city rampart. Trough the town gate in the southern wall defended by 

western tower there was path leading to seashore. 

Finally, some conclusions can be drawn and those are that the 

graphic by A.delli Oddi show the state of the town between 1482 and 

1538, and that southern rampart, which can be seen, represents middle 

town wall in the present town, which can be proved by material remains 

of mentioned gate, and the city walls were defended by five round towers. 

The graphic by Camotio F. (041A) from 1587 represent the attack 

of Christian army commanded by Andrea Doria on Turkish Novi in 1538. 

In present situation there are, now. seven small towers in southern 

city wall, with two towers was added to the town rampart. We can 

conclude that southern rampart was built by Turks between 1482 and 

1538. 

The graphics (042) by Rossacio G., and (043A) by unknown author 

confirm these statements. By studding further urban development by 

rectification of old historical plans and drawings, we come to period of 

1687 (CODE 050) when Turks lost finally power over the town and it 

goes to Venetian hands. 

By rectification of the old plan by Cornelli, from 1687 (CODE 050) 

we come to following data: 

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Chapter II 

The town was divided in two parts and above the upper part there is 

fortification so called “Bloody Tower” (Kanli Kula).In the western wall 

there are three towers, including the southern one of Abaz Pasha (Forte 

Mare).The town wall encircling lower town is quite broken, not very 

remarkable and it mostly leaned against fortification on seashore 

(Mezzaluna). 

In the middle city wall there were two semirounded towers and a 

facility which leaned against rampart on the site today`s belfry of 

St.Jeronim`s Church.Although the original plan is quite arbitrary, it is 

important to mention here, some defence towers in the upper right corner 

of drawing, but off Old Town limit, and it is approximately on the location 

called “Blue Tablet”(Modra Ploca).This plan is only one, which shows 

this piece of architecture in details. If these are remains of some earlier 

fortification we should study and research. The old historical plan s very 

often, did not represent the remains on the place near the city walls, 

which can be proved, according to material remains on the place near 

the town itself (Military spa and similar). 

By analysing (CODE 051) and especially rectified plan by Cornig 

B.(?) 

(CODE 051 A;C;D;) which probably dates back to 1687 because, in 

the suburb(“borgo”), there is no sign of old quarantine on place Topla (its 

appears for the first time in the plans from 1700), we can conclude that 

it is one of the first plans which identifies town contents inside, as well 

as outside of the town walls. We can immediately notice that important 

position of the western town gate.Compared with suburb it is an 

outstanding position. 

The eastern gate is on site of Gate of Perast (Porta di Perasto) 1538, 

which is called Trnovica (“Tarnovisce”) by Evlia Celebia, Turkish 

writer, and were situated in the garden today’s time called “spalatina” 

or “bonturin”, and defended by Bey`s Tower (“Fortezza di St.Girolamo”). 

The western gate leading to the pier on the south (“Porta di Marina”) are 

next to the southern tower of Abaz Pacha (”Forte Mare”).This plan 

clearly shows that in the city walls there are remains of some previous 

fortifications on the western rampart.According Celebia E. there are 

also rectangular shaped fortress behind the tower of Abaz Pasha, then 

there is a Lower flat tower, and lower eastern wall with five small towers 

(torrions) gets its final looks.Towards the seashore Mezzaluna tower and 

the Tower of St.Anton have remarkable position. 

146


In the town itself the streets and squares are regulated and, to the 

great extent, they are the same today. Nevertheless, some of the streets 

disappeared by time and there are gardens instead. Such is the case with 

the street along the access to lower part of the town (“Citta Bassa”), and 

also with some parts of the street in the western part of “Citta Bassa”.On 

the lower square (St.Jeronim Church) straight line of facilities is 

deviated compared with present state, and it has the direction 

Northwest-Southwest (the first church and than mosque on the same 

place).It is same case on the upper square (“Bellavista”) again with sacral 

buildings.The streets and squares on the drawing are defined in details 

but it is not so with position of eastern rampart which stretches from the 

Gate of Perast to Kanli Kula. 

It can be concluded that this plan in great extent, coincides with the 

description of Turkish travelogue writer Celebia E.: “The journey 

from Ljubinje to Dubrovnik”, from 1664 has two storied named: ”The 

Town of Novi, a Tough Fortress And a Strong Rampart”., and 

“The Shape and the Position of the Novatejn” (“Novatejn” is Arabic 

means New doubled). 

Three earthquakes must be correlated to this conclusions, one in 

1608, 9 degree MCS strong, and after which the mentioned travelogue 

is written, than the one in1664, and finally catastrophic one in 1667 9 

degree MCS strong Celebia E. wrote in 1664 that the southern rampart 

is built from oak beams, we can conclude that it is rebuilt in 1667, after 

earthquake , but of stone this time. 

To prove these suppositions we have the graphic (051B) by G.G. de 

Rossi from 1687.There an earlier earthquake in 1563 9/10 degree MCS 

strong and it destroyed the town which was, according archive materials, 

rebuilt by Turks. 

The town plan from 1688 by unknown author (052A), there is also 

plan for future town and its surroundings, also it contains some facts 

from the past, the minaret of mosque of upper and lower square. On the 

upper square there is “Moshea maggiore hora Chiesa St.Girolamo”, that 

means that previous version o site of St. Jeronimo`s Church was not on 

lower square where it is now, but on square today`s called “Bellavista”. 

Approximately on the same site of today`s church of St.Jeronim there 

was a church of St.Frano ("Altra Chiesa di padri Cappucini...St.Frano”), 

which was later moved below the middle wall leaning on the facility 

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Chapter II 

called “Ospedale”, a hospital. Next to this church there was a small 

graves and tombs. The whole plateau was lower than it is today aprox 

100cm. 

By rectification it is set that the shape and position of town rampart 

coincides the state as it is today. What is important is that this plan has 

a drawn in line of the old rampart with the remains of two round towers 

on the east side of eastern rampart. 

The of the town and its surrounding from 1687 by Calergi Z. (053A) 

again facility which we have already mentioned in the plan by Cornelli 

from the locality “Blue Tablet”. P. Mortier`s graphic indicates the state 

of the town during the Turkish rule after earthquake 1667, because we 

can see that southern rampart is not wooden. There is a sequence of 

Venetian plan from around 1687 and they show the state of the town 

during the Turkish rule or immediately after it came under Venetian. 

When explaining the plans from the next period (CODE 060) we 

must point out some facts which clarify this period even better. In 

general about Turkish period we can say following: 

Their rule period can be devised in two periods; one between 1482 

and 1538, and the other from 1539 to 1687. 

The first time Turkish conquered the town with fortified tower on 

the hill and the encircling wall with five towers below, with no battle, 

which means that defence wall was not demaged. The upper fortification 

(“Kanli Kula”) was smaller in size then today and it had five towers, two 

of which were round shape with cordon wreath (there are material 

proofs).The others were rentagular shape. The residential parts inside 

the tower was probably in Northwest high facilities. 

The town contests were petty, groundfloor and sometimes two floor 

facilities with two slopped roofs. One belfry and minaret are noticeable 

in lower part of the town. Up to the year 1538 Turks built the city wall 

in lower part of the town and also the southern wall with fortification 

“Mezzaluna”, which was heavily damaged by Christian army and fleet 

of Andrea Doria when they attacked in 1538.In the year 1539, Barbarosa 

H., the Turkish admiral regained the town to the Turks after heavy 

battles and destruction’s. 

In 1563 there was a catastrophic earthquake of 9/10 degree MCS 

strong which destroyed the town and especially southern wall. There was 

148


another earthquake in 1632 about 9 degree MCS strong, and in 1664 we 

already have mentioned description Celebia E. 

Up to the year 1664 Turks enlarged the town the town eastward in 

the line Kanli Kula, Begova Kula (Fortress St.Girolamo), the gate 

Trnovica (The Gate of Perast).So, this part of the town was annexed 

between 1606 (according Rossacio) and 1664 according to Celebia E. 

The earthquake in 1667 about 9 degree MCS strong, heavily 

destroyed the city. The southern wall of the town, in its present shape 

was built up between 1667 and the latest in 1687 when the town comes 

to the Venetian hands(051B). 

The contents of the city and its suburb is quite developed. There are 

two squares standing out (“Bellavista” and near St.Jeronim church) with 

sacral facilities on some outstanding posts. There are also town school, 

administration, bath, bakery, handicraft shops, commercial facilities etc. 

The waterworks and sewerage system are in function. The regulation of 

the streets and house blocks is set clearly. The facilities are petty and 

low. There are three town gates which can be locked. 

All these statements give us a clear picture of urban development 

and continuity of the town in the period of 200 years of the Turkish 

government. 

149

150 

Chapter II

From 1687 to 1797(CODE 060) 

From 1687 to 1797 (CODE 060) 

151

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Chapter II 

From 1687 to 1797 

As we are coming closer to our days, the documents, plans and 

drawings are greater in number and, quite especially, we can find 

abundance of details and data. However, these data must be well checked 

and approved because of frequent improvisations, so that we are never 

quite sure if the original plan is in our hands or that is only its 

interpretation. 

The basic period (CODE 060) has the greatest number of subcodes, 

which complement it with data. 

After heavy battles and destruction’s, Venetians conquered the Town 

in 1687.There sequence of plans they left behind which also represent 

the state of the city as it was upon their arrival. CODE 061 has for its 

base the Old Town plan “MDCC.8 Marzzo Castel Novo” and it 

contains the view and perspective from the southern side. 

By rectifying this drawing we can conclude that the city section has 

gained its present outlines. We can notice outstanding city wall with 

dominating fortification on the hill (Castello) where at the base of the 

facility a great number of interventions can be seen. In the Southwest 

there is fortification “Castel di Mare”.The mentioned city through the 

centre of the town can be notice on the plan. The upper part of the city 

is called “Citta di Castel Novo” and lower “Citta Bassa”. In the upper 

part of the city there is square (“piazzeta”) with the church and cistern 

for drink water supply on today`s square “Bellavista”, then central 

residential part and sacral building on today’s square near the church 

St.Girolamo which by one of its sides leans on the mentioned wall.Below 

the wall which divides town there are building which belong Franciscan 

Monestery. In the western part, above the fortress “Catel di Mare” there 

are remains of undefined buildings. For the first time the real 

characteristic and the traits of the Old Town terrain are noticeable. 

The plan 062A, dates back to circa 1700 because the Quarantine at 

suburb Topla("Lazarine Cadente”) can be seen and is described as wreck 

or ruin. 

The steady shape and foundation of the city with already mentioned 

sites are shown on this plan. It is important to mention here that, in the 

eastern town wall on the line from “Castello” to fortress “St. Girolamo”,

From 1687 to 1797(CODE 060) 

in its upper part, a building or a ruin, remainder of sacred object 

“St.Chiara” is marked. 

A remarkable defending system of fortifications “Spanola”, outside 

of the town, can be clearly seen on its dominating position; 

By the rectification of the plan “A pianta Di Castel Novo” (063) 

by Ercholomini N. (very illegible signature) we can make conclusions 

about the entire size and structure of the Town. The city walls almost 

entirely coincides the state from today. The rampart of the fortification 

Castello (“Forte Di Terra”) towards fortress St.Girolamo is represented 

as an entirety with the church “St.Chiara”. What is also characteristic 

are the position of city gates in the ramparts. They coincide with the 

description of Celebia E. from Turkish period. The gate in the inner 

eastern wall (“Karaca”) which we can identify today is not represented 

because they were still serving their purpose. In the inner southern wall 

two gates for communications with low part of the town(“Citadella”) are 

represented. Immediately below this rampart, on the southern side is 

the building hospital(“Spedale”) with the Monostery “P.P.Cappucini”. 

Waterworks descend to lower parts of the city and it supplies all 

important buildings like old mosque (“Moshea Vechia”), bakery (“Forno”), 

sea fortress (“Castel di Marina”), “Bastione di Mare”... 

The regulation of the streets is approximate to today`s. The function 

of the eastern street along the ramparts was gradually lost by time. The 

buildings on the squares were knocked down and the newly built ones 

got a new regulations.(north - south). 

The rectification of this plan and the data give a great number of 

new discoveries about the town and, in great measure, they ascertain 

the existing state on the ground By the rectifying the plan 064A 

(“Pianta di Castel Novo nella Provincia d`Albania”) from 1708 by 

Juster G., we can notice city walls shown in details. 

Out of the town we notice “Lazaretto” in suburb Topla, now repaired, 

reconstructed and enlarged from old. (“Lazarine Cadente”), Monostery 

St.Antonio with “Casa dal conte Burovich” as well as “Fortezza Superiore” 

(Spanola).In the area of suburb there are traces of old Jewish cemetery 

(“Cimiterio”).On the western rampart , on two places there are bumps 

recesses which might be proved by material evidences on the place. 

In many towns under Venetian this is period of adaptation and 

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Chapter II 

reinforced all fortifications for the sake of better cannon resistance. It is 

evident that old fortifications were filled with soil, or old ramparts were 

used as assisting perimeters for the defence.(“terrapiente”).The structure 

of the Town is arranged around two squares which are connected by two 

parallel streets (north - south) extending. On the upper square 

(“piazza”), we can identify the building “Domo” with belfry (ex mosque), 

and city water cistern next it. City gate, (“Porta di Borgo”) leads outside 

the square. 

From here the city waterworks goes along the two parallel streets. 

City hall (“Palazzo dell Providur”) is in the central position of the Town 

and lined by the mentioned streets, and is probably inherited residential 

part from the Turkish times. On the eastern side of this building was so 

called “Bagno”, Turkish steam bath and that is proved by archaeological 

excavations on the place. The lower square with “Moshea” (the inherited 

ruin) and belfry leaning to the rampart from its inner side is a 

continuance to the mentioned steam bath. The city walls coincides with 

today’s state except on the line “Castel Superiore della Citta” to “Bastione 

S.Girolamo”, where it can not be found today. 

The middle city wall is called old rampart (“Vecchio Recinto”), giving 

us hints that, as mentioned before, its origins are of a much latter date. 

Plans 065A and 066A from 1708 give us conclusions that we have 

already made. In the rectifying process of the plan 067A, by unknown 

author and from unknown date, volume of the city wall is asserted as 

well as the structure of city contests where the evaluations approach to 

those of cadastre plan from 1890. 

The position of Tzar Road and railroad is also missing.On both 

squares there were two outstanding buildings (probably of sacred 

character) which were later knocked down, and than there was a 

building on lower square also knocked down latter.In the part of the town 

above Forte Mare on the site of today`s Army Club, there was sequence 

of facilities for economic purpose. 

There are material evidences for the existence of Lower Flat 

Tower(Celebia E.) from Turkish time and latter.In lower part of the 

town there were many buildings which were latter knocked down by 

earthquakes or for new buildings.

From 1687 to 1797(CODE 060) 

By rectification of the drawing 060, “Di Segno Della Pianta E 

Vedvuta Di Castelnovo” we can have a final picture of urban 

development during Venetian government. The drawing dates back 

between 1708 and 1724 which we conclude according to the facts found 

on the ground (Gate P.Angelus Magno).The perspective of the then town 

is quite factual and true.We can make conclusions about the state of the 

city walls, the structure of the town and the shape of the buildings in the 

walls. We can see: “Fortezza Superiore”, “Castel da Mar”, “Mezzaluna”, 

“Torion di St.Girolamo”, “Porta di Borgo”, “Porta di mare”, “Porta di 

Perasto”, “Torion di St.Antonio”, “Forte Spagnola”, central part on 

today`s square “Bellavista” market as “Citta”, which indicates that the 

centre of the town was on the upper square. 

Along the western walls, from outside, we can see the structure of 

suburb (“Borgo”).A passage to lower parts of the town is cat through 

middle wall (P.A.Magno).The structure of the city contents is the same 

as we have already mentioned in former Venetian plans. 

The appearance and bases of the church St.Frano coincide its today’s 

state. The outlooks of the building near the old church St.Girolamo, 

shows that it was a building with two sloped roof and arcade side 

openings on the facade. 

Above this building there is a remarkable belfry which could be 

remains of mosque minaret. The remaining structure of the town is 

represented by bungalows and two story buildings with roof of two or 

four slopes. 

We can conclude that upon Venetian arrival Castel Novo, got even 

stronger fortifications. The fortification Forte Mare and Mezzaluna 

system gained the most important defending character. These two 

fortresses were enlarged. The rampart at the Gate of Perast to tower 

S.Girolamo was also built into, as Forte Mare, and fortified. The city 

gained its today’s outlook. Parts of Kanli Kula, (“Castello”) were built 

into , and western rampart was fortified.The ruins of the mosque were 

the first adapted and then latter rebuilt as sacred buildings.The first 

church of St.Girolamo was on the square “Bellavista”, and on the adapted 

mosque was the church of St.Frano. 

Latter the church of St.Frano moved in to the building under the 

middle wall next to the Monostery P.P.Cappucini.The first church of St. 

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Chapter II 

Girolamo was being on the old foundations never finished church 

St.Stefan, from the time of Herzeg Stefan Vusic Kosaca.The great 

number of stony elements of the old church was built into the church 

St.Jeronimo.The sacred building of unknown dedication remained on the 

place on “Bellavista”.In eastern rampart on the line from “Kanli 

Kula”(“Castello”) to fortress St.Girolamo in the plan there still stood a 

small chapel St.Chiara gradually loosing its function. 

The city was organised around the upper square “Bellavista” and 

lower square about church S.Girolamo. These two were connected with 

a couple of parallel streets. The streets were connected with five 

transversal passages from “Kanli Kula” to the middle rampart. In the 

central part were residences, so called Palace of Providurs. Next to this 

were warehouses, administration buildings, barracks etc. 

The buildings were bungalows, and with one floor, and are lined in 

sequence forming mentioned streets. All buildings have gardens which 

are, as a rule, enclosed with high stony walls and yard.Eastern gate was 

on the place where Gate of Perast were.Next to “Forte Mare” was the gate 

which lead to the pier (“Porta di Marina”).In these walls we find stony 

elements (spoils) from previous periods, rebuilt into for the second 

time.There is an outstanding stony block with armorial bearings of 

Bosnian aristocrates.All gates had doors and closing mechanism. 

By the end of Venetian rule the town was becoming opened and 

broadens out of its walls, first of all suburb called “Borgo”, then further 

towards suburb called Topla, and on the east Meljine (New Lazaret 

“Quarantine”).

From 1797 to 1918(CODE 070) 

From 1797 to 1918 (CODE 070) 

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Chapter II 

From 1797 to 1918 

Here is description of the town from early 20th. century by 

Nakicenovic S. in the book “Boka” from 1913. 

“The city has been built on a ridge and in the bay of Topla from 

where you have a beautiful view, and it takes you about five minutes of 

slow walking from the seaside. 

The city lies on dilapidated soil crumbling day after day. The city 

rises about 40m above the sea. There is only one spring of running water 

built by Turks. This water is drinkable but is insufficient for the whole 

city, that is why many inhabitants were forced to build cisterns, and in 

summer they bring water from the springs on Topla and Savina. Three 

years ago the urgent need for water was met by building up of the 

waterworks Crnica from the spring on Podi village. 

It never snows here except very rearelly. Most of the time south wind 

blows, mistral and Northwest wind. 

Many houses in the town have gardens (14ha), and towards Topla 

there are some plowes fields (2,34ha), vineyards (3,14ha) and pastures 

(2,88ha).Percentile 22% of the ground undergoes taxation; it is the area 

of 31 ha. These properties are not named. 

The town is scattered heaps of many nice houses and it consist of 

several parts: the Old Town, the Town, citadel and seashore. 

The Old Town is historical nucleus of Herceg Novi with medieval 

streets sloppy and narrow, and the main street which leads through the 

city is called “downtown”. It runs from Kanli Kula and the butcher’s shop 

(on the north), through City Hall square to “Forte Mare”; and the second 

one, parallel to it, from cafe “Bellavista”(on the north), beside the church 

of S.Jeronim to the main road and citadel (on the south). 

These two main streets are intersected with three narrow, small 

streets from which the Northeast, from its eastern side, leads through 

Karaca to village of Savina, and from its western side, under the tower 

towards the town. 

Most of houses in the town are old with low ceilings, small windows 

and doors, and many of them are surrounded with backyards, remainder

from the Turkish times. 

From 1797 to 1918(CODE 070) 

There are two squares in the Town: the City Hall square with the 

City Hall itself, Serbian National Reading Room, Croatian National 

Reading Room and Orthodox Christian church of St.Arhangel Michael. 

On the square at St.Jeronim church, there is Monastery of row of 

St.Frano (who works as nurses and infermiers), district court, 

administration, headquarters for defence, military storehouses for food, 

2 barracks, home guardsmen headquarters no.37, headquarters of armed 

forces no.7.There is also a military arsenal, military oven,post and 

telegraph office, and historical sights are”: Kanli Kula, Karaca, and Forte 

Mare, and from Venetian times important sights were:“PortaMarina”... 

...........the town and new houses of Herceg Novi towards suburb 

Topla can be found from city hall tower (tora) sometimes in heap, 

sometimes standing alone in a park and along both sides of mainroad 

they reach the church St.Anton from where the village Topla begins. 

The houses are in heap below the water and there is a square in the 

middle used as a market for all kind of commodities.” 

In Herceg Novi, like in many other coastal towns, dating from 

medieval period, during the 19th century many changes concerning 

space and structure occored. This caused the destruction’s of traditional 

architecture. 

As rampart lost its defending character it had be knocked down at 

many places where business and residential buildings were built up. 

That happened in Herceg Novi in the course of the last century along 

western city wall towards suburb. This topographically forward position 

of the very centre offered functional facilities. 

In that way medieval rampart front of the town for many years was 

being replaced by facades of the new houses which dominated the 

panorama and old photographs show. 

Building into the old houses was performed as well as connecting of 

smaller residential parts in one whole, for the sake of renting. On many 

other buildings some reparations are made within volume limits, not 

disturbing old parcelling of lots and street network. The old historical 

plans and prospects from the end of 18th century and also early 19th 

159

160 

Chapter II 

century shows the situation of the town as it was left by Venetian with 

some slight changes that occurred under the new government. 

On the place of ex Palace of Providurs (governer there were 

barracks.On the square there was drawing of the base of ex mosque 

which was transformed into church during Venetian. 

In the year 1858 on its remains, the church of St.Jeronim was 

erected and today it has the same outlooks. 

The scares “house”(domo), on the upper square was knocked down 

and the church of St.Archangel Michael was built up but now that 

building got new regulation plan, east - west and built on neoghotic style. 

This is the time when “Tzar road” (Tzar Frantz Joseph of Austro- 

Ungarian rule), and railroad was built.The road separated the town in 

two parts at the level of Forte Mare entrance. In this way the number of 

buildings was tremendously reduced which caused urban diening of this 

space. 

Railroad tracks near the coast destroyed a part of southern city wall, 

and the part of fortress Mezaluna. The evidence still hold on the ground. 

Many buildings on the square were destroyed too and two new 

churches with its new positions, east - west, were built up instead. 

St.Archangel Michael was finished at1912 and St.Jeronim in 1835, 

and that were last big constructions until 1979 year of catastrophic 

earthquake 9 degree MCS strong, who demolished the Old Town.

From 1918 to 1982(CODE 080) 

From 1918 to 1982 ( CODE 080) 

161

162 

Chapter II 

From 1918 to 1982 

At the time when Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenas, (lather 

Kingdom of Yugoslavia) was founded and that is in 1918 the urban 

development of the Old Town underwent stagnation. The inhabitants, 

who with their trade occupations , represented the base of economical 

stability started leaving the Old Town, little by little, and they settled 

of attractive living suburbs areas of Topla, Igalo, Savina...There, the 

conditions for a modern life and higher standard of living were much 

more convient the cause of which was industrial revolution. 

So, inhabitants of the Old Town started leaving the old ruins of the 

Old Town , and poor moved into.At the same tame they started to built 

the new houses in the area of near suburb and further. 

The Old Town underwent smaller reparations first of all on the 

facades and the roofs. The Austrian fashion of plastering of stone wall 

facades continued. 

After the second world war in 1945 the Old Town was even in worse 

conditions.The so called building “Casarna” was bombed and the hotel 

“Savina”, next to “Kanli Kula, deserted. 

This place lost all public functions. Finally the earthquake from the 

15th of April in 1979 with all the destruction’s that it caused made the 

problem of the Old Town very current. Being the very centre of the city 

in the whole, the old nucleus not be left out from the modern life of 

commune. 

The Old Town would have been forgotten in hounded years old weeds 

if its convenient position hadn’t been so attractive for its development. 

Let’s hope that destiny of the near Old Town of Bar City forever lost, 

will not repeat in the case of the Old Town Herceg Novi. 

After catastrophic earthquake of the 15th of April in 1979 several 

new buildings were built up on the free lots but they never fitted the 

existing surroundings. Because of no existing planning strategy, and 

knowledge, experience for preservation of urban heritage of the Old 

Town, was happened this “pollution” of this specific urban environment. 

So, that is the price of

From 1918 to 1982(CODE 080) 

enplaning movement, and rush for resolving accommodation 

problems for people, remained without its houses by damage of 

destroying earthquake. However, these causes, are several, and not 

changed urban image of town too much. 

The Old Town as we see it today has important and valuable 

monuments. The value of monuments taken separately is not so 

important as it is of the buildings with their surroundings and urban 

frame. Although some buildings do not belong to historical values it is 

not an important fact in evolution of the whole town. The entity like this 

has been being built continuously through the time satisfying either 

functional or estetical reasons. 

As mentioned above the Old Town is an urban area developed 

logically and depending of historical and material conditions. 

Geomorphological features of the ground as well as the needs of 

everyday life through centuries influenced the contents of the Old Town. 

Specific conditions also took part in building of town traffic with its 

specific character.The streets kept their directions although on same 

places there are some deviations. By analysing of archaeological sonde 

at the down square of the church St.Jeronim we can conclude that the 

previous frame of streets was in direction of north - east, south - west 

unlike it is today, north - south. The reasons for this were in religious 

buildings which always require specific direction of their position. The 

mosques were orientated towards Mecca. 

Two important parallel streets of Voinovic M. and Car M. which 

extend in the direction north - south, link upper and lower square. The 

mentioned streets are twisted because there were no planed development 

of the town through the times. It could be the strategy of medieval streets 

construction; twisted streets were good for the defence of the town where 

every house could be a defending post. The traditional town square was 

the space around the church of St.Arhangel Michael., actually square of 

Herzeg Stefan while the square of Pavlovich M. around the church of 

St.Jeronim has the secondarily role in the Town. 

There a few autochthonius residential buildings from the past times 

with characteristic features, so called “konoba” (cellar), and the store 

house in the ground floor, and the first floor for the living. This is thipical 

organisation of the cadastral houses in Boka Bay area. There residential 

163

164 

Chapter II 

buildings with two floors offered with additions, so a few of them are 

original. 

The architecture of residential buildings is autochthonous from 19th 

and early20th century. Stone was original building material used for 

houses and paving the streets and squares. The stone which was 

especially used was red one, from the local mines. Precious kinds of stone 

like marble from Adriatic Islands were used for building of the stone 

frames around the windows and doors. Many of this buildings were 

lather plastered for the protection of the dump. Most of the roofs have 

their original form with mansards and characteristic windows in them. 

The roofs are usually covered with semiround light red or yellow pile 

but we can also see new, so called “Mediterranean” tile. 

Subtropical greenery and plants which we can find in the town give 

special characteristic to the town. There are picturesque gardens with 

wide range of Mediterranean plants - palm trees, agaves, cycases, 

mimosas etc. The town rampart with its fortress is covered by weeds and 

so hidden from sight. The weeds, wild figs, wild walnuts tree destroy 

stone walls by their roots and thus they are slowly falling down. Suburbs 

which rose up as result of city booms is very evident and that made the 

Old Town closed inside. In that way the towering fortress Kanli Kula 

lost domination of the view. The new touristic buildings in the vicinity 

are dominated (hotel “Plaza”). 

Once autochthonous urban environment of the Old Town is now 

threteed to be gasped by small and big buildings - hanger on built halter 

- skeletal. 

On 1982 it was 500 years celebration of foundation of the Herceg 

Novi, by decrets of bosnian King Tvrtko I Kotromanic.In that occasion, 

and because of urgent need of it (catastrophic earthquake 1979), local 

and Republic of Montenegro government, by the money of help for 

reconstruction and revitalisation, started works on research and 

planning this area of the Old Town of Herceg Novi as urban monument 

and heritage. That works, plans was leaded by UN experts, from project 

UNDP/UNCHS/79/104., and chief executor, main planner was author. 

The reconstruction and revitalisation of the Old Town was permanent 

work for next 15 years, as building works of reconstructing 

infrastructure and superstructure by the results of researching and

From 1918 to 1982(CODE 080) 

planning conclusions with permanent supervising of professional staff. 

The researching was an interdisciplinary approach to problem. There 

were researching in the branches of : 

1.-“Archive bibliography and old documents” 

2.-”Existing found of buildings - drawings and plans” 

3.-”Archeorogical research” 

4.-”Photodocumentation of existing situation” 

5.-”Monument heritage, and stile and horology analyses” 

6.-”Geological and hidrogeological research of soil” 

After this basic studies, there was approach to the making Urban 

plan documentation and conservation tasks and condition for all 

buildings and rampart with towers. 

There were 110 buildings, in the 7ha superface of Old Town limits. 

The plan was successfully accepted by UN authorities and Municipality 

of Herceg Novi, and by decision become a low.By this law there was a 

greatest reconstruction of the town worm the whole its history.During 

that period of 15 years, by the new technology in building, transport etc. 

There were reconstructed as towers “Kanli Kula” as open theatre 

function, “Forte Mare” as open cinema auditorium and night club inside, 

infrastructure, water supply, wastewater system, electricity under the 

earth, telephone and cable TV installations, pluvial canalisation, streets 

and stairs, squares. “Tzar road” was rebuilt. The old railway road was 

rebuilt as seashore promenade. 

Also, in that period were reconstructed lot of buildings. The sacral 

buildings St.Archangel Church, which was demolished by earthquake 

was repaired with strong construction system. Also it was with 

St.Jeronim and St. Frano/present St.Leopold/, churches. There were a 

lot of specific conservation works inside of buildings in interiors. 

165

For all of buildings, includes city wall rampart there were done all 

project documentation needed for reconstruction or reparation. Some of 

buildings are made as integral reconstruction by old plans. There were 

reconstructed: the City Archive, ex Palas of Providurs (Casarna), the City 

Court, Music school, Radio boardcasting building, Computer city centre, 

and almost all of the dwelling houses. 

In this moment it is not started jet reconstruction of city walls and 

tower of Mezaluna, with south rampart, and some other small buildings. 

However, almost the all Old Town is reconstructed, but revitalisation 

is not come in so rapidly, because of not adequate urban policy. Briliant 

stone jewellery, between all Mediterranean greens, the Old Town, in the 

middle centre of Herceg Novi City no have central function. The most 

first floors are empty with non adequate function. There is hope for next 

period by tourism that this Town will be discovered as good space and 

motive for development of sociourban component of life. 

The Old Town divide its destiny with Herceg Novi city in this time 

of 1991 - 1997.During the war in near Bosnia, Old Town was not 

developed, because of economy recession, and it feel that now, also. The 

communication, for trade and tourism leaned to Dubrovnik and Bosnia 

are closed. So, the city is open just to the inside of State of Montenegro, 

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and overseas to Italy and Greece. The 

city from former Yugoslavia nated 1945, opened and free in all directions, 

now have just one indoor. 

But there is hope that Herceg Novi City, and so The Old Town, and 

urban development on this area, become a new point, with occasion that 

there are a few frontier here in various directions, that means a new 

chance for economy increase, through trade, tourism and production. 

166

III Conclusions and suggestions 

167

Conclusions and suggestions 

This work has ambition for resolve a new method for research in the 

file of urban development. As a pilot model for application of this method 

we was used the Old Town, historic nucleus of Herceg Novi on eastern 

coast of Adriatic sea in Montenegro, Yugoslavia. 

One of important reasons for that choice was it, that for this Old 

Town there are a lot of the graphics and all historical plans. There are 

not so much old historical plans for any other eastern Adriatic Coast 

town as it is for Herceg Novi. 

We can conclude that this method is very useful for research works 

at the file of urban genesis. This method can be useful for researching, 

not only for urban development as all, but in the same time it is useful , 

also, for researching particularly parts, buildings, streets, squares etc. 

On that way we can make in knowledge, for the first time, the very 

new facts, which presents itself automatically, with graphics 

presentations and images, and so, that facts give to us motives for 

conclusions about urban development for the present town. 

This method can give to us a very good answer on very curious and 

always interest question: ”Where was the first nucleus of the town?“. This 

question and especially good answer is fact who give a lot of research 

emotions for every researching person or staff. So, for that good answer 

, to us will help the “zero phase”, what means the analyse of natural and 

topographic facts for “genius loci”. 

On that sense, for the further development of this method, and for 

the researching staff, we can make suggestion and accommodation, 

application this method on the CAD graphic work stations, and the other 

parts and units of computer technology, especially graphic scanners for 

scanning the old historical plans. 

With that, in the same time, we will come, in to very new level for 

researching of the urban genesis but always on the base of the 

rectification of the old historical plans and graphics. 

The CAD technology through the method of rectification can give us 

three-dimensional images and animation for every point and time of 

urban development we want. 

168

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1.-Cornelli “CITTA, FORTEZZE, ED ALTRI LUOGNI PRINCI 

PALI DELL’ ALBANIA, EPIRO E LIVADIA”, 

Venezia 1687. 

2. -Celebija Evlia “PUTOPISI”, Sarajevo 1957. 

3.-Reiger Giuseppe “PANORAMA DELLE COSTA E DELLE ISOLE DI 

DALMAZIA” nei viaggi dei piroscafi del Lloyd Aus 

troungarico - Trieste. Arhiv, Herceg Novi 

4.-Bosković Đurđe Old Town Bar”, Institute for monument heritage, Bel 

grade 1962 

5. Research works for revitalisation and reconstruction 

for Old Town Herceg Novi: 

Book I Resource and Bibliography 

Book II The Old maps and photography 

Book III The photograph Documentation 

BookIV Existing state of the building found 

BookV Graphic analyse - maps 

BookVI Monument heritage and valorisation 

BookVII Archaeological research 

The Town Institute for Urbanism and Architecture, Herceg Novi, 1983 

6.- F.Camotio “Isole famose, porti, fortezze e terre maritime sotto 

poste”, Venetia, Libraria di S.Marco, 1587, NSB 

sign.R-VI-8-90 

7.- Rossacio Giuseppe “Viaggio da Venetia a Constantinopoli per mare e per 

terra et insieme quello di Terra santa”, Venetia, 1606, 

NSB sign.R-VI-16-32 

8.-Angelo delli Oddi-Padovano 

“Viaggio della provincia di mare della Signoria Venetia...”, 

Venetia,1584 

9.-Gligor Stanojević “Popis građevina Boke Kotorske iz 1788god.”, 

Spomenik SAN CXXVII, Beograd, 1986 

169

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS 

001 Topografija bokokotorskog zaliva po Cornelli-u, 1688.god. 

002 Topografija bokokotorskog zaliva po A. Zambella, 1687.god. 

003 Angelo delli Odi, Padovano, Castel Novo, 1584.god 

004 Francesco Camotio, Castel Novo, Bakrorez 21x15,5cm, 1587god. 

Libreria San Marco, Venezia,/Sveučilišna biblioteka Zagreb, R-VI-8/ 

005 Giuseppe Rosacio, Castel Novo, Bakrorez 17,5x 10cm. 1606 god. 

Arhiv Herceg Novog NSB sign. R-VI-16-32 

006 N.A. autor, Herceg Novi, kraj 16vj. zbirka – Stevo Lepetić, Herceg Novi 

007 N.A. autor, Herceg Novi, 17vj. zbirka – Stevo Lepetić, Herceg Novi 

008 N.A. autor, Kanli Kula,Herceg Novi,19vj. zbirka – Stevo Lepetić, Herceg 

Novi 

009 N.A. autor, Castel Nuovo, plan, 1689.god. Biblioteca Marciana, Venezia, 

cod.it. VII-94/10051/ pg.23. zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

010 N.A. autor, Castel Nuovo, veduta, 1689.god. Biblioteca Marciana, 

Venezia, cod.it. VII-94/10051/ pg.23. zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, 

Kotor 

011 Cornelli, Castel Nuovo, plan sa okolinom, 1687.god. zbirka – Stevo 

Lepetić, Herceg Novi 

012 Cornelli, Castel Nuovo, aksonometrija, 1687.god. zbirka – Stevo Lepetić, 

Herceg Novi 

013 Bertolo Coring/?/, Castel Nuovo, plan, 1687.god. Biblioteca Marciana, 


014 Calergi Zorzi, Castel Nuovo, plan, 1687.god. Biblioteca Marciana, 


015 Pier Mortier, Castel Novo, bakrorez, 1600god. zbirka – Stevo Lepetić, 

Herceg Novi 

016 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, plan, 8. mart. 1700.god. Museo Correr, Venezia, 

MSS Morsini Grimani, zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

017 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, veduta, 8. mart. 1700.god. Museo Correr, 

Venezia, MSS Morsini Grimani, zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

018 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, plan, 1700.god. Museo Correr, Venezia, MSS 

Morsini Grimani, zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

019 Nicolo Ercholomini/?/, Castel Novo, plan, 1700.god. Museo Correr, 

Venezia, P.D.-C.845/9, zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

020 Giuseppe Juster, Castel Novo, plan, 1708.god. zbirka – Stevo Lepetić, 

Herceg Novi 

021 N.A. autor, Castel Nuovo, opsada 1687.god. zbirka – Zavičajni muzej, 

Herceg Novi 

022 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, plan, 1700.god. Museo Correr, Venezia, , zbirka 


023 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, plan, 1708.god. Museo Correr, Venezia,P.D.-C 

848/23, zbirka – mr.Jovica Martinović, Kotor 

170

024 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, plan, 1708.god. Archivio statale, Venezia, zbirka 


025 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, plan, 1724.god. Zadarski arhiv, 221A, Zadar 

026 N.A. autor, Castel Novo, aksonometrija, 1724.god. Zadarski arhiv, 221A, 

Zadar 



1986.god., str. 203-241 

028 N.A. autor, Plan der Stadt Castelnuovo, 1876 god. Kriegs archiv Viena 

029 N.A. autor, Situationsskizze der stadt Castelnuovo, 1904 god. Kriegs 

archiv Viena 



1986.god., str. 203-241 



1986.god., str. 203-241 



1986.god., str. 203-241 



1986.god., str. 203-241 



1986.god., str. 203-241 



037 Kanli kula, Herceg Novi, 1996.god. rekonstrukcija 1987.god., autor 

171

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