Against the Current: Sita and Her Foils in - Bad Request

Against the Current: Sita and Her Foils in - Bad Request Against the Current: Sita and Her Foils in - Bad Request

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Ramayana has meant that its is now going into its seventh edition. In Tamilnadu, although the BJP has not historically wielded as much influence as in other parts of India, Karunanidhi drew sharp criticism when he declared solidarity with Ravana, saying that “anyone who attacks Ravana attacks me.” These seemingly minor events are part of a nation-wide pattern of hostility to oppositional tellings of Ramkatha. Yet one cannot help asking whether BJP protests against such stories stem from a bid for publicity, rather than from serious literary assessment. Furthermore, Hindutva attacks send a message to authors that writing about Ramkatha in a serious and probing way is unacceptable. In such cases one has to ask oneself how a group that claims to be “protecting” Hindu culture can really be doing so, if its proponents stifle one of India’s most generative narrative resources. The scholarship on ancient Ramayanas, philosophical Ramayanas, regional Ramayanas, bhakti Ramayanas, Ramayana plays, oral Ramayanas, and other kinds of Ramayanas in the past indicates that Ramkatha has been a fluid and ever-renewing set of narratives. Unless the Ramayana tradition is stifled or fossilized, writers will continue to compose their stories of Ramkatha long into the future. We should welcome that creativity and see it as a sign of narrative health, and also social health. The short stories analyzed here, and many others like them, provide evidence that writers continue to turn to Ramkatha for inspiration, characters, settings – a whole narrative world. Such stories provide evidence for those who wish to contest the idea that Hindutva proponents have the exclusive right to define what Ramkatha means today. 28

1 Pradip Kumar Datta, “VHP’s Ram: The Hindutva Movement in Ayodhya,” in Hindus and Others: The Question of Identity in India Today (New Delhi: Viking, 1993), pp. 46-73. 2 Anuradha Kapur, “Deity to Crusader: The Changing Iconography of Ram,” in Ibid, pp. 74-109. 3 See Phyllis Herman, “Sita in the Kitchen: The Pativrata and Ramarajya,” Manushi, no. 120, pp. 5-11, and “Siting the Power of the Goddess: Sita’s Kitchen Shrines in Modern India,”Journal of Vaishnava Studies, 12:2 (Spring 204), pp. 63-75. Anand Patwardhan’s film Ram Ke Nam [In the Name of God] includes interviews with members of the Bajrang Dal (the name of the organization means “Hanuman’s Army”). 4 See V. Raghavan, ed. The Ramayana Tradition in Asia (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi,1989); Joyce Burkhalter Flueckiger and Laurie J. Sears, Boundaries of the Text: Epic Performances in South and Southeast Asia (Ann Arbor: Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia, University of Michigan, 1991); Paula Richman, ed., Many Ramayanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991 and New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992); Richman, ed., Questioning Ramayanas, A South Asian Tradition (Berkeley: University of California Press and New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000); for an overview of the diversity of Sanskrit texts, texts in regional languages, and folk traditions. 5 Romila Thapar, “The Ramayana Syndrome,” Seminar, no 353 (January 1989), p. 128. 6 Tamil and Telugu work especially well as case studies. First, their distinctive Ramkatha texts deserve particular attention because, until the linguistic reorganization of Indian states, both Tamil and Telugu were spoken widely in Madras. That pattern continues 29

Ramayana has meant that its is now go<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to its seventh edition. In Tamilnadu,<br />

although <strong>the</strong> BJP has not historically wielded as much <strong>in</strong>fluence as <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r parts of India,<br />

Karunanidhi drew sharp criticism when he declared solidarity with Ravana, say<strong>in</strong>g that<br />

“anyone who attacks Ravana attacks me.” These seem<strong>in</strong>gly m<strong>in</strong>or events are part of a<br />

nation-wide pattern of hostility to oppositional tell<strong>in</strong>gs of Ramkatha. Yet one cannot help<br />

ask<strong>in</strong>g whe<strong>the</strong>r BJP protests aga<strong>in</strong>st such stories stem from a bid for publicity, ra<strong>the</strong>r than<br />

from serious literary assessment.<br />

Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, H<strong>in</strong>dutva attacks send a message to authors that writ<strong>in</strong>g about<br />

Ramkatha <strong>in</strong> a serious <strong>and</strong> prob<strong>in</strong>g way is unacceptable. In such cases one has to ask<br />

oneself how a group that claims to be “protect<strong>in</strong>g” H<strong>in</strong>du culture can really be do<strong>in</strong>g so,<br />

if its proponents stifle one of India’s most generative narrative resources. The<br />

scholarship on ancient Ramayanas, philosophical Ramayanas, regional Ramayanas,<br />

bhakti Ramayanas, Ramayana plays, oral Ramayanas, <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r k<strong>in</strong>ds of Ramayanas <strong>in</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> past <strong>in</strong>dicates that Ramkatha has been a fluid <strong>and</strong> ever-renew<strong>in</strong>g set of narratives.<br />

Unless <strong>the</strong> Ramayana tradition is stifled or fossilized, writers will cont<strong>in</strong>ue to compose<br />

<strong>the</strong>ir stories of Ramkatha long <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> future. We should welcome that creativity <strong>and</strong> see<br />

it as a sign of narrative health, <strong>and</strong> also social health. The short stories analyzed here,<br />

<strong>and</strong> many o<strong>the</strong>rs like <strong>the</strong>m, provide evidence that writers cont<strong>in</strong>ue to turn to Ramkatha<br />

for <strong>in</strong>spiration, characters, sett<strong>in</strong>gs – a whole narrative world. Such stories provide<br />

evidence for those who wish to contest <strong>the</strong> idea that H<strong>in</strong>dutva proponents have <strong>the</strong><br />

exclusive right to def<strong>in</strong>e what Ramkatha means today.<br />

28

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