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apostila - inglês pronúncia de letras vogais em inglês - UFF

apostila - inglês pronúncia de letras vogais em inglês - UFF

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PRONÚNCIA DE LETRAS VOGAIS EM INGLÊS, EM PALAVRAS<br />

MONOSSILÁBICAS<br />

SPELLING-TO-SOUND RULES FOR ENGLISH VOWELS IN ONE-SYLLABLE<br />

WORDS<br />

In spite of all that has been said about the<br />

heavy irregularity between spelling and<br />

pronunciation, we do find some regular<br />

patterns in this area. Several graph<strong>em</strong>e to<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e relationships can be <strong>de</strong>monstrated<br />

and presented as spelling-to-sound rules to<br />

provi<strong>de</strong> a little light at the end of the tunnel.<br />

The dialect used in this paper is the General<br />

American English.<br />

OBS.: The English neutral vowel phon<strong>em</strong>e<br />

"schwa", traditionally represented by the<br />

character / /, is here represented by /â/<br />

because of HTML editing limitations.<br />

A<br />

1. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "a" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /a/ as in father, when it is<br />

followed by an "r" in spelling.<br />

Apesar da extr<strong>em</strong>a irregularida<strong>de</strong> entre a<br />

ortografia e a <strong>pronúncia</strong> do <strong>inglês</strong>, é<br />

possível se encontrar um pouco <strong>de</strong><br />

regularida<strong>de</strong> na <strong>pronúncia</strong> <strong>de</strong> certas <strong>letras</strong><br />

<strong>vogais</strong>, quando <strong>em</strong> palavras<br />

monossilábicas. Embora limitadas e <strong>de</strong><br />

utilida<strong>de</strong> questionável, essas regras, quando<br />

apresentadas ao aluno iniciante, po<strong>de</strong>m ter<br />

o efeito positivo <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>monstrar que n<strong>em</strong><br />

tudo está perdido.<br />

O dialeto analisado neste estudo é o<br />

General American English.<br />

OBS.: O fon<strong>em</strong>a vogal neutro do <strong>inglês</strong><br />

conhecido por "schwa", tradicionalmente<br />

representado pelo símbolo / /, é aqui<br />

representada por /â/, <strong>de</strong>vido às limitações<br />

da linguag<strong>em</strong> HTML.<br />

A<br />

1. A letra "a" representa o som /a/, como<br />

<strong>em</strong> father, s<strong>em</strong>pre que for seguida da letra<br />

"r" na ortografia.<br />

Examples: bar, bark, car, card, cart, far, farm, jar, scar, scarf, star, start, tar<br />

Exceptions: war /wor/, ward /word/, warm /worm/, warn /worn/, warp /worp/<br />

2. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "a" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /e/ as in pet, when the spelling of<br />

the word ends with "_re".<br />

3. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "a" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /æ/ as in map, when the spelling<br />

of the word ends with a consonant other<br />

than "r".<br />

Examples: bare, care, fare, scare, stare, tare<br />

Exception: are /ar /<br />

2. A letra "a" representa o som /e/, como <strong>em</strong><br />

pet, s<strong>em</strong>pre que a palavra, na sua forma<br />

ortográfica, terminar <strong>em</strong> "_re".<br />

3. A letra "a" representa o som /æ/, como<br />

<strong>em</strong> map, s<strong>em</strong>pre que a palavra, na sua<br />

forma ortográfica, terminar numa consoante<br />

que não "r".<br />

Examples: at, back, bad, bath, can, cap, fad, fat, glad, hat, Jack, lack,<br />

lad, mad, man, mat, pal, pan, rack, rat, Sam, shack, tack, tap, van,<br />

whack<br />

Exception: was /wâz/, /waz/


4. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "a" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /ey / as in table, when the<br />

spelling of the word ends with a consonant<br />

other than "r" followed by the letter "e".<br />

4. A letra "a" representa o som /ey /, como<br />

<strong>em</strong> table, s<strong>em</strong>pre que a palavra, na sua<br />

forma ortográfica, terminar numa consoante<br />

que não "r", seguida da letra "e".<br />

Examples: ate, bake, ba<strong>de</strong>, bathe, cane, cape, fa<strong>de</strong>, fate, gla<strong>de</strong>,<br />

hate, Jake, lake, la<strong>de</strong>, ma<strong>de</strong>, male, mane, mate, pale, pane, pave,<br />

rake, rate, same, shake, take, tape, vane<br />

5. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "a" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /o/ as in dog and law, when it is<br />

followed by an "l" in spelling.<br />

Exception: have /hæv/<br />

5. A letra "a" representa o som /o/, como <strong>em</strong><br />

dog e law, s<strong>em</strong>pre que for seguida da letra<br />

"l" na ortografia.<br />

Examples: bald, ball, call, chalk, fall, hall, mall, stalk, talk, tall, walk, wall<br />

E<br />

6. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "e" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /e/ as in pet, when the spelling of<br />

the word ends with a consonant other than<br />

"w" and "y".<br />

Exception: pal /pæl/, calm /kam/<br />

E<br />

6. A letra "e" representa o som /e/, como<br />

<strong>em</strong> pet, s<strong>em</strong>pre que a palavra, na sua forma<br />

ortográfica, terminar <strong>em</strong> consoante menos<br />

"w" e "y".<br />

Examples: bet, check, <strong>de</strong>ck, fell, kept, left, lend, melt, pet, pen, rent, spell, tell, ten,<br />

vet, well, when<br />

7. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "e" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /â/ as in bird and but, when it is<br />

followed by an "r" in spelling.<br />

7. A letra "e" representa o som /â/, como<br />

<strong>em</strong> bird e but, s<strong>em</strong>pre que for seguida <strong>de</strong> "r"<br />

na ortografia.<br />

Examples: berg, Bert, clerk, nerd, per, sperm, term, verb, were<br />

I<br />

8. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "i" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /I/ as in hit, when the spelling of<br />

the word ends with a consonant other than<br />

"gh" and "ght".<br />

Exceptions: where /wher/, mere /mIr/<br />

I<br />

8. A letra "i" representa o som /I/, como <strong>em</strong><br />

hit, s<strong>em</strong>pre que a palavra, na sua forma<br />

ortográfica, terminar <strong>em</strong> consoante, menos<br />

"gh" e "ght".<br />

Examples: bit, dim, fill, fin, kit, lip, mill, pick, pill, pin, rip, six, spit, till, tilt, will, win<br />

9. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "i" represents the<br />

diphthong /ay/ as in my, when the spelling of<br />

the word ends with "_gh" or "_ght".<br />

9. A letra "i" representa o som /ay/, como <strong>em</strong><br />

my, s<strong>em</strong>pre que a palavra, na sua forma<br />

ortográfica, terminar <strong>em</strong> "gh" ou "ght".


Examples: high, thigh, fight, light, might, night, right, tight<br />

10. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "i" represents the<br />

diphthong /ay/ as in my, when the spelling<br />

of the word ends with "_e".<br />

10. A letra "i" representa o som /ay/, como<br />

<strong>em</strong> my, s<strong>em</strong>pre que a palavra, na sua forma<br />

ortográfica, terminar com a letra "e".<br />

Examples: bite, dime, dive, file, fine, five, kite, knife, lie, mile, nine,<br />

pie, pike, pile, pine, ripe, site, spite, strive, tile, while, wine, wire<br />

11. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "i" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /â/ as in bird, when it is followed by<br />

an "r" in spelling.<br />

Exceptions: give /gIv/, live /lIv/<br />

11. A letra "i" representa o som /â/, como <strong>em</strong><br />

bird, s<strong>em</strong>pre que for seguida da letra "r" na<br />

ortografia.<br />

Examples: dirt, firm, flirt, irk, Kirk, shirt, skirt, stir, whirl<br />

O<br />

12. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "o" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /a/ as in father, when in spelling:<br />

1) it is not followed by an "r";<br />

2) the word ends with any consonant but<br />

"_w".<br />

O<br />

12. A letra "o" representa o som /a/, como<br />

<strong>em</strong> father, s<strong>em</strong>pre que na ortografia:<br />

1) não seja seguida da letra "r";<br />

2) a palavra terminar <strong>em</strong> qualquer<br />

consoante, menos "w".<br />

Examples: bomb, bond, clock, con, cop, cot, flop, glob, hop, hot, mod, mop, not, on, pond,<br />

rob, tom, top<br />

Exceptions: comb /kowm/, dog /dog/, from /frâm/, tomb /tuwm/, ton /tân/<br />

13. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "o" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /ow/ as in go, when the spelling<br />

of the word ends with "_e".<br />

13. A letra "o" representa o som /ow/, como<br />

<strong>em</strong> go, s<strong>em</strong>pre que a palavra, na sua forma<br />

ortográfica, terminar com a letra "e".<br />

Examples: clove, cope, cote, globe, hope, mo<strong>de</strong>, mope, note, robe, tone, tope<br />

Exceptions: done /dân/, love /lâv/, none /nân/, gone /gon/<br />

14. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "o" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /o/ as in dog and law, when it is<br />

followed by an "r" in spelling.<br />

14. A letra "o" representa o som /o/, como<br />

<strong>em</strong> dog e law, s<strong>em</strong>pre que for seguida da<br />

letra "r" na ortografia.<br />

Examples: born, corn, horn, lord, norm, pork, port<br />

Exceptions: word /wârd/, world /wârld/, worm /wârm/<br />

U<br />

15. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "u" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /â/ as in but, when the spelling of<br />

U<br />

15. A letra "u" representa o som /â/, como<br />

<strong>em</strong> but, s<strong>em</strong>pre que a palavra, na sua forma


the word ends with a consonant. ortográfica, terminar <strong>em</strong> consoante.<br />

Examples: blurb, cub, curt, cut, duck, dull, hug, purr, tub, up<br />

16. The graph<strong>em</strong>e "u" represents the<br />

phon<strong>em</strong>e /uw/ or the diphthong /yuw/ as<br />

in too or you, when the spelling of the word<br />

ends with "_e".<br />

Exception: pull /pUl/<br />

16. A letra "u" representa os sons /uw/ ou<br />

/yuw/, como <strong>em</strong> too ou you, s<strong>em</strong>pre que a<br />

palavra, na sua forma ortográfica, terminar<br />

com a letra "e".<br />

Examples: cube, cure, cute, duke, huge, pure, tube<br />

Exceptions: sure /shUr/, curve /kârv/

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