scientific working group on bloodstain pattern analysis

SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP ON BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS 

Bibliography Project 

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 

SWGSTAIN Research Subcommittee 

April 30, 2009

Contents 

Preface ..........................................................................................................................................................4 

Aging Blood ...................................................................................................................................................4 

Biomechanics ................................................................................................................................................4 

Case Studies ..................................................................................................................................................5 

Clothing and Fabric .......................................................................................................................................6 

Environmental...............................................................................................................................................8 

Equipment.....................................................................................................................................................8 

Expiratory Blood............................................................................................................................................9 

Firearms ........................................................................................................................................................9 

Fluid Dynamics – Blood...............................................................................................................................11 

Fluid Dynamics – Other...............................................................................................................................14 

Health and Safety........................................................................................................................................19 

High Speed Video........................................................................................................................................20 

Human Blood Substitutes ...........................................................................................................................21 

Impact Patterns...........................................................................................................................................21 

Legal ............................................................................................................................................................22 

Non English .................................................................................................................................................24 

Other Patterns ............................................................................................................................................24 

Overview Articles ........................................................................................................................................25 

Pathology ....................................................................................................................................................28 

Photography and Documentation ..............................................................................................................30 

Math and Physics ........................................................................................................................................31 

Reconstruction............................................................................................................................................33 

2

Scientific Theory..........................................................................................................................................36 

Searching and Enhancement ......................................................................................................................36 

Sequencing..................................................................................................................................................38 

Software......................................................................................................................................................39 

Target Surface.............................................................................................................................................40 

Training .......................................................................................................................................................40 

Transfer Patterns ........................................................................................................................................41 

3

Preface 

This bibliography is a list of bloodstain pattern analysis literature that has been collected by the 

Scientific Working Group on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (SWGSTAIN) Research Subcommittee. The 

literature was located within <strong>scientific</strong> journals, newsletters, technical reports, books, web pages, 

theses, conference papers, law reports and magazines. The five hundred and thirty eight titles 

have been placed into twenty‐nine <strong>group</strong>s and are list alphabetically within each <strong>group</strong>. There are 

duplicate references within the various <strong>group</strong>s. This list will be updated periodically on the SWGSTAIN 

web site. 

The research subcommittee would like to acknowledge the contributions from the SWGSTAIN 

membership, the Midwest Forensics Resource Center, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Institute 

of Environmental Science and Research, Trent University and the Ontario Provincial Police for their 

support with this project. 

SWGSTAIN Research Subcommittee 

Aging Blood 

1. Aikman, R.L. and D.R. Foran, Nucleic Acid Based Methods for Assessing the Age of 

Bloodstains, in 60th Anniversary Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 

2008: Washington, D.C. 

2. Anderson, S., et al., A Method for Determining the Age of a Bloodstain. Forensic Science 

International, 2005. 148: p. 37‐45. 

3. Hesselink, W.F., Blood Tracks in the Criminological Practice. Ztschr. angew. Chem., 1931. 

44(31): p. 653‐655. 

4. Hortola, P., SEM Analysis of Red Blood Cells in aged Human Bloodstains. Forensic Science 


5. Kish, P.E. and G. Hall, A 12‐Day Study Evaluating the Durability of Bloodspatters on 

Shoes, in American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 1999: Orlando, Florida. 

6. Laber, T.L. and B.P. Epstein, Substrate Effects on the Drying Time of Human Blood. 

Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 209‐214. 

Biomechanics 

1. Chadwick, E.K.J., et al., Biomechanics of Knife Stab Attacks. Forensic Science 


4

2. Hamill, J. and K. Knutzen, Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement. 2nd ed. 2003, 

Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 

3. Miller, S.A., Jones, M.S., Kinematics of Four Methods of Stabbing: a Preliminary Study. 

Forensic Science International, 1996. 82: p. 183‐190. 

4. O'Callaghan, P.T., et al., A Novel Approach to Forensic Investigation: Three‐Dimensional 

Kinematic and Kinetic Motion Analysis. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 2001. 8: p. 

49‐53. 

Case Studies 

1. Australia, N.I.o.F.S. Forensic Fact Files: Case Studies. 2001 [cited 2005 18 September]; 

Available from: http://www.nifs.com.au/FactFiles/serology/case.asp?page=case. 

2. Barnes, D., Intermittant Projected Bloodstains. International Association of Bloodstain 

Pattern Analysts News, 1998. 14(2): p. 6‐8. 

3. Bettilyon, A.D., Homicide vs. Suicide: A Bloodstain Study, in International Association of 

Identification Meeting. 1996: Greensboro, North Carolina. 

4. Bettilyon, A.D., Case Presentation: "Reconstruction of a Domestic Homicide", in 

International Association of Identification Meeting. 1997. 

5. Bettilyon, A.D., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in Homicide Cold Case Investigations, in Cold 

Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques, R.H. Walton, Editor. 2006, CRC 

Press/Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, Florida. p. 463‐476. 

6. Black, J.P., Contradiction of Suspect's Statements Using Bloodstain Analysis, in 

International Association for Identification. 2002: Las Vegas, Nevada. 

7. Block, M. and M. Gaynor, Case Presentation: "Bloodstains Tell a Different Tale", in 

International Association of Identification Meeting. 1997. 

8. Burnett, B.R., J.M. Orentes, and M.L. Pierson, An Unusual Bloodstain Case. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, 1997. 42(3): p. 519‐523. 

9. Cortner, G.V., Crime Scene Reconstruction: A Case of Blood Stain Interpretation Five 

Years After the Crime Occurred. Tieline, 1986. 11(1): p. 50‐55. 

10. Englert, R., Pulverised Bright Green Threads and High Velocity Blood Spatter unravel the 

Mystery of a Crime: a Homicide case study with no Body. International Association of 

Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1996. 12(1): p. 15. 

11. Fraser, G.N., A Murder in Moncton. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 

2001. 34(4): p. 205‐208. 

12. Hesselink, W.F., Blood Tracks in the Criminological Practice. Ztschr. angew. Chem., 1931. 

44(31): p. 653‐655. 

13. Kish, P.E. and H.L. MacDonell, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation in Serial Murder Cases. 

Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1995. 28(4): p. 244. 

14. Kohne, J.S., The Effects of Air Current on High Velocity Impact Spatter. ?, ? 

15. Maberry, J.M., Documentation of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence is Critical in Obtaining 

Relevant Reconstruction of a Crime Scene, Drug Enforcement Administration, South 

5

Central Laboratory: Dallas, Texas. 

16. MacDonell, H.L., Reconstruction of a Homicide. Law & Order, 1977. 25: p. 26‐31. 

17. MacDonell, H.L., Beverley Isn't Here, We See Her Face No More, Neville Knew it Wasn't 

H2O, He Used..... Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1990. 23(4): p. 

133. 

18. MacDonell, H.L., Report on the beating of Mrs. Pamela McLeod‐Lindsay. 1991: Corning, 

New York. 

19. MacDonell, H.L., Another Confusing Bloodstain Pattern. International Association of 

Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2004. 20(3): p. 11‐15. 

20. MacLean, B., K. Powley, and D. Dahlstrom, A Case Study Illustrating another Logical 

Explanation for High Velocity Impact Spatter. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic 

Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 191‐195. 

21. Murphy, G.K., "Beaten to Death" An Autospy Series of Homicidal Blunt Force Injuries. The 

American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 1991. 12(2): p. 98‐101. 

22. Noedel, M., Non‐replenishing Blood Drip Trails, in IABPA Annual Conference. 2004: 

Tucson, Arizona. 

23. Petricevic, S. and D. Elliot, Bloodstain Pattern Reconstruction ‐ a Hammer Attack. Journal 

of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2005. 38(1). 

24. Rinehart, D.J., Computers vs Strings‐ 2 Cases in Point. Association for Crime Scene 

Reconstruction, 2000. 

25. Ristenbatt, R.R., III and R.C. Schaler, A Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation in a Homicide 

Case Involving an Apparent 'Stomping'. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1995. 40(1): p. 139‐ 

145. 

26. Ristenbatt, R.R. and R.C. Shaler, Author's Response to MacDonell, H.L. Journal of 


27. Smith, I. New Technology Helps Reopen Murder Case. 2004 [cited 2005 17 September]; 

Available from: http://www.wtol.com/Global/Story.asp?S=1816797. 

28. Wolson, T.L., DNA Analysis and the Interpretation of Bloodstain Patterns. Journal of the 

Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 151‐157. 

Clothing and Fabric 

1. Adair, T.W., Casting Two‐Dimensional Bloody Shoe Prints from Concrete, Fabric, and 

Human Skin: A Review of Several Methods with Recommendations. International 

Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2005. 21(1): p. 4‐8. 

2. Adolf, F., The Structure of Textiles, in Forensic Examination of Fibres, J. Robertson and M. 

Grieve, Editors. 1999, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida. 

3. Bradley, D., Spectrometry Aids "New and Improved", in Today's Chemist. 2001. p. 23‐ 

24,26. 

6

4. Haag, L.C., A Method for Improving the Griess and Sodium Rhodizonate Tests for GSR 

Patterns on Bloody Garments. Southwestern Association of Forensic Scientists Journal, 

1991. 13(1): p. 13‐18. 

5. Ishihama, K., et al., High Incidence of Blood Exposure due to Imperceptible Contaminated 

Splatters during Oral Surgery. Journal of Oral and Maxillfacial Surgery, 2008. 66(4): p. 

704‐710. 

6. Karger, B., S.P. Rand, and B. Brinkmann, Experimental Bloodstains on Fabric from 

Contact and from Droplets. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 1998. 111(1): p. 17‐ 

21. 

7. Leonas, K.K., Using LSCM to Study the Barrier Effectiveness of Textiles used in Medical 

Protective Apparel. Microscopy Microanalysis, 2004. 10(2). 

8. Leonas, K.K. and R.S. Jinkins, The Relationship of Selected Fabric Characteristics and the 

Barrier Effectiveness of Surgical Gown Fabrics. American Journal of Infection Control, 

1997(25): p. 16‐23. 

9. Messler, H., Untersuchungen über den Einfluß textiler Spurenträger auf die Blutspur, in 

Faculty of Forensic Medicine. 1980, Köln University. 

10. Messler, H., G. Berghaus, and G. Dotzauer, Der Einfluß textiltechnischer Größen eines 

Spurenträgers auf das Erscheinungsbild einer Blutspur 

Kriminalistik und forensische Wissenschaften, 1981. 44: p. 125‐137. 

11. Perkins, M., The Application of Infrared Photography in Bloodstain Pattern 

Documentation of Clothing. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2005. 55(1): p. 1‐9. 

12. Reed, C.M. and N. Wilson, The Fundamentals of Absorbency of Fibres, Textile Structures 

and Polymers. I: The Rate of Rise of a Liquid in Glass CapiIlaries. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 

1993. 26: p. 1378‐1381. 

13. Saleh, M.A., et al., Penetration of Household Insecticides through different types of 

Textile Fabrics. Chemosphere, 1998. 36(7): p. 1543‐1552. 

14. Simoncic, B., Rozman, V., Wettability of Cotton Fabric by Aqueous Solutions of 

Surfactants with Different Structures. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and 

Engineering Aspects, 2007. 292(2‐3): p. 236‐245. 

15. Slemko, J.A., Bloodstains on Fabric: The Effects of Droplet Velocity and Fabric 

Composition. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2003. 

19(4): p. 3‐11. 

16. Smit, B., Photomicrography and Fluid Dynamics relating to Bloodstains on Fabric. 2008, 

The University of Auckland: Auckland. 

17. van Stratton, M.J. and T.J. Griffin, Examination of Bloodstained Clothing, in Rocky 

Mountain Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts. 2002. 

18. Warrick, P., Identification of Blood Prints on Fabric using Amido Black and Digital 

Enhancement. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2000. 50(1): p. 20‐31. 

19. White, B., Bloodstain Patterns on Fabrics: The Effect of Drop Volume, Dropping Height 

and Impact Angle. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1986. 19(1): p. 3‐ 

36. 

7

Environmental 

1. Adair, T.W., et al., The Use of Luminol to Detect Blood in Soil One Year After Deposition. 

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2006. 22(3): p. 4‐7. 

2. Adair, T.W., et al., Detecting Blood Patterns in Soil with Luminol Two years after 

Deposition. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 2007. 23(1): 

p. 14‐19. 

3. Beard, K.V. and H.T. Ochs, Wake‐excited Raindrop Oscillations. Annalen der Meterologie, 

1988. 25: p. 7‐8. 

4. Brady, T. and J. Tigmo, Extreme Temperature Effects on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 


5. Clark, B.S. and G.D.G. Sr, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis After a Fire: Effects of Heat and 

Flame on Reconstruction and Interpretation, in A Paper Presented at the American 

Academy of Forensic Sciences 53rd Annual Meeting. 2001: Seattle, Washington. 

6. Gifford, W.D.L., Bloodstain Survival in Water. International Association of Bloodstain 


7. Tomash, M.C., A Preliminary Study: How Fire may affect Crime Scene Bloodstains. 


Equipment 

1. Leica Microsystems. [cited 2007; Available from: http://www.leica‐microsystems.com. 

2. Scanning Electron Microscope. 1996 [cited 2007; Available from: 

http://www.mos.org/sln/SEM/tour10.html. 

3. Confocal Microscopy Protocols and Resources. 2006 11 April 2007; Available from: 

http://www.confocal‐microscopy.org/. 

4. CCD vs. CMOS. 2008 [cited 2007; Available from: 

http://www.dalsa.com/markets/ccd_vs_cmos.asp. 

5. Bradley, D., Spectrometry Aids "New and Improved", in Today's Chemist. 2001. p. 23‐ 

24,26. 

6. Carter, A.L., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Video Camera and a PC Computer. 


7. Carter, A.L. and P. Laturnus, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Computer, in Forensic 

Evidence in Canada G. Chakyo and E.D. Gulliver, Editors. 1999, Canada Law Book: 

Aurora, Ont. p. 443‐453. 

8

Expiratory Blood 





p. 14‐19. 

3. Christman, D.V., "Expirated Bloodstain Patterns". 1991. p. 1‐5. 

4. Emes, A., Expirated Blood ‐ A Review. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic 

Science, 2001. 34(4): p. 197‐203. 

5. Haberda, A Special Type of Bloodstain 1914: Vienna. 

6. James, S.H., P.E. Kish, and P. Sutton, Bloodstain Patterns Produced by Arterial and 

Expiratory Mechanisms. 2003. 

7. Schroter, R.C., R v. Sion Jenkins 2004: London. 

Firearms 

1. Betz, P., et al., Frequency of Blood Spatters on the Shooting Hand and of Conjunctival 

Petechiae following Suicidal Gunshots Wounds to the Head. Forensic Science 


2. Burnett, B.R., Detection of Bone and Bone‐Plus‐Bullet Particles in Backspatter from 

Close‐Range Shots to Heads. Journal of Forensic Science, 1991. 36(6): p. 1745‐1752. 

3. Haag, L.C., A Method for Improving the Griess and Sodium Rhodizonate Tests for GSR 

Patterns on Bloody Garments. Southwestern Association of Forensic Scientists Journal, 

1991. 13(1): p. 13‐18. 

4. Karger, B., R. Nusse, and T. Bajanowski, Backspatter on the Firearm and Hand in 

Experimental Close‐Range Gunshots to the Head. The American Journal of Forensic 

Medicine and Pathology, 2002. 23(3): p. 211‐213. 

5. Karger, B., et al., Backspatter from Experimental Close‐Range Shots to the Head I‐ 

Macrobackspatter. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 1996. 109: p. 66‐74. 

6. Karger, B., et al., Backspatter from Experimental Close‐Range Shots to the Head II‐ 

Microbackspatter and the Morphology of Bloodstains. International Journal of Legal 

Medicine, 1997. 110: p. 27‐30. 

7. Kneubuehl, B.P. and M.J. Thali, The Evaluation of a Synthetic Long Bone Structure as a 

substitute for Human Tissue in Gunshot Experiments. Forensic Science International, 

2003. 138: p. 44‐49. 

8. Kohne, J.S., The Effects of Air Current on High Velocity Impact Spatter. ?, ? 

9. MacDonell, H.L. and B.A. Brooks, Detection and Significance of Blood in Firearms. Legal 

Medicine Annual, 1977: p. 185‐199. 

9

10. Perdekamp, M.G.V., B., et al., Tissue defect at the Gunshot Entrance Wound: What 

happens to the Skin? Int J. Legal Med., 2005. 119: p. 217‐222. 

11. Pex, J.O. and C.H. Vaughan, Observations of High Velocity Bloodspatter on Adjacent 

Objects. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1987. 32(6): p. 1587‐1594. 

12. Plattner, T., et al., Gunshot Residue Patterns on Skin in Angled Contact and Near Contact 

Gunshot Wounds. Forensic Science International, 2003. 138(3): p. 68‐74. 

13. Settles, G.S., et al., Full‐Scale High‐Speed Schlieren Imaging of Explosions and Gunshots, 

Gas Dynamics Lab, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Department, Penn State 

University, PA 

Transportation Security Lab, US Transportation Security Administration, W.J. Hughes 

Technical Centre, Atlantic City, NJ: PA. 

14. Settles, G.S., et al., Full‐Scale High‐Speed "Edgerton" Retroflective Shadowgraphy of 

Explosions and Gunshots, in Proceedings of PSFVIP‐5: 5th Pacific Symposium on Flow 

Visualisation and Image Processing. 2005: Australia. 

15. Stephens, B.G. and T.B. Allen, Back Spatter of Blood from Gunshot Wounds ‐ 

Observations and Experimental Simulation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1983. 28(2): p. 

437‐439. 

16. Stone, I.C., Characteristics of Firearms and Gunshot Wounds as Markers of Suicide. 

American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology, 1992. 13: p. 275‐280. 

17. Thali, M.J., Body Models in Forensic Ballistics: Reconstruction of a Gunshot Injury to the 

Chest by Bullet Fragmentation after Shooting through a Finger. Forensic Science 

International, 2001. 123(1): p. 54‐57. 

18. Thali, M.J., et al., The Dynamic Development of the Muzzle Imprint by Contact Gunshot: 

High‐Speed Documentation Utilizing the‘‘Skin–Skull–Brain Model’’. Forensic Science 


19. Thali, M.J., et al., A Study of the Morphology of Gunshot Entrance Wounds, in connection 

with their Dynamic Creation, utilizing the ‘‘Skin–skull–brain model’’. Forensic Science 


20. Thali, M.J., et al., The ‘‘Skin–skull–brain model’’: a New Instrument for the Study of 

Gunshot Effects. Forensic Science International, 2002. 125: p. 178‐189. 

21. Thali, M.J., et al., A High‐Speed Study of the Dynamic Bullet‐Body Interactions produced 

by Grazing Gunshots with full Metal Jacked and Lead Projetciles. Forensic Science 


22. Yen, K., et al., Blood‐Spatter Patterns: Hands Hold Clues for the Forensic Reconstruction 

of the Sequence of Events. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 2003. 

24(2): p. 132‐140. 

23. Zhang, J., et al., Experimental Model for Civilian Ballistic Brain Injury Biomechanics 

Quantification. Journal of Biomechanics, 2007. 40(10): p. 2341‐2346. 

10

Fluid Dynamics – Blood 

1. Adair, T.W., False Wave Cast‐off: Considering the Mechanisms of Stain Formation. 


2. Akin, L.L., A Blood Spatter Primer. Blue Line, 2005. 17(9): p. 14‐15. 

3. Anadere, I., et al., Clinical Blood Rheology. Biorheology, 1979. 16: p. 171‐178. 

4. Anderson, J.W., Capillarity Distortion Analysis. International Association of Bloodstain 


5. Anonymous, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. Identification Canada, 1987. 10(4): p. 7‐ 

10. 

6. Anonymous, A Battle of Blood Spatter Experts and the Shenanigans of a Texas 

Prosecutor. Scientific Sleuthing Reviews, 1997. 

7. Balthazard, V., et al., Etude des gouttes de sang projete (Study of projected drops of 

blood), in Annual Medecine Legale Criminol Police Science Toxicology. 1939, 22nd 

Congress of Forensic Medicine: Paris, France. p. 265‐323. 

8. Bartz, H.F., Estimating Original Bloodstain Volume: The Development of a New 

Technique relating Volume and Surface Area. 2003, Laurentian University: Sudbury, 

Ontario. p. 1‐42. 

9. Basso, W., Review of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and Practice by S.James, P. 

Kish, and P. Sutton. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2005. 38(3): p. 

179‐180. 

10. Berne, R.M. and M.N. Levy, The Cardiovascular System, in Physiology, R.M. Berne and 

M.N. Levy, Editors. 1993, Mosby Year Book: St Louis. 

11. Bevel, T. and L. Conn, Stop Motion Photography of Bloodstains. International Association 

of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1987. 3: p. 1‐13. 

12. Bily, C. and H. Maldonado, The Application of Luminol to Bloodstains Concealed by 

Multiple Layers of Paint. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2006. 56(6): p. 896‐905. 

13. Brinkmann, B., B. Madea, and S.P. Rand, Factors Influencing the Morphology of 

Bloodstain BEITR GERICHTL MED, 1986. 44: p. 67‐73. 

14. Brown, R.E., et al., Entomological Alteration of Bloodstain Evidence, in Entomological 

Evidence: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. 2001, CRC Press: Boca Raton, 

FL. 

15. Carter, A.L., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with a Computer, in Scientific and Legal 

Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation, S.H. James, Editor. 1998, CRC Press: 

Boca Raton, Florida. 

16. Carter, A.L., Carter's Compendium. 2001. 




18. Cartwright, A.J., Degrees of Violence and Blood Spattering Associated with Manuala and 

Ligature Strangulation. Medicine, Science and Law, 1995. 35(4): p. 294‐302. 

11

19. Casson, S. and G. Kurland, Viscometry of Human Blood for Shear Rates of 0 – 100,000s ‐1 . 

Nature, 1965. 206(617‐618). 

20. Charm, S.E. and G.S. Kurland Discrepancy in Measuring Blood in Couette, Cone and Plate, 

and Capillary Tube Viscometers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1968. 25(6): p. 786‐789. 

21. Cheeseman, R. and R. Tomboc, Fluorescein Technique Performance Study on Bloody Foot 

Trails. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2001. 51(1): p. 16‐27. 

22. Chien, S., Determinants of Blood Viscosity and Red Cell Deformability. Journal of Clinical 

Laboratory Investigations, 1981. 156: p. 7‐12. 

23. Creamer, J.I., et al., Attempted Cleaning of Bloodstains and Its Effect on the Forensic 

Luminol Test. Journal of Luminescence, 2005. 20: p. 411‐413. 

24. Dees, T.M., Simplifying Blood Spatter Analysis at the Crime Scene. Law Enforcement 

Technology, 1995. 22(8): p. 42‐44. 

25. Deleo, M., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. Law and Order, 2002. 50(11): p. 43‐47. 

26. Emes, A., The Interpretation of Bloodstain Patterns. Contact, 1999. 27: p. 13‐15. 

27. Englert, R., Pulverised Bright Green Threads and High Velocity Blood Spatter unravel the 

Mystery of a Crime: a Homicide case study with no Body. International Association of 

Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1996. 12(1): p. 15. 

28. Finsterer, J., et al., Factors Influencing the Length of a Blood Trail. Haemostasis, 1999. 

29(6): p. 353‐354. 

29. Fischer, W.C., Defining the "Address" of Bloodstains and other Evidence at the Crime 

Scene, in Scientific and Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, S.H. James, 

Editor. 1998, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida. 

30. Fischer, W.C., Utilizing Bloodstains in Accident Reconstruction, in Scientific and Legal 


Boca Raton. p. 35. 

31. Gardner, R.M., The Role of Logic in Bloodstain Analysis and Crime Scene Reconstruction. 


32. Gardner, R.M., Defining the Diameter of the Smallest Parent‐Stain Produced by a Drip. 

Journal of Forensic Identification, 2006. 56(2): p. 210‐221. 

33. Goldsmith, H.L. and R. Skalak, Hemodynamics. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mechanics, 1975. 7: p. 

213‐247. 

34. Henderson, C., Legal and Ethical Aspects of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence, in Scientific and 

Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation, S.H. James, Editor. 1998, CRC 

Press: Boca Raton, Fla. p. 91 ‐ 120. 

35. Hortola, P., SEM Analysis of Red Blood Cells in aged Human Bloodstains. Forensic Science 


36. Hulse‐Smith, L. and M. Illes, A Blind Trial Evaluation of a Crime Scene Methodology for 

Deducting Impact Velocity and Droplet Size from Circular Bloodstains. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 2007. 52(1): p. 65‐69. 

37. Hulse‐Smith, L., N.Z. Mehdizadeh, and S. Chandra, Deducing Drop Size and Impact 

Velocity from Circular Bloodstains. Journal of Forensic Science, 2005. 50(1): p. 1‐10. 

12

38. Illes, M.B., et al., Use of the BackTrack TM Computer Program for Bloodstain Pattern 

Analysis of Stains from Downward‐Moving Drops. Journal of the Canadian Society of 

Forensic Science, 2005. 38(4): p. 213‐218. 

39. Kish, P.E. and H.L. MacDonell, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation in Serial Murder Cases. 


40. Laber, T.L., Diameter of a Bloodstain as a Function of Origin, Distance Fallen, and 

Volume of a Drop. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News, 1985. 

2(1): p. 12‐16. 


42. MacDonell, H.L., Commentry on Pizzola et al. Journal of Forensic Science, 1995. 40(6): p. 

928‐929. 

43. MacDonell, H.L. and B.A. Brooks, Detection and Significance of Blood in Firearms. Legal 

Medicine Annual, 1977: p. 185‐199. 

44. MacDonell, H.L. and K. DeLije, On Measuring the Volume of very small Drops of Blood 

and Correlation of this relationship to Bloodstain Diameter, in International Association 

of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News. 1989: Dallas, Texas. p. 5th Meeting 

45. MacDonell, H.L. and C.G. Panchou, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. Identification 

News, 1979. 29(2): p. 3‐5. 

46. MacDonell, H.L. and C.G. Panchou, Bloodstain Patterns on Human Skin. Journal of the 


47. McGuire, J.A. and W.F. Rowe, Uncertainty in the Estimated Angles of Impact of Freely 

Falling Blood Drops, The George Washington University: Washington. p. 44‐45. 

48. Petricevic, S. and D. Elliot, Bloodstain Pattern Reconstruction ‐ a Hammer Attack. Journal 

of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2005. 38(1). 

49. Pizzola, P.A. and P.R. De Forest, Author's Response to MacDonell, H.L. Journal of 


50. Pizzola, P.A., et al., Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation ‐ Secondary Spatter (Abstract). 


51. Pizzola, P.A., S. Roth, and P.R. De Forest, Blood Droplet Dynamics‐I. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 1986. 31(1): p. 36‐49. 

52. Pizzola, P.A., S. Roth, and P.R. De Forest, Blood Droplet Dynamics‐ II. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 1986. 31(1): p. 50‐64. 

53. Ratnoff, O.D., Blood, in Physiology, R.M. Berne and M.N. Levy, Editors. 1993, Mosby Year 

Book: St Louis. 

54. Raymond, M., E. Smith, and J. Liesegang, Oscillating Blood Droplets ‐ Implications for 

Crime Scene Reconstruction. Science & Justice, 1996. 36(3): p. 161‐171. 

55. Raymond, M.A., L. J., and S. E.R., High Speed Cinematography of Blood Droplet 

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22

11. Francis v. R [2004] NZCA 137, in McGrath J. 2004, NZ Court of Appeal. 

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13. Regina v Anthony John Hore; Regina v Stanley James Fyffe [2005] NSWCCA 3, in AustLII. 

2005, New South Wales Criminal Court of Appeal. 

14. Years of work precede Evidence Bill Law Talk 2005 10 August 2005 [cited 2005 24 

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16. Hillstead v The Queen. 2005, Supreme Court of Western Australia. 

17. Akin, L.L., Interpretation of Blood Spatter for Defense Attorneys and Investigators: Part I. 

The Champion, 2005. 26(may). 

18. Anonymous, A Battle of Blood Spatter Experts and the Shenanigans of a Texas 

Prosecutor. Scientific Sleuthing Reviews, 1997. 

19. Daubert et al., v.M.D.P.I., 113 S Ct 2786. 1993. 

20. Evett, I.W., Expert Evidence and Forensic Misconceptions of the Nature of Exact Science. 

Science & Justice, 1996. 36(2): p. 118‐122. 




22. Gillies, D.A., Police Science Legal Abstracts and Notes. Legal Abstracts and Notes, 1956. 

47: p. 136‐142. 

23. Henderson, C., Legal and Ethical Aspects of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence, in Scientific and 

Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation, S.H. James, Editor. 1998, CRC 

Press: Boca Raton, Fla. p. 91 ‐ 120. 

24. Kirk, P.L., Affidavit Regarding State of Ohio V. Samuel Sheppard, in Court of Common 

Pleas, Criminal Branch, No. 64571. 1955. 

25. Mealey, Texas Court finds Blood Spatter Pattern Analysis not helpful, Inadmissible. 

Mealey's Daubert Reports, 2000. 4(2): p. 1. 

26. Merchant, N.A., The McLeod‐Lindsay Case. The Australian Police Journal, 1967. 21(3). 

27. Messer, J., Abstract Art or Hardcore Evidence: Modern Interpretation of Blood Spatter 

Evidence and its Admissibility in Court. Iowa State Medical Examiner's Newsletter, 1997. 

Sept ‐ Oct. 

28. Orofino, S., Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc: The Battle over Admissibility 

Standards for Scientific Evidence in Court. Journal of Undergraduate Science, 1996. 3: p. 

109‐111. 

29. Schroter, R.C., R v. Sion Jenkins 2004: London. 

30. Veilleux, D.R., Admissibility, in Criminal Prosecution, of Expert Opinion Evidence as to 

"Blood Spatter" Interpretation, in American Law Reports. 1992. p. 369 ‐ 450. 

23

Non English 

1. Brinkmann, B., Expertisen an biologischen. Zeitschrift fur Rechtsmedizin, 1988. 100: p. 

39‐54. 

2. Casper, J.L., Vierteljahrsschrift fur gerichtliche und offentliche Medicin. 1856: Berlin. 

3. Gross, Uber Blutspuren, in???? 1901: German. p. 102‐139. 

4. Lochte, T., Gerichtsarztliche und polizeiarztliche Technik. 1914: Wiesbaden. 

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zur Gerichtlichen Medizin, 1986. 44: p. 81‐85. 

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Julis Springer. 24. 

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Other Patterns 

1. Adair, T.W., Experimental Detection of Blood under Painted Surfaces. International 


2. Akin, L.L., Blood Spatter Interpretation at Crime and Accident Scenes. FBI Law 

Enforcement Bulletin, 2005. 74(2): p. 21‐24. 

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6‐10. 

4. Benecke, M.B., L, Distinction of Bloodstain Patterns from Fly Artifacts. Forensic Science 


5. Bettilyon, A.D., Fly Spots, in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: With and Introduction to Crime 

Scene Reconstruction. 1997, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL. p. 166‐167. 

6. Brodbeck, S.M.C., Reflections Upon Arteries and Veins ‐ A Plea for "Spurt Patterns". 


7. Brown, R.E., et al., Entomological Alteration of Bloodstain Evidence, in Entomological 

Evidence: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. 2001, CRC Press: Boca Raton, 

FL. 



9. Casper, J.L., Vierteljahrsschrift fur gerichtliche und offentliche Medicin. 1856: Berlin. 

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Quarter): p. 14‐17. 

24

11. Howell, R.E., Some Aspects of Bloodsplash Patterns in Third Australian National 

Symposium on the Forensic Sciences. 1973: Sydney. p. 1‐10. 

12. Laber, T., Bloodspatter Classification. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern 


13. Mavin, T.J., A Laser Angle Gauge for use in Stringing Blood Patterns. International 


14. Pizzola, P.A., et al., Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation ‐ Secondary Spatter (Abstract). 


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1. Akin, L.L. Blood Spatter Interpretation at Crime and Accident Scenes: A Step by Step 

Guide for Medicolegal Investigators. 2004; Available from: 

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2. Akin, L.L., Blood Spatter Interpretation at Crime and Accident Scenes. FBI Law 

Enforcement Bulletin, 2005. 74(2): p. 21‐24. 

3. Akin, L.L., Interpretation of Blood Spatter for Defense Attorneys and Investigators: Part I. 

The Champion, 2005. 26(may). 

4. Basso, W., Review of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and Practice by S.James, P. 

Kish, and P. Sutton. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 2005. 38(3): p. 

179‐180. 

5. Bischoff, M., LA Police Scientifique. 1938: Payot, Paris. 

6. Brady, M., J.P.M.a.D. Hogge, and S.H.a.E.C.F. James, Gruesome science on the case 

Radiographic Identification of Unknown Human Remains and Interpreter Experience 

Level Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation", Introduction to Forensic Sciences Second 

Edition, in The Financial Post Magazine, March 1997. 1997. p. 8‐10. 

7. Deleo, M., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. Law and Order, 2002. 50(11): p. 43‐47. 

8. Graham, G., Probing Clues revealed by Stains and Stain Patterns. The Magnolia Print: 

Mississippi Division International Association for Identification, 2004. 13(3): p. 1,3‐5. 

25

9. Gross, H., Traces of Blood, in Criminal Investigation: A Practical textbook for 

Magistrates, Police Officers and Lawyers, H.G.J.C. Adam, Editor. 1924, Sweet & Maxwell 

Ltd: London. 

10. James, S.H., Scientific and Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. 1998, 

Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. 

11. James, S.H. and W.G. Eckert., Interpretation of Bloodstain Evidence at Crime Scenes. 2nd 

ed ed. CRC series in practical aspects of criminal and forensic investigations. 1999, Boca 

Raton: CRC Press. xiv, 324. 

12. James, S.H. and C.F. Edel, Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation, in Introduction to Forensic 

Sciences, W.G. Eckert, Editor. 1997, CRC Press: Boca Raton. 

13. James, S.H., P.E. Kish, and T.P. Sutton, Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory 

and Practice 2005, Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. 

14. James, S.H. and J.J. Nordby, Forensic Science : An Introduction to Scientific and 

Investigative Techniques. 2nd ed. 2005, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. xxxi, 778. 

15. Janes, W.L., Developments in the Practical Reconstruction of Blood Spatter Events, in 

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16. Kiely, T.F., Forensic Evidence: Science and the Criminal Law. 2001, Boca Raton: CRC 

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Identification News, 1973. 21(7): p. 159‐185. 

19. MacDonell, H.L., Bloodstain Evidence. Identification News, 1974. 24(3): p. 11‐12. 

20. MacDonell, H.L., Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. Corning, New York, Laboratory of 

Forensic Science 1982. 

21. MacDonell, H.L., Beverley Isn't Here, We See Her Face No More, Neville Knew it Wasn't 

H2O, He Used..... Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 1990. 23(4): p. 

133. 

22. MacDonell, H.L., Segments of History: The Literature of Bloodstain Pattern 

Interpretation‐Segment 00: Literature through the 1800s. International Association of 


23. MacDonell, H.L., Segments of History in the Documentation of Bloodstain Pattern 

Interpretation‐Segment 01:1901‐1910. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern 


24. MacDonell, H.L., Bloodstain Patterns. 1993, Corning, New York: Laboratory of Forensic 

Science. xvi, 182. 

25. MacDonell, H.L., Segments of History: The Literature of Bloodstain Pattern 

Interpretation‐Segment 02: Literature from 1911 ‐1920. International Association of 


26. MacDonell, H.L., Segments of History: The Literature of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretaion‐ 

Segment 03: Literature from 1921‐1930. International Association of Bloodstain Pattern 


26

27. MacDonell, H.L., A Scientist's comments on the Police Officer as a Bloodstain Analyst. 


28. MacDonell, H.L., Balthazard was Great, but He didn't String us Along. International 


29. MacDonell, H.L., Crime Scene Evidence‐Blood Spatters and Smears and other Physical 

Evidence. Quinnipiac Health Law Journal, 1996: p. 1‐9. 

30. MacDonell, H.L., Bloodstain Patterns. 1997, New York: Laboratory of Forensic Science. 

182. 

31. MacDonell, H.L., Dr. John H. Gohringer Bloodstain Pattern Pioneer. 1999. 

32. MacDonell, H.L. and L.F. Bialousz, Flight Characteristics and Stain Patterns of Human 

Blood. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Institute of Law 

Enforcement and Criminal Justice, 1971. 

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37. Murray, D.C., An Advocate's Approach to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Evidence: Part II. 


38. Ontario, O.C.o.F.S., Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. Identification Canada, 1987. 10(1): 

p. 7‐10. 

39. Ostermeyer, D., Bloodstain Pattern Identification Subcommittee Annual Report. Journal 

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40. Parker, N.L., et al., Summary Report of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Research Group. 

1982. p. 1‐91. 

41. Piotrowski, E., Ueber Entstehung, Form, Richtung und Ausbreitung der Blutspuren nach 

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43. Ratnoff, O.D., Blood, in Physiology, R.M. Berne and M.N. Levy, Editors. 1993, Mosby Year 

Book: St Louis. 

44. Raymond, M.A., Trajectory Reconstruction from Bloodstains at a Crime Scene. . 1997 La 

Trobe University: Australia. 

45. Raymond, T., Crime Scene Reconstruction from Bloodstains. Australian Journal of 


46. Reeves, N.H., The Police Officer as a Bloodstain Pattern Analyst. International 


47. Reiss, R.A., Scientific Techniques of Criminal Investigations, in Ministry of Justice 1912. p. 

30,40. 

27

48. Robbins, K.S., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Terminology. International Association of 


49. Saferstein, R., Criminalistics: An introduction to Forensic Science. 9th Edition ed. 2004, 

Englewood Cliff, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 

50. Saviano, J., Articulating a Concise Scientific Methodology for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 


51. Slemko, J. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Tutorial 2 May [cited 2006 5 May 2006]; Available 

from: http://www.bloodspatter.com/BPATutorial.htm 

52. Spitz, W.U. and D.J. Spitz, Crime Scene, in Medicological Investigation of Death. 2006, 

Charles C Thomas Publisher Ltd: Illinois. p. 22‐44. 

53. Sutton, T.P., Blood Spatter Analysis, in National College of District Attorneys. 1996. 

54. Taylor, A.S., The Value of Evidence through Circumstances, in Medical Jurisprudence, E. 

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55. Thornton, J.I., Criminalistics ‐ Past, Present and Future. The International Journal of Law 

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56. Wolson, T.L., Documentation of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence. Journal of Forensic 

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57. Wolson, T.L., SEROLOGY‐Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, in Encyclopedia of Forensic 

Sciences, J.A. Siegel, G. Knupfer, and P. Saukko, Editors. 2000, Elsevier Science Ltd: 

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58. Wonder, A.Y., Bloodstain Interpretation: An Introduction to the Five Stain Classifications. 

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59. Wonder, A.Y., Of Forests and Trees ‐ Bloodstain Dynamics (Abstract). J. Forensic Sci. Soc, 

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60. Wonder, A.Y., Blood Dynamics. 2001, London: Academic Press. viii, 168. 

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Pathology 

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2. Betz, P., et al., Frequency of Blood Spatters on the Shooting Hand and of Conjunctival 

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5. Kaldun, G.L., Bloodstain Patterns and Nontraumatic Bleeding as seen in Natural Deaths, 

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28

6. Kneubuehl, B.P. and M.J. Thali, The Evaluation of a Synthetic Long Bone Structure as a 

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12. Sweet, W.J., Correlating Injuries and Bloodstains at a Scene. International Association of 


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30. Gardner, R.M., Considerations in Crime Scene Analysis. International Association of 


31. Gardner, R.M., Computer Aided Analysis: Capabilities and Limitations‐ Part 1. 


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Scientific Theory 

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Searching and Enhancement 

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Methanol. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2003. 53(2): p. 149‐161. 

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Multiple Layers of Paint. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2006. 56(6): p. 896‐905. 

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28. Gorman, V.A., Enhancement of Bloodstained Impressions, Royal Canadian Mounted 

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Sequencing 

1. Hurley, N.M. and J.O. Pex, Sequencing of Bloody Shoe Impressions by Blood Spatter and 

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News, 1990. 6(4): p. 1‐8. 

2. Huss, K., J.D. Clark, and W.J. Chisum, Which was First ‐ Fingerprint or Blood? Journal of 


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38

Software 

1. HemoSpat. [cited 2006 1 May]; Available from: http://hemospat.com/. 

2. 3rdTech, I. SceneVision‐3D to work with 'BackTrack' 2004 [cited 2005 3/9/05]; Available 

from: http://www.3rdtech.com/SceneVision_Backtrack_news_release.htm 

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Boca Raton, Florida. 

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Pattern Analysis ‐ Precision and Accuracy. International Association of Bloodstain 


5. Carter, A.L., et al., Validation of the BackTrack TM Suite of Programs for Bloodstain 

Pattern Analysis. Journal of Forensic Identification, 2006. 56(2): p. 242‐254. 




7. Carter, A.L. and E.J. Podworny, Computer Modeling of the Trajectories of Blood Droplets 

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Bloodstain Pattern Analysts Annual Conference. 1989: Dallas, Texas. 




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11. Pace, A., et al., Another Treatment of Three‐Dimensional Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 


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Computer Program, in Crime Laboratory Digest. 1987. p. 95‐97. 

13. Wilson, F.E. and D.R. Schuessler, Automated Geometric Interpretation of Human 

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1985. 2(4): p. 36‐43. 

39

Target Surface 

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49(5): p. 485‐493. 

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Physics. 1996, University of Oslo: Oslo. 

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5. Chandra, S. and C.T. Avedisian, On the Collision of a Droplet with a Solid Surface. 

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6. Engel, O.G., Waterdrop Collisions with Solid Surfaces. Journal of Research of the National 

Bureau of Standards, 1955. 54(5): p. 281‐298. 

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Training 

1. FBI, F.L.D., Examiner Training Program for Bloodstain Pattern Analysts. 2004. 

2. IABPA, International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts Bloodstain Pattern 

Analysis Basic Course Course Requirements. International Association of Bloodstain 

Pattern Analysts News: p. 1‐6. 

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3. Illes, M., Canadian Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in the Netherlands. Journal of the 


4. Kohne, J.S., Creating a Bloodstain Pattern Generator. International Association of 


5. MacDonell, H.L., Preserving Bloodstain Evidence. Identification News, 1977. 27(8): p. 10‐ 

12. 

6. Moore, C.C., Demonstrative Aid for Bloodstain Pattern Examiners. Journal of Forensic 


7. Slemko, J. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Tutorial 2 May [cited 2006 5 May 2006]; Available 

from: http://www.bloodspatter.com/BPATutorial.htm 

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MPFSL‐REPORT. 1994. p. 1‐15. 

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10. Wolson, T.L., Bloodstain Pattern Documentation Workshop. 1992, Metro‐Dade Police 

Department: Miami, Florida. 

Transfer Patterns 

1. Adair, T.W., Casting Two‐Dimensional Bloody Shoe Prints from Concrete, Fabric, and 

Human Skin: A Review of Several Methods with Recommendations. International 


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5. Nutt, J., Latent Prints in Blood. Identification News, 1983. 33(10): p. 10‐11. 

41

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