Predicting Weather By The Moon - Xavier University Libraries
Predicting Weather By The Moon - Xavier University Libraries Predicting Weather By The Moon - Xavier University Libraries
Weather By The Moon the atmosphere. The scale of size of the atmosphere is incredible. The imagination can only boggle at something weighing so much that can, and frequently does when the Moon dictates, move so fast. There is no sea tide remotely like it. On a hot afternoon, the atmosphere picks up water from the Gulf of Mexico at the rate of 5.5 billion tons an hour, hoists it up and carries it northeast by the millions of tons, to release it later as rain over New York and southern New England. A single, small, fluffy cloud may hold from 100 to 1,000 tons of moisture. A summer thunderstorm may unleash as much energy in its short life as a dozen Hiroshima-style bombs, and 45,000 thunderstorms are brewed around the Earth every day. Yet one hurricane releases almost as much energy in one second. The very size of the atmosphere offers protection or shielding, between the Earth’s surface and space. Without the shielding of the atmosphere, life could not continue on Earth; and without the atmosphere life could not have developed on Earth, at least in the form in which we know it. It is known, for example, that the Sun emits high - energy radiations - ultraviolet and X rays - and that even more energetic radiations - cosmic rays, pervade space; and these radiations would kill living things. We know that they enter the atmosphere in lethal amounts but are stopped long before reaching the surface. The absorption by the atmosphere of these powerful forms of radiation accounts for many of the properties, particularly electrical, of the higher atmosphere. 78
The atmosphere shelters us from the fierce heat and cold of space, filters out damaging rays of sunlight and burns up several million billion meteors each day to harmless cinders before they reach the earth’s surface. It pulls up water from the ocean surface and recycles it to nourish life all across the planet. What constitutes the atmosphere? The mixture of gases is generally called air. Its main constituents are nitrogen and oxygen, in a ratio of about four to one. By percentage of volume of water, one part in 1000 is in the air. . Tides Water source Water volume % of total water (cubic miles) Oceans 317,000,000 97.24% Icecaps, Glaciers 7,000,000 2.14% Ground water 2,000,000 0.61% Fresh-water lakes 30,000 0.009% Inland seas 25,000 0.008% Soil moisture 16,000 0.005% Atmosphere 3,100 0.001% Rivers 300 0.0001% Total water volume 326,000,000 100% (Source: Nace, U.S. Geological Survey, 1967) By molecular weight, water vapor at 18 is the lightest component. Then comes nitrogen 28, ‘AIR’ 29, oxygen 32, argon 40, CO2 44, ozone 48, and CFCs the heaviest at over 100. It is clear that CO2 and CFCs being heavier than air constitute no global warming threat as they sink to the ground and there should be no ozone layer in the stratosphere - the ozone too should sink. yet the composition of the lowest 100km of the atmosphere is observed to be uni- 79
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<strong>The</strong> atmosphere shelters us from the fierce heat and<br />
cold of space, filters out damaging rays of sunlight and<br />
burns up several million billion meteors each day to harmless<br />
cinders before they reach the earth’s surface. It pulls<br />
up water from the ocean surface and recycles it to nourish<br />
life all across the planet.<br />
What constitutes the atmosphere? <strong>The</strong> mixture of<br />
gases is generally called air. Its main constituents are nitrogen<br />
and oxygen, in a ratio of about four to one. <strong>By</strong> percentage<br />
of volume of water, one part in 1000 is in the air.<br />
.<br />
Tides<br />
Water source Water volume % of total water<br />
(cubic miles)<br />
Oceans 317,000,000 97.24%<br />
Icecaps, Glaciers 7,000,000 2.14%<br />
Ground water 2,000,000 0.61%<br />
Fresh-water lakes 30,000 0.009%<br />
Inland seas 25,000 0.008%<br />
Soil moisture 16,000 0.005%<br />
Atmosphere 3,100 0.001%<br />
Rivers 300 0.0001%<br />
Total water volume 326,000,000 100%<br />
(Source: Nace, U.S. Geological Survey, 1967)<br />
<strong>By</strong> molecular weight, water vapor at 18 is the lightest<br />
component. <strong>The</strong>n comes nitrogen 28, ‘AIR’ 29, oxygen 32,<br />
argon 40, CO2 44, ozone 48, and CFCs the heaviest at over<br />
100. It is clear that CO2 and CFCs being heavier than air<br />
constitute no global warming threat as they sink to the<br />
ground and there should be no ozone layer in the stratosphere<br />
- the ozone too should sink. yet the composition of<br />
the lowest 100km of the atmosphere is observed to be uni-<br />
79
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