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movement and "she was recognised throughout the Arab, world as an early leader in the field of the woman's rights ..... she came to the public attention during the public nationalist demonstrations in Egypt against the British. These took place at the end of world war 1.11 1 At the other end. of the spectrum, extremists tried to prevent women-from making any. contribution to their society., The most rigid advocates of this view deprived them of fundamental rights, such as equality with men in education. in the mistaken belief that this is in accordance with Islamic laws. Between these two extremes, a third approach has emerged trying to create a middle zone, where women can contribute to their society and at the same time observe the Islamic laws and traditions; as for example, MuhammadcAbdu in Egypt. who concentrated on improving the status of women in the villages of Egypt. He draw upon the aspects of Islamic law which enjoin liberal treatment of women to. argue for the end of humiliation and oppression. The first question to consider here is whether Islam does or does not guarantee its female adherents the rights and the status which enable them to function in and contribute to their society and, secondly, if it does, how this can be achieved in today's fast moving. complicated and demanding societies. A study of the early sources, and of the practice of the first Islamic community in Mecca and al-Madinah during the time of the Prophet and the first four caliphs and comparison of this community with the pre-Islamic Arabia may help to formulate an opinion on the subject. 1. See Fernea, Elizabeth and Bezirgan. Basimas Middle Eastern Muslim Women Speak, P. 194. 2. See Muhammad. Aýmad, op. cit., Pe 52 2 3
The status of women in Islamic and Arab societies has been discussed and investigated in different areas through literature. the media and various channels; the particular contribution of the present thesis is the comparison between the status of women in a specific place and time, that is in Mecca and Madinah. before the dawn of Islam and during the Prophet's times from an academic approach. 4
Page 1 and 2: THE CHANGING POSITION OF WOMEN IN A
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to exp
Page 5: INTRODUCTION The Islamic and Arabic
Page 9 and 10: civilization or of both combined. S
Page 11 and 12: funcultivatable valley', although i
Page 13 and 14: 2) The second source of support was
Page 15 and 16: and would not take them captive, be
Page 17 and 18: fight Muslims; not satisfied with t
Page 19 and 20: From the Qurlan, we know that she w
Page 21 and 22: would not marry at all unless she h
Page 23 and 24: unequal match. "If you can't find a
Page 25 and 26: ut also among the Hebrews and Arame
Page 27 and 28: that The fact is/ this marriage doe
Page 29 and 30: elated to the economic and social c
Page 31 and 32: However. Islam forbade this kind of
Page 33 and 34: How was the wife treated Most of th
Page 35 and 36: 49 Another example is the Zainah ma
Page 37 and 38: 'Excepýi for rare cases in countri
Page 39 and 40: ArZý; The wife of Shai used to dis
Page 41 and 42: A man could divorce his wife. remar
Page 43 and 44: women as the Qurlan says: For those
Page 45 and 46: divorce. the man takes compensation
Page 47 and 48: The Woman's Inheritance in Pre-Isla
Page 49 and 50: among his children. giving to a mal
Page 51 and 52: asking him to bring his mother, Lay
Page 53 and 54: Burying Daughters Alive In Pre-Isla
Page 55 and 56: 2. The second motive was the fear t
Page 57 and 58:
"But infanticide was not a new thin
Page 59 and 60:
Or was it at any' specific age ? Th
Page 61 and 62:
some mothers must have felt that it
Page 63 and 64:
So it is not surprising that the tw
Page 65 and 66:
0 The Qurlan caýe prohibiting this
Page 67 and 68:
CHAPTER TWO In the previous chapter
Page 69 and 70:
Ia I "As to the thief. male or fema
Page 71 and 72:
to defend the tribe or bring in boo
Page 73 and 74:
For the majority of Arab men, this
Page 75 and 76:
the Islamic system for sharing out
Page 77 and 78:
Marriage in Islam The family is the
Page 79 and 80:
A tradition reported that. "when a
Page 81 and 82:
I. The first kind includes those wo
Page 83 and 84:
2. Also. Islam has forbidden a man'
Page 85 and 86:
However. a man can get married to a
Page 87 and 88:
I c Ati"said, No. ýnless she is wi
Page 89 and 90:
ut the woman can not have two husba
Page 91 and 92:
His chief duty is to see that the p
Page 93 and 94:
Dowry in Islam. is the wife's right
Page 95 and 96:
iron ring. " The man went and searc
Page 97 and 98:
, without , paying it. If a man div
Page 99 and 100:
give me what is sufficient for me a
Page 101 and 102:
discuss later with divorce in Islam
Page 103 and 104:
excuses as the Prophet said: "If a
Page 105 and 106:
The idea behind the Qurlanic verse
Page 107 and 108:
men are killed. leaving widows and
Page 109 and 110:
for another wife for her husband in
Page 111 and 112:
Divorce in Islam Islam considers ma
Page 113 and 114:
Beating (Lightly): If the husband d
Page 115 and 116:
period (idda) as the Qurlan states:
Page 117 and 118:
6 114 family's house together with
Page 119 and 120:
is to give the opportunity to notic
Page 121 and 122:
On that, Allah's Apostle said (to h
Page 123 and 124:
4: his father. Ibn Umar said, 'The
Page 125 and 126:
-"The mothers ' shall give two whol
Page 127 and 128:
then he could force her to marry so
Page 129 and 130:
should support her financially unti
Page 131 and 132:
The right of a woman as a mother in
Page 133 and 134:
Also: "Serve God, and join not any
Page 135 and 136:
KHADIJAH BINT KHUWAYLID The longest
Page 137 and 138:
The marriage was effected through t
Page 139 and 140:
It must be taken into consideration
Page 141 and 142:
"Of the days of her childhood and e
Page 143 and 144:
4- , "Alisha. although young, was m
Page 145 and 146:
"How do you know that? " "When you
Page 147 and 148:
"Take half your religion from this
Page 149 and 150:
and the leaders who wereicompanions
Page 151 and 152:
Although her actions in this event
Page 153 and 154:
the depth of sadness that her fathe
Page 155 and 156:
The Prophet was elated by the birth
Page 157 and 158:
154 The Prophet' a, special love to
Page 159 and 160:
Time passed and F; timah still rema
Page 161 and 162:
just to save their lives. 1 As for
Page 163 and 164:
It is said a Qurlanic verse was rev
Page 165 and 166:
At the beginning of the battles, th
Page 167 and 168:
There were many occasions when Musl
Page 169 and 170:
ln*Ukaz marketplace. It was not too
Page 171 and 172:
However, history also recorded the
Page 173 and 174:
CONCLUSION Inconclusion, the triump
Page 175 and 176:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Nabia, Aishah t
Page 177 and 178:
Holt. P. M. Lambton 9 AN. W. K.. Le
Page 179 and 180:
Roberts, Robert, Social Laws of the
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