THE PHILIPPINE WATER BUFFALO

obtained for total serum protein, albumin and globulin ranged
from 5.6-8.2 g/100 ml; 2.15-4.32 g/100 ml; and 2.96-5.21
g/100ml, respectively. The means were 6.80 ± 0.70 g/100
ml; 2.98 ± 0.50 g/100 ml and 3.97 ± 0.52 g/100 ml,
respectively. The average serum protein of male carabaos
was 6.85 ± 0.81 and was equal to that of the females
whose value was 6.82 ± 0.67. This confirmed the
assumption that sex is not a significant factor for total serum
protein concentration. As to the age group of the carabaos,
average total serum protein concentration is related to
increase in age. The A/G ratio has an overall average of
0.73 ± 0.12 gm/100 ml which is not affected by sex but
significantly affected by age which show an increasing
order. The factors affecting the total serum protein and
albumin-globulin ratio of carabaos include their nutritional
status, stress factors, hemoconcentration, pregnancy and
lactation, parasitism, liver disease, kidney infection,
nephrosis, bacterial and viral infections which manifest the
over all pathological aspect of the animal system.
Keywords: serum protein, albumin-globulin ratio, carabao
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Diliman, 1981.
P-5
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPIC
PROPERTIES OF THE URINE OF WATER
BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis L.)*
J. P. Cruz, Student
The study was conducted to determine the physical,
chemical and microscopic properties of the urine of water
buffaloes. Freshly voided samples were collected from
seven Murrah buffaloes and seven Philippine carabaos.
Each sample was examined physically, chemically and
microscopically. The color was consistently yellow. All
samples were slightly cloudy owing to the presence of
proteins and other constituents of the urine sediment. The
odor produced by each sample was aromatic. Foam was
white and slow to disappear due to significant proteinuria.
Specific gravity ranged from 1.010 to 1.015. Chemical
examination revealed negative results for glucose, bilirubin,
ketone, blood, nitrite and leukocytes. The tests results for
pH, protein and urobilinogen were similar in both breeds.
Common constituents of urine sediment were red blood
cells, white blood cells, squamous epithelial cells, triple
and amorphous phosphate crystals and mucous threads.
There were no significant differences between breeds.
Keywords: carabao, urine, physical and chemical
properties
PHYSIOLOGY
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of the Philippines Los Baòos, 1998.
P-6
A STUDY ON THE SERUM AND SYNOVIAL FLUID
OF THE PHIILIPPINE SWAMP BUFFALO (Bubalus
bubalis) (IMMUNOGLOBULIN, pH, SPECIFIC
GRAVITY, COLOR, AND SOLID CONTENTS)*
L. M. Cruz, Student
Anyhydrous sodium sulfite precipitation test at 14%, 16%,
and 18% concentration was used to detect the
immunoglobulin (Ig) level of serum and synovial fluid of
mature swamp buffaloes. Results on serum test show that
76.66% had an immunoglobulin level of greater than 15
mg/ml (samples tested positive at all concentration), 10%
indicated 5-15 mg/ml Ig level (samples tested positive at
16% and 18% concentration). Results on synovial fluid
test showed that none of the samples precipitated at the Ig
level greater than 15 mg/ml which gave rise to the condition
of the animal being apparently normal. At the Ig level of 5-
15 mg/ml there were 56.66% samples which precipitated
and Ig level less than 5 mg/ml there were 43.33% samples
tested positive. None of the samples, both serum and
synovial fluid was without gamma-globulin. Based on the
results, sex and age had no significant influence on the
characteristic of serum and synovial fluid samples. Nutrition
and state of hydration of the animals might play a role in the
specific gravity, pH, color, and soluble solids.
Keywords: serum, synovial fluid, immunoglobulins,
swamp buffalo
*Undergraduate thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Central Luzon State University, 1989.
P-7
ESTIMATION OF BLOOD LEUKOCYTE NUMBERS
BY MEANS OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
VISCOSITY IN PHILIPPINE CARABAOS*
E. S. Dantes, Student
A correlation between DNA viscosity test and standard
hemocytometer method of white blood cell count in 100
Philippine carabaos is herein presented. A mean flow time
of 6.55 ± 0.88 seconds with range of 4.78 to 9.56 seconds
was obtained. The mean leukocyte count was 10 896.11 ±
2921.79 with range of 4 850 to 19 650 per cc. the study
showed a strong
correlation with a coefficient of 0.97 and an F-value of
37